Order of 22 February 2023

Document Number
180-20230222-ORD-01-00-EN
Document Type
Incidental Proceedings
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

22 FEBRUARY 2023
ORDER
APPLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION (ARMENIA v. AZERBAIJAN)
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APPLICATION DE LA CONVENTION INTERNATIONALE SUR L’ÉLIMINATION DE TOUTES LES FORMES DE DISCRIMINATION RACIALE (ARMÉNIE c. AZERBAÏDJAN)
22 FÉVRIER 2023
ORDONNANCE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Paragraphs
CHRONOLOGY OF THE PROCEDURE 1-21
I. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 22-25
II. PRIMA FACIE JURISDICTION 26
III. THE RIGHTS WHOSE PROTECTION IS SOUGHT AND THE LINK BETWEEN SUCH RIGHTS AND THE MEASURES REQUESTED 27-44
IV. RISK OF IRREPARABLE PREJUDICE AND URGENCY 45-57
V. CONCLUSION 58-66
OPERATIVE CLAUSE 67
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INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
YEAR 2023
2023
22 February
General List
No. 180
22 February 2023
APPLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
(ARMENIA v. AZERBAIJAN)
REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL MEASURES
ORDER
Present: President DONOGHUE; Vice-President GEVORGIAN; Judges TOMKA, ABRAHAM, BENNOUNA, YUSUF, XUE, ROBINSON, SALAM, IWASAWA, NOLTE, CHARLESWORTH, BRANT; Judges ad hoc KEITH, DAUDET; Registrar GAUTIER.
The International Court of Justice,
Composed as above,
After deliberation,
Having regard to Articles 41 and 48 of the Statute of the Court and Articles 73, 74, 75 and 76 of the Rules of Court,
Makes the following Order:
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1. By an Application filed in the Registry of the Court on 16 September 2021, the Republic of Armenia (hereinafter “Armenia”) instituted proceedings against the Republic of Azerbaijan (hereinafter “Azerbaijan”) concerning alleged violations of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination of 21 December 1965 (hereinafter “CERD” or the “Convention”).
2. The Application contained a Request for the indication of provisional measures submitted with reference to Article 41 of the Statute and to Articles 73, 74 and 75 of the Rules of Court (the “first Request”).
3. After hearing the Parties, the Court, by an Order of 7 December 2021, indicated the following provisional measures:
“(1) The Republic of Azerbaijan shall, in accordance with its obligations under the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination,
(a) Protect from violence and bodily harm all persons captured in relation to the 2020 Conflict who remain in detention, and ensure their security and equality before the law;
(b) Take all necessary measures to prevent the incitement and promotion of racial hatred and discrimination, including by its officials and public institutions, targeted at persons of Armenian national or ethnic origin;
(c) Take all necessary measures to prevent and punish acts of vandalism and desecration affecting Armenian cultural heritage, including but not limited to churches and other places of worship, monuments, landmarks, cemeteries and artefacts;
(2) Both Parties shall refrain from any action which might aggravate or extend the dispute before the Court or make it more difficult to resolve.” (Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2021, I.C.J. Reports 2021, pp. 392-393, para. 98.)
4. By an Order of 21 January 2022, the Court fixed 23 January 2023 and 23 January 2024 as the respective time-limits for the filing of a Memorial by Armenia and a Counter-Memorial by Azerbaijan. The Memorial was filed within the time-limit thus prescribed.
5. By a letter dated 16 September 2022, Armenia, referring to Article 76 of the Rules of Court, requested the modification of the Court’s Order of 7 December 2021 (the “second Request”).
6. By a communication dated 27 September 2022, Azerbaijan filed its written observations on the second Request.
7. By an Order dated 12 October 2022, the Court found that “the circumstances, as they [then] present[ed] themselves to the Court, [were] not such as to require the exercise of its power to modify
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the measures indicated in the Order of 7 December 2021”. In addition, the Court reaffirmed the provisional measures indicated in its Order of 7 December 2021, in particular the requirement that both Parties refrain from any action which might aggravate or extend the dispute before the Court or make it more difficult to resolve.
8. On 28 December 2022, Armenia, referring to Article 41 of the Statute and Article 73 of the Rules of Court, filed a new Request for the indication of provisional measures.
9. In that Request, Armenia states that, on 12 December 2022, Azerbaijan “orchestrated a blockade of the only road connecting the 120,000 ethnic Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh with the outside world”. It adds that this alleged blockade “is ongoing as of the date of the present Request”.
10. At the end of the 28 December 2022 Request, Armenia requests that the Court indicate the following provisional measures:
 “Azerbaijan shall cease its orchestration and support of the alleged ‘protests’ blocking uninterrupted free movement along the Lachin Corridor in both directions[;]
 Azerbaijan shall ensure uninterrupted free movement of all persons, vehicles, and cargo along the Lachin Corridor in both directions.”
11. The Deputy-Registrar immediately communicated a copy of the 28 December 2022 Request to the Government of Azerbaijan, in accordance with Article 73, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court. He also notified the Secretary-General of the United Nations of the filing of that Request by Armenia on 28 December 2022.
12. By letters dated 6 January 2023, the Deputy-Registrar informed the Parties that the Court had fixed 30 January 2023 as the date for the oral proceedings on the 28 December 2022 Request.
13. By letters dated 3 and 12 January 2023, Azerbaijan provided observations with respect to the 28 December 2022 Request. It stated, in particular, that under the terms of the Statement by the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia and President of the Russian Federation of 9 November 2020 (the “Trilateral Statement”), movement along the Lachin Corridor is controlled by the Russian peacemakers and not Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan further stated that it has “continuously demonstrated its willingness to engage in dialogue with Armenia and the Russian Federation with a view to facilitating the humanitarian needs of its Armenian citizens living in the territories where the Russian peacekeeping forces are temporarily deployed”.
14. By a letter dated 26 January 2023, the Agent of Armenia communicated to the Court the text of a further provisional measure sought by his Government, namely that Azerbaijan be directed to “immediately fully restore and refrain from disrupting or impeding the provision of natural gas and other public utilities to Nagorno-Karabakh”.
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15. By a letter dated 27 January 2023, the Agent of Azerbaijan provided certain preliminary views of his Government on the third provisional measure sought by Armenia. He stated that, in order to respond to “Armenia’s last-minute request for provisional measures”, Azerbaijan would need to obtain additional technical information from its public utility providers and others about the true cause of previous disruptions in the gas supply and the specific measures that were taken to restore service, as well as any information about the practical consequences of such disruptions. In this regard, the Agent indicated that his Government would not be able to obtain this information before the beginning of the hearings. He further affirmed, “[f]or the avoidance of doubt”, that Azerbaijan “has not intentionally disrupted, and has no intention of disrupting, the supply of gas or other utilities to the areas where the Russian peacekeepers are temporarily deployed”.
16. By a letter of the same date, the Registrar informed the Parties that the Court had taken note of Azerbaijan’s concerns as to the short period of time between the communication of the third provisional measure sought by Armenia and the hearing due to take place on 30 January 2023. He further indicated that, while it was open to Azerbaijan to offer any initial response to the third provisional measure sought during the hearing, the Court also intended to authorize Azerbaijan to submit written comments limited to that requested measure after the close of the oral proceedings.
17. By a letter dated 30 January 2023, the Registrar reiterated to the Parties that Azerbaijan was free to offer any initial response to the third provisional measure sought during the oral proceedings and added that the Court had decided that Azerbaijan would also be authorized to submit written comments limited to that provisional measure no later than 1 February 2023.
18. At the public hearing, oral observations on the request for the indication of provisional measures filed by Armenia were presented by:
On behalf of Armenia: H.E. Mr. Yeghishe Kirakosyan,
Mr. Lawrence H. Martin,
Mr. Linos-Alexandre Sicilianos,
Mr. Constantinos Salonidis,
Mr. Pierre d’Argent.
On behalf of Azerbaijan: H.E. Mr. Elnur Mammadov,
Mr. Vaughan Lowe,
Lord Peter Goldsmith,
Ms Laurence Boisson de Chazournes.
19. At the end of its oral observations, Armenia asked the Court to indicate the following provisional measures (the “third Request”):
“On the basis of its Request for provisional measures dated 27 December 2022, its letter dated 26 January 2023, and its oral pleadings, Armenia respectfully requests the Court to indicate the following provisional measures pending its determination of this case on the merits:
 Azerbaijan shall cease its orchestration and support of the alleged ‘protests’ blocking uninterrupted free movement along the Lachin Corridor in both directions[;]
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 Azerbaijan shall ensure uninterrupted free movement of all persons, vehicles, and cargo along the Lachin Corridor in both directions[;]
 Azerbaijan shall immediately fully restore and refrain from disrupting or impeding the provision of natural gas and other public utilities to Nagorno-Karabakh.”
20. At the end of its oral observations, Azerbaijan made the following request:
“In accordance with Article 60 (2) of the Rules of Court, for the reasons explained during these hearings, the Republic of Azerbaijan respectfully asks the Court to reject the request for the indication of provisional measures submitted by the Republic of Armenia.”
21. By a letter dated 1 February 2023, the Agent of Azerbaijan submitted within the time-limit fixed for that purpose the written comments of his Government on the third provisional measure sought by Armenia.
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I. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
22. In its third Request, Armenia asks the Court to order Azerbaijan to “cease its orchestration and support of the alleged ‘protests’ blocking uninterrupted free movement along the Lachin Corridor in both directions”, to “ensure uninterrupted free movement of all persons, vehicles, and cargo along the Lachin Corridor in both directions” and to “fully restore and refrain from disrupting or impeding the provision of natural gas and other public utilities to Nagorno-Karabakh” (see paragraphs 10, 14 and 19 above).
23. Pursuant to Article 76, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, a decision concerning provisional measures may be modified if, in the Court’s opinion, “some change in the situation justifies” doing so. According to Article 75, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, “[t]he rejection of a request for the indication of provisional measures shall not prevent the party which made it from making a fresh request in the same case based on new facts”. The same applies when additional provisional measures are requested (Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)), Provisional Measures, Order of 13 September 1993, I.C.J. Reports 1993, p. 337, para. 22). It is therefore for the Court to satisfy itself that the third Request by Armenia is based upon “new circumstances such as to justify [it] being examined” (ibid.).
24. The Court notes that, in its third Request, Armenia refers to the alleged blockade by Azerbaijan, as of 12 December 2022, of the Lachin Corridor, described as “the only strip of land connecting the 120,000 ethnic Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh with Armenia, and thus also with
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the outside world”. The Court recalls that Armenia’s first Request related to the treatment by Azerbaijan of Armenian prisoners of war, hostages and other detainees in its custody who were taken captive during the September-November 2020 hostilities and in their aftermath; to the alleged incitement and promotion by Azerbaijan of racial hatred and discrimination targeted at persons of Armenian national or ethnic origin; and to the alleged harm caused by Azerbaijan to Armenian historic, cultural and religious heritage.
25. In light of the foregoing, the Court considers that the circumstances underlying Armenia’s present Request differ from those on the basis of which the Court indicated provisional measures on 7 December 2021. It follows that there are new circumstances that justify the examination of Armenia’s third Request.
II. PRIMA FACIE JURISDICTION
26. The Court recalls that, in its Order of 7 December 2021 indicating provisional measures in the present case, it concluded that “prima facie, it has jurisdiction pursuant to Article 22 of CERD to entertain the case to the extent that the dispute between the Parties relates to the ‘interpretation or application’ of the Convention” (Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2021, I.C.J. Reports 2021, p. 375, para. 43). The Court sees no reason to revisit this conclusion for the purposes of the present Request.
III. THE RIGHTS WHOSE PROTECTION IS SOUGHT AND THE LINK BETWEEN SUCH RIGHTS AND THE MEASURES REQUESTED
27. The power of the Court to indicate provisional measures under Article 41 of the Statute has as its object the preservation of the respective rights claimed by the parties in a case, pending its decision on the merits thereof. It follows that the Court must be concerned to preserve by such measures the rights which may subsequently be adjudged by it to belong to either party. Therefore, the Court may exercise this power only if it is satisfied that the rights asserted by the party requesting such measures are at least plausible (ibid., para. 44).
28. At this stage of the proceedings, however, the Court is not called upon to determine definitively whether the rights which Armenia wishes to see protected exist; it need only decide whether the rights claimed by Armenia on the merits, and for which it is seeking protection, are plausible. Moreover, a link must exist between the rights whose protection is sought and the provisional measures being requested (ibid., para. 45).
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29. Armenia asserts that its third Request seeks the preservation and protection of a number of rights under CERD for the benefit of the ethnic Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh. It refers in particular to the general prohibition of racial discrimination enshrined in Article 2, paragraph 1, of
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the Convention and to the corresponding obligation for States parties to “engage in no act or practice of racial discrimination against persons, groups of persons or institutions” (subparagraph (a)) and “not to sponsor, defend or support racial discrimination by any persons or organizations” (subparagraph (b)). It also refers to the obligation for States parties to “discourage anything which tends to strengthen racial division” (subparagraph (e)). Armenia further refers to the freedom of movement (Article 5, subparagraph (d) (i)), to the right to leave any country, including one’s own and to return to one’s country, including family reunification (Article 5, subparagraph (d) (ii)) and to the right to public health, medical care, social security and social services (Article 5, subparagraph (e) (iv)). Armenia claims that these rights are plausible because the “blockade” of the Lachin Corridor is discriminatory in nature; it has “both the purpose and effect of impairing the enjoyment and exercise by ethnic Armenians of their human rights on an equal footing with other ethnic groups”.
30. Armenia contends that, since the end of the 2020 conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan, the Lachin Corridor is the only route connecting Nagorno-Karabakh and Armenia. It asserts that the clear and overt purpose of the “blockade” is fully integrated into what it calls Azerbaijan’s long-standing policy of ethnic cleansing, in the sense that it is aimed at creating living conditions so unbearable for ethnic Armenians that they are forced to leave the area. Armenia further contends that the “blockade” was deployed on 12 December 2022 by a group of persons who present themselves as “eco-activists” but have in fact another goal in mind, many of them being well known for “posting anti-Armenian hate speech publicly on social media”, for having “direct ties to the Government [of Azerbaijan]” or even for being supported by it. For all these reasons, Armenia considers that “the blockade and its support and encouragement constitute plausible and even manifest breaches of the obligations and corresponding rights under Article 2 (1), subparagraphs (a), (b) and (e), of CERD”.
31. Armenia further contends that the “blockade” of the Lachin Corridor violates the freedom of movement implied in the right to leave any country, including one’s own, and the right to return to one’s country. In this regard, it asserts that the “blockade” has separated many families. Armenia adds that the “blockade” violates the right to public health, medical care, social security and social services, by preventing critically ill ethnic Armenians hospitalized in Nagorno-Karabakh to be transferred to medical facilities in Armenia for urgent medical care and for life-saving treatment. It claims, in addition, that the “blockade” has prevented the importation of essential goods, foodstuffs, medical and medicine supplies into Nagorno-Karabakh. Finally, Armenia alleges that, since 13 December 2022, the natural gas supply to Nagorno-Karabakh has been regularly cut off, leading to a number of adverse humanitarian consequences, such as disruption of the educational process in schools and disruption of the smooth running of hospitals. In conclusion, Armenia considers that the alleged blockade and related measures entail a series of highly plausible violations of rights protected under Article 5 (d), subparagraphs (i) and (ii), and Article 5 (e), subparagraph (iv), of CERD.
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32. Azerbaijan asserts that the acts complained of by Armenia do not constitute acts of racial discrimination as defined in Article 1 of CERD. Therefore, in its view, the rights claimed by the Applicant are not plausible.
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33. While Azerbaijan recognizes that Azerbaijani protesters have demonstrated on the side of the Lachin Corridor since 12 December 2022, it contends that these protests are not orchestrated by the State of Azerbaijan and constitute genuine environmental protests against the “continued pillaging of Azerbaijan’s natural resources by Armenia”. Azerbaijan considers that Armenia has failed to prove that the protests as a whole, and not the individual one-off acts of a select minority, are at least plausibly acts of racial discrimination.
34. Azerbaijan adds that the protests do not have the effect of impairing protected rights under CERD. It claims that the protesters have not imposed any restrictions on civilian traffic along the Lachin Corridor. It claims, in this regard, that since the start of the protests, over 1,000 vehicles have passed by the protest site on the Lachin Corridor and that there have been no reports of violence, and no confrontations between the Azerbaijani protesters, the individuals using the road to transit and the Russian peacekeepers who control the road. Azerbaijan further claims that there is no evidence that the protests impede people who need to reach Armenia for medical treatment from doing so. It also alleges that there is no evidence that food, medicine and other basic supplies are failing to reach Nagorno-Karabakh as a result of the protests. According to Azerbaijan, the evidence shows that vehicles of the International Committee of the Red Cross (the “ICRC”), Armenian ambulances and all vehicles belonging to the Russian peacekeeping forces are passing freely in the Lachin Corridor next to the protest site and that food, medicine and other essential supplies are being delivered. Azerbaijan adds that the same applies to other civilian traffic.
35. As for the alleged disruption of the natural gas supply, Azerbaijan observes that it does not supply gas or provide any gas service in Nagorno-Karabakh; rather, the gas supply comes from Armenia and is distributed in Nagorno-Karabakh by an Armenian utility. It further observes that interruptions of the gas supply are not uncommon in the winter months, and are not specific to Nagorno-Karabakh; they also affect other parts of Azerbaijan’s territory, and indeed Armenia’s own network. It finally observes that, whenever a disruption required action from Azerbaijan’s engineers, repairs were made on an urgent basis and supply was restored as quickly as possible. According to Azerbaijan, there is therefore no basis for Armenia’s assertion that these are deliberate acts of racial discrimination by the Respondent, targeting the residents of Nagorno-Karabakh.
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36. The Court notes that CERD imposes a number of obligations on States parties with regard to the elimination of racial discrimination in all its forms and manifestations. Article 1, paragraph 1, of CERD defines racial discrimination in the following terms:
“any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin which has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural or any other field of public life”.
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In accordance with Article 2 of the Convention, States parties “condemn racial discrimination and undertake to pursue by all appropriate means and without delay a policy of eliminating racial discrimination in all its forms”. Under Article 5, States parties undertake to guarantee the right of everyone to equality before the law in the enjoyment of a non-exhaustive list of rights, in particular the “right to freedom of movement and residence within the border of the State”, the “right to leave any country, including one’s own, and to return to one’s country”, and the “right to public health, medical care, social security and social services”.
37. The Court observes that Articles 2 and 5 of CERD are intended to protect individuals from racial discrimination. It recalls, as it did in past cases in which Article 22 of CERD was invoked as the basis of its jurisdiction, that there is a correlation between respect for individual rights enshrined in the Convention, the obligations of States parties under CERD and the right of States parties to seek compliance therewith (see, for example, Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2021, I.C.J. Reports 2021, p. 382, para. 57).
38. A State party to CERD may invoke the rights set out in the above-mentioned articles only to the extent that the acts complained of can constitute acts of racial discrimination as defined in Article 1 of the Convention (see ibid., para. 58). In the context of a request for the indication of provisional measures, the Court examines whether the rights claimed by an applicant are at least plausible.
39. The Court considers plausible at least some of the rights that Armenia claims to have been violated in light of Articles 2 and 5 of CERD through the interruption of movement along the Lachin Corridor.
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40. The Court now turns to the condition of the link between the rights claimed by Armenia that the Court has found to be plausible and the provisional measures requested.
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41. Armenia considers that the rights for which protection is sought are linked to the provisional measures requested because those measures, if indicated, would safeguard those rights. In particular, it is of the view that lifting the “blockade”, ensuring uninterrupted free movement of all persons, vehicles and cargo along the Lachin Corridor would put an end to “the unbearable living conditions of ethnic Armenians” in violation of obligations under Article 2, paragraph 1, of the Convention, and to “a series of discriminatory measures in violation of Article 5 of the Convention”.
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42. Azerbaijan asserts that there is no link between the rights claimed by Armenia and the provisional measures requested. In particular, it considers that the measures sought by Armenia would be “devoid of effect, since neither Azerbaijan nor the Azerbaijani protestors are currently blocking traffic”. Similarly, it claims that these measures are inappropriate in so far as “the Lachin Corridor is under the control of Russian peacekeeping forces” and
“Azerbaijan has not taken any measures that could endanger traffic; on the contrary, it has done everything it can to ensure that traffic in the Lachin Corridor remains safe and secure, all while maintaining contact with the commanders of the Russian authorities deployed on the ground”.
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43. The Court has already found that at least some of the rights claimed by Armenia under CERD are plausible (see paragraph 39 above). It considers that a link exists between the second measure requested by Armenia, which aims at requesting Azerbaijan to ensure uninterrupted free movement of all persons, vehicles and cargo along the Lachin Corridor in both directions (see paragraphs 10 and 19 above), and the plausible rights that Armenia seeks to protect. This measure, in the Court’s view, is directed at safeguarding plausible rights invoked by Armenia under CERD.
44. The Court concludes, therefore, that a link exists between some of the rights claimed by Armenia and one of the requested provisional measures.
IV. RISK OF IRREPARABLE PREJUDICE AND URGENCY
45. The Court, pursuant to Article 41 of its Statute, has the power to indicate provisional measures when irreparable prejudice could be caused to rights which are the subject of judicial proceedings or when the alleged disregard of such rights may entail irreparable consequences (see, for example, Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2021, I.C.J. Reports 2021, p. 385, para. 69).
46. However, the power of the Court to indicate provisional measures will be exercised only if there is urgency, in the sense that there is a real and imminent risk that irreparable prejudice will be caused to the rights claimed before the Court gives its final decision. The condition of urgency is met when the acts susceptible of causing irreparable prejudice can “occur at any moment” before the Court makes a final decision on the case (ibid., para. 70). The Court must therefore consider whether such a risk exists at this stage of the proceedings.
47. The Court is not called upon, for the purposes of its decision on the third Request, to establish the existence of breaches of CERD, but to determine whether the circumstances require the indication of provisional measures for the protection of rights under this instrument. It cannot at this stage make definitive findings of fact, and the right of each Party to submit arguments in respect of the merits remains unaffected by the Court’s decision on the third Request.
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48. Armenia submits that Azerbaijan’s conduct is capable of causing irreparable prejudice to the rights that it seeks to protect under Articles 2 and 5 of CERD. In this regard, it considers that Azerbaijan “has put in jeopardy the security of 120,000 people, deprived them of freedom of movement and their rights to be with their family and loved ones, their rights to receive food, medical care, education, heat and electricity amidst a freezing winter”.
49. Armenia further submits that there is urgency, in the sense that Azerbaijan’s conduct entails ongoing and imminent irreparable prejudice to the rights it seeks to protect under Articles 2 and 5 of CERD. It notes in this regard that a number of critically ill ethnic Armenians hospitalized in Nagorno-Karabakh and requiring urgent medical care in Armenia are at imminent risk of death and that one person has already died because emergency medical care is contingent upon negotiations conducted by the Russian peacekeepers or the ICRC. In addition, planned surgeries have been indefinitely suspended and medical treatments  such as chemotherapy provided in cancer clinics across the border  have been impossible to schedule due to the anticipated shortage in medicines and medical supplies. It further observes that the serious shortages in essential foodstuffs and medicine supplies, with the small quantities allowed to pass being distributed to the most vulnerable, also cause “irreparable prejudice and consequences for the health and lives of individuals in question”. The Applicant asserts that over a thousand people remain separated from their families and friends, including hundreds of children, which can cause irreparable consequences in terms of psychological distress. According to Armenia, “all of this irreparable prejudice and these irreparable consequences can occur at any moment before the Court makes a final decision on the case, as the blockade remains ongoing”.
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50. Azerbaijan maintains that Armenia has not demonstrated that “the protest is actually blocking the road or seriously obstructing the flow of traffic along it”; that, “to the extent the traffic is obstructed, the intention or effect was racial discrimination”; and that “the consequences of the restrictions were such that there is now a real risk of irreparable prejudice”.
51. Azerbaijan further maintains that the evidence obtained on the ground attests to the absence of urgency. In particular, it asserts that the ICRC has confirmed that it is assisting with medical transfers and humanitarian supplies, that the Russian peacekeeping forces have established that humanitarian convoys have been using the road, and that dozens of local residents have been able to return to Nagorno-Karabakh from Armenia. In addition, according to Azerbaijan, the evidence shows that the Lachin Corridor can be crossed at the protest site and that traffic has not been blocked.
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52. Having previously determined that at least some of the rights asserted by the Applicant are plausible and that there is a link between those rights and one of the provisional measures requested, the Court now considers whether irreparable prejudice could be caused to those rights and whether there is urgency, in the sense that there is a real and imminent risk that irreparable prejudice will be caused to those rights before the Court gives its final decision.
53. The Court recalls that in past cases in which CERD was at issue, it stated that the rights stipulated in Article 5 (d) and (e) are of such a nature that prejudice to them is capable of causing irreparable harm (see Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2021, I.CJ. Reports 2021, p. 389, para. 81).
54. The Court observes that, since 12 December 2022, the connection between Nagorno-Karabakh and Armenia via the Lachin Corridor has been disrupted. The Court notes that a number of consequences have resulted from this situation and that the impact on those affected persists to this date. The information available to the Court indicates that the disruption on the Lachin Corridor has impeded the transfer of persons of Armenian national or ethnic origin hospitalized in Nagorno-Karabakh to medical facilities in Armenia for urgent medical care. The evidence also indicates that there have been hindrances to the importation into Nagorno-Karabakh of essential goods, causing shortages of food, medicine and other life-saving medical supplies.
55. As the Court has noted previously, a prejudice can be considered as irreparable when the persons concerned are exposed to danger to health and life. The Court has further noted that restrictions on the importation and purchase of goods required for humanitarian needs, such as foodstuffs and medicines, including lifesaving medicines, treatment for chronic disease or preventive care, and medical equipment may have a serious detrimental impact on the health and lives of individuals (see Alleged Violations of the 1955 Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Provisional Measures, Order of 3 October 2018, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (II), p. 650, para. 91).
56. At the public hearing that took place on 30 January 2023, the Agent of Azerbaijan affirmed that his Government
“has and undertakes to continue to take all steps within its power to guarantee the safety of movement of persons, vehicles and cargo along the Lachin road, including continued and regular engagement with the ICRC, communicating with and facilitating communications with Russian peacekeepers, taking steps to engage with local residents in Garabagh, and  if Armenia finally decides that it is indeed its problem and agrees to come to the negotiating table  with Armenia as well”.
The Court takes note of this statement. However, it does not remove entirely the imminent risk of irreparable prejudice created by the disruption in movement along the Lachin Corridor.
57. In light of the considerations set out above, the Court concludes that the alleged disregard of the rights deemed plausible by the Court (see paragraph 39 above) may entail irreparable consequences to those rights and that there is urgency, in the sense that there is a real and imminent risk that irreparable prejudice will be caused before the Court makes a final decision in the case.
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V. CONCLUSION
58. The Court concludes that the conditions for the indication of provisional measures are met. It is therefore necessary, pending its final decision, for the Court to indicate certain measures in order to protect the rights claimed by Armenia, as identified above (see paragraph 39).
59. The Court recalls that it has the power, under its Statute, when a request for provisional measures has been made, to indicate measures that are, in whole or in part, other than those requested. Article 75, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court specifically refers to this power of the Court. The Court has already exercised this power on several occasions in the past (see Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2021, I.C.J. Reports 2021, p. 391, para. 90).
60. The Court notes that the Trilateral Statement provides, inter alia, that the Lachin Corridor, “which will provide a connection between Nagorno-Karabakh and Armenia . . . shall remain under the control of the Russian Federation peacemaking forces”. The Statement further states that “Azerbaijan shall guarantee the security of persons, vehicles and cargo moving along the Lachin Corridor in both directions”.
61. In the present case, having considered the terms of the provisional measures requested by Armenia and the circumstances of the case, the Court finds that the measures to be indicated need not be identical to those requested.
62. The Court concludes that Azerbaijan shall, pending the final decision in the case and in accordance with its obligations under CERD, take all measures at its disposal to ensure unimpeded movement of persons, vehicles and cargo along the Lachin Corridor in both directions.
63. The Court recalls that Armenia has requested it to indicate measures directing Azerbaijan to “cease its orchestration and support of the alleged ‘protests’ blocking uninterrupted free movement along the Lachin Corridor in both directions”. The Court considers that this further measure regarding movement along the Lachin Corridor is not warranted.
64. The Court further recalls that Armenia has requested it to indicate a measure directing Azerbaijan to “immediately fully restore and refrain from disrupting or impeding the provision of natural gas and other public utilities to Nagorno-Karabakh”. The Court considers that Armenia has not placed before it sufficient evidence that Azerbaijan is disrupting the supply of natural gas and other utilities to the residents of Nagorno-Karabakh. Accordingly, such a measure is not warranted.
*
* *
- 14 -
65. The Court notes that the provisional measures indicated in its Order of 7 December 2021 remain in effect. It also reaffirms that its “orders on provisional measures under Article 41 [of the Statute] have binding effect” (LaGrand (Germany v. United States of America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 506, para. 109) and thus create international legal obligations for any party to whom the provisional measures are addressed.
*
* *
66. The Court further reaffirms that the decision given in the present proceedings in no way prejudges the question of the jurisdiction of the Court to deal with the merits of the case or any questions relating to the admissibility of the Application or to the merits themselves. It leaves unaffected the right of the Governments of Armenia and Azerbaijan to submit arguments in respect of those questions.
*
* *
67. For these reasons,
THE COURT,
By thirteen votes to two,
Indicates the following provisional measure:
The Republic of Azerbaijan shall, pending the final decision in the case and in accordance with its obligations under the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, take all measures at its disposal to ensure unimpeded movement of persons, vehicles and cargo along the Lachin Corridor in both directions.
IN FAVOUR: President Donoghue; Vice-President Gevorgian; Judges Tomka, Abraham, Bennouna, Xue, Robinson, Salam, Iwasawa, Nolte, Charlesworth, Brant; Judge ad hoc Daudet;
AGAINST: Judge Yusuf; Judge ad hoc Keith.
- 15 -
Done in English and in French, the English text being authoritative, at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this twenty-second day of February, two thousand and twenty-three, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archives of the Court and the others transmitted to the Government of the Republic of Armenia and the Government of the Republic of Azerbaijan, respectively.
(Signed) Joan E. DONOGHUE,
President.
(Signed) Philippe GAUTIER,
Registrar.
Judge YUSUF appends a declaration to the Order of the Court; Judge ad hoc KEITH appends a declaration to the Order of the Court.
(Initialled) J.E.D.
(Initialled) Ph.G.
___________

Bilingual Content

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES
APPLICATION
DE LA CONVENTION INTERNATIONALE
SUR L’ÉLIMINATION DE TOUTES LES FORMES
DE DISCRIMINATION RACIALE
(ARMÉNIE c. AZERBAÏDJAN)
DEMANDE EN INDICATION
DE MESURES CONSERVATOIRES
ORDONNANCE DU 22 FÉVRIER 2023
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS
APPLICATION
OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION
ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS
OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
(ARMENIA v. AZERBAIJAN)
REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION
OF PROVISIONAL MEASURES
ORDER OF 22 FEBRUARY 2023
2023
Sales number
No de vente :
© 2024 ICJ/CIJ, United Nations/Nations Unies
All rights reserved/Tous droits réservés
printed in france/imprimé en france
ISSN 0074-4441 1277
ISBN 978-92-1-003943-7
Mode officiel de citation :
Application de la convention internationale
sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale
(Arménie c. Azerbaïdjan), mesures conservatoires,
ordonnance du 22 février 2023, C.I.J. Recueil 2023, p. 14
Official citation:
Application of the International Convention
on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
(Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures,
Order of 22 February 2023, I.C.J. Reports 2023, p. 14
APPLICATION
DE LA CONVENTION INTERNATIONALE
SUR L’ÉLIMINATION DE TOUTES LES FORMES
DE DISCRIMINATION RACIALE
(ARMÉNIE c. AZERBAÏDJAN)
DEMANDE EN INDICATION
DE MESURES CONSERVATOIRES
APPLICATION
OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION
ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS
OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
(ARMENIA v. AZERBAIJAN)
REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION
OF PROVISIONAL MEASURES
22 FÉVRIER 2023
ORDONNANCE
22 FEBRUARY 2023
ORDER
14
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Paragraphs
Chronology of the Procedure 1-21
I. General Observations 22-25
II. Prima Facie Jurisdiction 26
III. The Rights whose Protection Is Sought and the Link
between such Rights and the Measures Requested
27-44
IV. Risk of Irreparable Prejudice and Urgency 45-57
V. Conclusion 58-66
Operative Clause 67
14
TABLE DES MATIÈRES
Paragraphes
Qualités 1-21
I. Observations générales 22-25
II. Compétence prima facie 26
III. Les droits dont la protection est recherchée et le lien
entre ces droits et les mesures demandées
27-44
IV. Risque de préjudice irréparable et urgence 45-57
V. Conclusion 58-66
Dispositif 67
15
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
YEAR 2023
22 February 2023
APPLICATION
OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION
ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS
OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
(ARMENIA v. AZERBAIJAN)
REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION
OF PROVISIONAL MEASURES
ORDER
Present: President Donoghue; Vice-President Gevorgian; Judges Tomka,
Abraham, Bennouna, Yusuf, Xue, Robinson, Salam, Iwasawa,
Nolte, Charlesworth,
Brant; Judges ad hoc Keith, Daudet;
Registrar Gautier.
The International Court of Justice,
Composed as above,
After deliberation,
Having regard to Articles 41 and 48 of the Statute of the Court and
Articles 73, 74, 75 and 76 of the Rules of Court,
Makes the following Order:
1. By an Application filed in the Registry of the Court on 16 September
2021, the Republic of Armenia (hereinafter “Armenia”) instituted proceedings
against the Republic of Azerbaijan (hereinafter “Azerbaijan”)
concerning alleged violations of the International Convention on the
2023
22 February
General List
No. 180
15
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
ANNÉE 2023
22 février 2023
APPLICATION
DE LA CONVENTION INTERNATIONALE
SUR L’ÉLIMINATION DE TOUTES LES FORMES
DE DISCRIMINATION RACIALE
(ARMÉNIE c. AZERBAÏDJAN)
DEMANDE EN INDICATION
DE MESURES CONSERVATOIRES
ORDONNANCE
Présents : Mme Donoghue, présidente ; M. Gevorgian, vice-président ;
MM. Tomka, Abraham, Bennouna, Yusuf, Mme Xue,
MM. Robinson, Salam, Iwasawa, Nolte, Mme Charlesworth,
M. Brant, juges ; MM. Keith, Daudet, juges ad hoc ;
M. Gautier, greffier.
La Cour internationale de Justice,
Ainsi composée,
Après délibéré en chambre du conseil,
Vu les articles 41 et 48 du Statut de la Cour et les articles 73, 74, 75 et 76
de son Règlement,
Rend l’ordonnance suivante :
1. Par requête déposée au Greffe de la Cour le 16 septembre 2021, la
République d’Arménie (ci-après l’« Arménie ») a introduit contre la
République d’Azerbaïdjan (ci-après l’« Azerbaïdjan ») une instance concernant
des violations alléguées de la convention internationale du 21 décembre
2023
22 février
Rôle général
no 180
16 application of the cerd (order 22 II 23)
Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination of 21 December 1965
(hereinafter “CERD” or the “Convention”).
2. The Application contained a Request for the indication of provisional
measures submitted with reference to Article 41 of the Statute and to
Articles 73, 74 and 75 of the Rules of Court (the “first Request”).
3. After hearing the Parties, the Court, by an Order of 7 December 2021,
indicated the following provisional measures:
“(1) The Republic of Azerbaijan shall, in accordance with its obligations
under the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms
of Racial Discrimination,
(a) Protect from violence and bodily harm all persons captured in relation
to the 2020 Conflict who remain in detention, and ensure their
security and equality before the law;
(b) Take all necessary measures to prevent the incitement and promotion
of racial hatred and discrimination, including by its officials and
public institutions, targeted at persons of Armenian national or
ethnic origin;
(c) Take all necessary measures to prevent and punish acts of vandalism
and desecration affecting Armenian cultural heritage, including but
not limited to churches and other places of worship, monuments,
landmarks, cemeteries and artefacts;
(2) Both Parties shall refrain from any action which might aggravate
or extend the dispute before the Court or make it more difficult to
resolve.” (Application of the International Convention on the Elimination
of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan),
Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2021, I.C.J. Reports 2021,
p. 393, para. 98.)
4. By an Order of 21 January 2022, the Court fixed 23 January 2023 and
23 January 2024 as the respective time-limits for the filing of a Memorial by
Armenia and a Counter-Memorial by Azerbaijan. The Memorial was filed
within the time-limit thus prescribed.
5. By a letter dated 16 September 2022, Armenia, referring to Article 76
of the Rules of Court, requested the modification of the Court’s Order of
7 December 2021 (the “second Request”).
6. By a communication dated 27 September 2022, Azerbaijan filed its
written observations on the second Request.
7. By an Order dated 12 October 2022, the Court found that “the circumstances,
as they [then] present[ed] themselves to the Court, [were] not such
as to require the exercise of its power to modify the measures indicated in
the Order of 7 December 2021”. In addition, the Court reaffirmed the provisional
measures indicated in its Order of 7 December 2021, in particular
the requirement that both Parties refrain from any action which might
aggravate or extend the dispute before the Court or make it more difficult to
resolve.
application de la ciedr (ordonnance 22 II 23) 16
1965 sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (ci-après
la « CIEDR » ou la « convention »).
2. La requête contenait une demande en indication de mesures conservatoires,
présentée au titre de l’article 41 du Statut de la Cour et des articles 73,
74 et 75 de son Règlement (la « première demande »).
3. La Cour, après avoir entendu les Parties, a indiqué les mesures conservatoires
suivantes dans l’ordonnance qu’elle a rendue le 7 décembre 2021 :
« 1) La République d’Azerbaïdjan doit, conformément aux obligations
que lui impose la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes
les formes de discrimination raciale,
a) Protéger contre les voies de fait et les sévices toutes les personnes
arrêtées en relation avec le conflit de 2020 qui sont toujours en détention
et garantir leur sûreté et leur droit à l’égalité devant la loi ;
b) Prendre toutes les mesures nécessaires pour empêcher l’incitation et
l’encouragement à la haine et à la discrimination raciales, y compris
par ses agents et ses institutions publiques, à l’égard des personnes
d’origine nationale ou ethnique arménienne ;
c) Prendre toutes les mesures nécessaires pour empêcher et punir les
actes de dégradation et de profanation du patrimoine culturel arménien,
notamment, mais pas seulement, les églises et autres lieux de
culte, monuments, sites, cimetières et artefacts ;
2) Les deux Parties doivent s’abstenir de tout acte qui risquerait d’aggraver
ou d’étendre le différend dont la Cour est saisie ou d’en rendre le
règlement plus difficile. » (Application de la convention internationale
sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Arménie
c. Azerbaïdjan), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 7 décembre
2021, C.I.J. Recueil 2021, p. 393, par. 98.)
4. Par ordonnance du 21 janvier 2022, la Cour a fixé au 23 janvier 2023 et
au 23 janvier 2024, respectivement, les dates d’expiration des délais pour
le dépôt d’un mémoire par l’Arménie et d’un contre-mémoire par l’Azerbaïdjan.
Le mémoire a été déposé dans le délai ainsi prescrit.
5. Par lettre en date du 16 septembre 2022, l’Arménie, se référant à
l’article
76 du Règlement de la Cour, a prié celle-ci de modifier son ordonnance
du 7 décembre 2021 (la « deuxième demande »).
6. Par lettre en date du 27 septembre 2022, l’Azerbaïdjan a présenté ses
observations écrites sur la deuxième demande.
7. Par ordonnance en date du 12 octobre 2022, la Cour a dit que « les
circonstances, telles qu’elles se présent[ai]ent [alors] à elle, [n’étaie]nt pas de
nature à exiger l’exercice de son pouvoir de modifier les mesures indiquées
dans l’ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021 ». Elle a en outre réaffirmé les
mesures conservatoires qu’elle avait indiquées dans ladite ordonnance,
en particulier celle enjoignant aux Parties de s’abstenir de tout acte qui
risquerait d’aggraver ou d’étendre le différend dont elle était saisie ou d’en
rendre le règlement plus difficile.
17 application of the cerd (order 22 II 23)
8. On 28 December 2022, Armenia, referring to Article 41 of the Statute
and Article 73 of the Rules of Court, filed a new Request for the indication
of provisional measures.
9. In that Request, Armenia states that, on 12 December 2022, Azerbaijan
“orchestrated a blockade of the only road connecting the 120,000 ethnic
Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh with the outside world”. It adds that this
alleged blockade “is ongoing as of the date of the present Request”.
10. At the end of the 28 December 2022 Request, Armenia requests that
the Court indicate the following provisional measures:
— “Azerbaijan shall cease its orchestration and support of the alleged
‘protests’ blocking uninterrupted free movement along the Lachin
Corridor in both directions[;]
— Azerbaijan shall ensure uninterrupted free movement of all persons,
vehicles, and cargo along the Lachin Corridor in both directions.”
11. The Deputy-Registrar immediately communicated a copy of the
28 December 2022 Request to the Government of Azerbaijan, in accordance
with Article 73, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court. He also notified the
Secretary-General of the United Nations of the filing of that Request by
Armenia on 28 December 2022.
12. By letters dated 6 January 2023, the Deputy-Registrar informed the
Parties that the Court had fixed 30 January 2023 as the date for the oral
proceedings on the 28 December 2022 Request.
13. By letters dated 3 and 12 January 2023, Azerbaijan provided observations
with respect to the 28 December 2022 Request. It stated, in particular,
that under the terms of the Statement by the President of the Republic of
Azerbaijan, Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia and President of the
Russian Federation of 9 November 2020 (the “Trilateral Statement”), movement
along the Lachin Corridor is controlled by the Russian peacemakers
and not Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan further stated that it has “continuously
demonstrated its willingness to engage in dialogue with Armenia and the
Russian Federation with a view to facilitating the humanitarian needs of its
Armenian citizens living in the territories where the Russian peacekeeping
forces are temporarily deployed”.
14. By a letter dated 26 January 2023, the Agent of Armenia communicated
to the Court the text of a further provisional measure sought by his
Government, namely that Azerbaijan be directed to “immediately fully
restore and refrain from disrupting or impeding the provision of natural gas
and other public utilities to Nagorno-Karabakh”.
15. By a letter dated 27 January 2023, the Agent of Azerbaijan provided
certain preliminary views of his Government on the third provisional measure
sought by Armenia. He stated that, in order to respond to “Armenia’s
last-minute request for provisional measures”, Azerbaijan would need to
application de la ciedr (ordonnance 22 II 23) 17
8. Le 28 décembre 2022, l’Arménie, se référant à l’article 41 du Statut de
la Cour et à l’article 73 de son Règlement, a présenté une nouvelle demande
en indication de mesures conservatoires.
9. Dans cette demande, l’Arménie affirme que, le 12 décembre 2022,
l’Azerbaïdjan « a orchestré le blocage de la seule route reliant au reste du
monde les 120 000 habitants d’origine arménienne du Haut-Karabakh ». Elle
ajoute que ce blocage allégué « se poursuivait à la date du dépôt de [sa]
demande ».
10. À la fin de sa demande du 28 décembre 2022, l’Arménie prie la Cour
d’indiquer les mesures conservatoires suivantes :
— « L’Azerbaïdjan doit cesser d’orchestrer et de soutenir les prétendus
“ actes de protestation ” qui empêchent la circulation libre et
ininterrompue le long du corridor de Latchine dans les deux sens [;]
— L’Azerbaïdjan doit veiller à ce que soit garantie la circulation libre et
ininterrompue de toutes personnes, de tous véhicules et de toutes
marchandises le long du corridor de Latchine, dans les deux sens. »
11. Le greffier adjoint a immédiatement transmis copie de la demande du
28 décembre 2022 au Gouvernement de l’Azerbaïdjan, conformément au
paragraphe 2 de l’article 73 du Règlement de la Cour. Il a également informé
le Secrétaire général de l’Organisation des Nations Unies du dépôt par
l’Arménie,
le 28 décembre 2022, de cette demande.
12. Par lettres en date du 6 janvier 2023, le greffier adjoint a informé les
Parties que la Cour avait fixé au 30 janvier 2023 la date de la procédure orale
sur la demande du 28 décembre 2022.
13. Par lettres en date des 3 et 12 janvier 2023, l’Azerbaïdjan a formulé des
observations sur la demande du 28 décembre 2022. Il a notamment indiqué
que, conformément à la déclaration faite par le président de la République
d’Azerbaïdjan, le premier ministre de la République d’Arménie et le président
de la Fédération de Russie le 9 novembre 2020 (la « déclaration trilatérale »),
la circulation le long du corridor de Latchine était contrôlée par les forces
russes de maintien de la paix et non par l’Azerbaïdjan. Ce dernier a ajouté
qu’il s’était « toujours montré disposé à dialoguer avec l’Arménie et la
Fédération de Russie en vue de répondre aux besoins humanitaires des
ressortissants arméniens vivant dans les territoires où le contingent russe de
maintien de la paix [étai]t temporairement déployé ».
14. Par lettre en date du 26 janvier 2023, l’agent de l’Arménie a communiqué
à la Cour le texte d’une nouvelle mesure conservatoire sollicitée par
son gouvernement, selon laquelle l’Azerbaïdjan devrait « immédiatement et
totalement,
rétablir l’approvisionnement du Haut-Karabakh en gaz naturel
et en d’autres biens fournis par les entreprises de services collectifs et
s’abstenir
de l’interrompre ou de l’entraver ».
15. Par lettre en date du 27 janvier 2023, l’agent de l’Azerbaïdjan a
communiqué certaines vues préliminaires de son gouvernement sur la troisième
mesure conservatoire sollicitée par l’Arménie. Il a indiqué que, afin
de pouvoir réagir à la « demande en indication de mesures conservatoires
18 application of the cerd (order 22 II 23)
obtain additional technical information from its public utility providers and
others about the true cause of previous disruptions in the gas supply and the
specific measures that were taken to restore service, as well as any information
about the practical consequences of such disruptions. In this regard, the
Agent indicated that his Government would not be able to obtain this information
before the beginning of the hearings. He further affirmed, “[f]or the
avoidance of doubt”, that Azerbaijan “has not intentionally disrupted, and
has no intention of disrupting, the supply of gas or other utilities to the areas
where the Russian peacekeepers are temporarily deployed”.
16. By a letter of the same date, the Registrar informed the Parties that the
Court had taken note of Azerbaijan’s concerns as to the short period of time
between the communication of the third provisional measure sought by
Armenia and the hearing due to take place on 30 January 2023. He further
indicated that, while it was open to Azerbaijan to offer any initial response
to the third provisional measure sought during the hearing, the Court also
intended to authorize Azerbaijan to submit written comments limited to that
requested measure after the close of the oral proceedings.
17. By a letter dated 30 January 2023, the Registrar reiterated to the
Parties that Azerbaijan was free to offer any initial response to the third
provisional measure sought during the oral proceedings and added that the
Court had decided that Azerbaijan would also be authorized to submit written
comments limited to that provisional measure no later than 1 February 2023.
18. At the public hearing, oral observations on the request for the indication
of provisional measures filed by Armenia were presented by:
On behalf of Armenia: HE Mr Yeghishe Kirakosyan,
Mr Lawrence H. Martin,
Mr Linos-Alexandre Sicilianos,
Mr Constantinos Salonidis,
Mr Pierre d’Argent.
On behalf of Azerbaijan: HE Mr Elnur Mammadov,
Mr Vaughan Lowe,
Lord Peter Goldsmith,
Ms Laurence Boisson de Chazournes.
19. At the end of its oral observations, Armenia asked the Court to indicate
the following provisional measures (the “third Request”):
“On the basis of its Request for provisional measures dated 27 December
2022, its letter dated 26 January 2023, and its oral pleadings,
Armenia respectfully requests the Court to indicate the following
application de la ciedr (ordonnance 22 II 23) 18
présentée par l’Arménie à la dernière minute », l’Azerbaïdjan aurait besoin
d’obtenir des informations techniques supplémentaires de la part de ses
entreprises de services publics et d’autres entités concernant la véritable
cause des précédentes coupures de gaz et les mesures spécifiques qui ont été
prises pour rétablir l’approvisionnement, ainsi que des renseignements sur
les conséquences pratiques de ces interruptions. À cet égard, l’agent a
précisé que son gouvernement ne serait pas en mesure d’obtenir ces informations
avant le début des audiences. Il a en outre affirmé, « [p]our dissiper
tout doute », que l’Azerbaïdjan « n’a[vait] pas délibérément interrompu, et
n’a[vait] nullement l’intention d’interrompre, l’approvisionnement en gaz ou
la fourniture de tout autre service public dans les zones où les forces russes
de maintien de la paix [étaie]nt temporairement déployées ».
16. Par lettre datée du même jour, le greffier a informé les Parties que la
Cour avait pris note des préoccupations de l’Azerbaïdjan concernant le court
laps de temps entre la communication de la troisième mesure conservatoire
sollicitée par l’Arménie et la procédure orale devant se tenir le 30 janvier
2023. Il a également indiqué que, s’il était loisible à l’Azerbaïdjan d’exprimer
une première réaction concernant la troisième mesure conservatoire sollicitée
à l’audience, la Cour entendait également l’autoriser à formuler des
observations écrites ne portant que sur cette mesure après la clôture de la
procédure orale.
17. Par lettre datée du 30 janvier 2023, le greffier a de nouveau indiqué aux
Parties que l’Azerbaïdjan était libre d’exprimer à l’audience une première
réaction concernant la troisième mesure conservatoire sollicitée et a ajouté
que la Cour avait décidé d’autoriser également l’Azerbaïdjan à formuler des
observations écrites ne portant que sur cette mesure conservatoire le
1er février 2023 au plus tard.
18. Au cours de l’audience publique, des observations orales sur la
demande en indication de mesures conservatoires de l’Arménie ont été
présentées par :
Au nom de l’Arménie : S. Exc. M. Yeghishe Kirakosyan,
M. Lawrence H. Martin,
M. Linos-Alexandre Sicilianos,
M. Constantinos Salonidis,
M. Pierre d’Argent.
Au nom de l’Azerbaïdjan : S. Exc. M. Elnur Mammadov,
M. Vaughan Lowe,
Lord Peter Goldsmith,
Mme Laurence Boisson de Chazournes.
19. Au terme de ses plaidoiries, l’Arménie a prié la Cour d’indiquer les
mesures conservatoires suivantes (la « troisième demande ») :
« Sur la base de sa demande en indication de mesures conservatoires
datée du 27 décembre 2022, de sa lettre datée du 26 janvier 2023 et de
ses plaidoiries, l’Arménie prie respectueusement la Cour d’indiquer les
19 application of the cerd (order 22 II 23)
provisional measures pending its determination of this case on the
merits:
— Azerbaijan shall cease its orchestration and support of the alleged
‘protests’ blocking uninterrupted free movement along the Lachin
Corridor in both directions[;]
— Azerbaijan shall ensure uninterrupted free movement of all persons,
vehicles, and cargo along the Lachin Corridor in both directions[;]
— Azerbaijan shall immediately fully restore and refrain from
disrupting or impeding the provision of natural gas and other public
utilities to Nagorno-Karabakh.”
20. At the end of its oral observations, Azerbaijan made the following
request:
“In accordance with Article 60 (2) of the Rules of Court, for the
reasons explained during these hearings, the Republic of Azerbaijan
respectfully asks the Court to reject the request for the indication of
provisional measures submitted by the Republic of Armenia.”
21. By a letter dated 1 February 2023, the Agent of Azerbaijan submitted
within the time-limit fixed for that purpose the written comments of his
Government on the third provisional measure sought by Armenia.
* * *
I. General Observations
22. In its third Request, Armenia asks the Court to order Azerbaijan to
“cease its orchestration and support of the alleged ‘protests’ blocking uninterrupted
free movement along the Lachin Corridor in both directions”, to
“ensure uninterrupted free movement of all persons, vehicles, and cargo
along the Lachin Corridor in both directions” and to “fully restore and
refrain from disrupting or impeding the provision of natural gas and other
public utilities to Nagorno-Karabakh” (see paragraphs 10, 14 and 19 above).
23. Pursuant to Article 76, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, a decision
concerning provisional measures may be modified if, in the Court’s opinion,
“some change in the situation justifies” doing so. According to Article 75,
paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, “[t]he rejection of a request for the indication
of provisional measures shall not prevent the party which made it
from making a fresh request in the same case based on new facts”. The same
application de la ciedr (ordonnance 22 II 23) 19
mesures conservatoires énoncées ci-après, dans l’attente de la décision
qu’elle rendra sur le fond de ladite l’affaire :
— L’Azerbaïdjan doit cesser d’orchestrer et de soutenir les prétendus
« actes de protestation » qui empêchent la circulation libre et
ininterrompue le long du corridor de Latchine dans les deux sens [;]
— L’Azerbaïdjan doit veiller à ce que soit garantie la circulation libre et
ininterrompue de toutes personnes, de tous véhicules et de toutes
marchandises le long du corridor de Latchine, dans les deux sens [;]
— L’Azerbaïdjan doit, immédiatement et totalement, rétablir
l’approvisionnement du Haut-Karabakh en gaz naturel et en d’autres
biens fournis par les entreprises de services collectifs et s’abstenir
de l’interrompre ou de l’entraver. »
20. Au terme de ses plaidoiries, l’Azerbaïdjan a formulé la demande
suivante :
« Conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 60 du Règlement de la
Cour et pour les motifs exposés à l’audience, la République d’Azerbaïdjan
prie respectueusement la Cour de rejeter la demande en indication de
mesures conservatoires présentée par la République d’Arménie. »
21. Par lettre en date du 1er février 2023, l’agent de l’Azerbaïdjan a
communiqué, dans le délai fixé à cet effet, les observations écrites de son
gouvernement concernant la troisième mesure conservatoire présentée par
l’Arménie.
* * *
I. Observations générales
22. Dans sa troisième demande, l’Arménie prie la Cour d’ordonner à
l’Azerbaïdjan de « cesser d’orchestrer et de soutenir les prétendus “ actes de
protestation ” qui empêchent la circulation libre et ininterrompue le long du
corridor de Latchine dans les deux sens », de « veiller à ce que soit garantie
la circulation libre et ininterrompue de toutes personnes, de tous véhicules et
de toutes marchandises le long du corridor de Latchine, dans les deux sens »
et de « totalement[] rétablir l’approvisionnement du Haut-Karabakh en gaz
naturel et en d’autres biens fournis par les entreprises de services collectifs
et [de] s’abstenir de l’interrompre ou de l’entraver » (voir les paragraphes 10,
14 et 19 ci-dessus).
23. Conformément au paragraphe 1 de l’article 76 du Règlement de la
Cour, celle-ci peut modifier une décision concernant des mesures conservatoires
si « un changement dans la situation lui paraît [le] justifier ». Aux
termes du paragraphe 3 de l’article 75 du Règlement, « [l]e rejet d’une
demande en indication de mesures conservatoires n’empêche pas la partie
qui l’avait introduite de présenter en la même affaire une nouvelle demande
20 application of the cerd (order 22 II 23)
applies when additional provisional measures are requested (Application of
the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
(Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)),
Provisional Measures, Order of 13 September 1993, I.C.J. Reports 1993,
p. 337, para. 22). It is therefore for the Court to satisfy itself that the third
Request by Armenia is based upon “new circumstances such as to justify [it]
being examined” (ibid.).
24. The Court notes that, in its third Request, Armenia refers to the
alleged blockade by Azerbaijan, as of 12 December 2022, of the Lachin
Corridor, described as “the only strip of land connecting the 120,000 ethnic
Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh with Armenia, and thus also with the
outside world”. The Court recalls that Armenia’s first Request related to the
treatment by Azerbaijan of Armenian prisoners of war, hostages and other
detainees in its custody who were taken captive during the September-
November 2020 hostilities and in their aftermath; to the alleged incitement
and promotion by Azerbaijan of racial hatred and discrimination targeted at
persons of Armenian national or ethnic origin; and to the alleged harm
caused by Azerbaijan to Armenian historic, cultural and religious heritage.
25. In light of the foregoing, the Court considers that the circumstances
underlying Armenia’s present Request differ from those on the basis of
which the Court indicated provisional measures on 7 December 2021.
It follows that there are new circumstances that justify the examination of
Armenia’s third Request.
II. Prima Facie Jurisdiction
26. The Court recalls that, in its Order of 7 December 2021 indicating
provisional measures in the present case, it concluded that “prima facie, it
has jurisdiction pursuant to Article 22 of CERD to entertain the case to the
extent that the dispute between the Parties relates to the ‘interpretation or
application’ of the Convention” (Application of the International Convention
on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v.
Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2021, I.C.J.
Reports 2021, p. 375, para. 43). The Court sees no reason to revisit this
conclusion for the purposes of the present Request.
III. The Rights whose Protection Is Sought and the Link
between such Rights and the Measures Requested
27. The power of the Court to indicate provisional measures under
Article 41 of the Statute has as its object the preservation of the respective
rights claimed by the parties in a case, pending its decision on the merits
application de la ciedr (ordonnance 22 II 23) 20
fondée sur des faits nouveaux ». Il en est de même lorsque des mesures
additionnelles
sont sollicitées (Application de la convention pour la prévention
et la répression du crime de génocide (Bosnie-Herzégovine
c. Yougoslavie ( Serbie et Monténégro)), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance
du 13 septembre 1993, C.I.J. Recueil 1993, p. 337, par. 22). Il appartient
donc à la Cour de s’assurer que la troisième demande de l’Arménie est fondée
sur des « circonstances nouvelles de nature à en justifier l’examen » (ibid.).
24. La Cour relève que, dans sa troisième demande, l’Arménie se réfère au
prétendu blocage par l’Azerbaïdjan, à partir du 12 décembre 2022, du
corridor de Latchine, qu’elle qualifie de « seule bande de territoire reliant les
120 000 habitants d’origine arménienne du Haut-Karabakh à l’Arménie,
et donc également au reste du monde ». Elle rappelle que la première demande
de l’Arménie concernait le traitement réservé par l’Azerbaïdjan aux prisonniers
de guerre, otages et autres détenus arméniens sous sa garde qui avaient
été capturés pendant ou après les hostilités de septembre-novembre 2020 ;
l’incitation et l’encouragement supposés de l’Azerbaïdjan à la haine et à la
discrimination raciales à l’égard des personnes d’origine nationale ou
ethnique arménienne ; et le préjudice qu’aurait causé l’Azerbaïdjan au patrimoine
historique, culturel et religieux arménien.
25. Au vu de ce qui précède, la Cour considère que les circonstances qui
sous-tendent la présente demande de l’Arménie sont différentes de celles sur
la base desquelles elle a indiqué des mesures conservatoires le 7 décembre
2021. Il s’ensuit qu’il existe des circonstances nouvelles justifiant l’examen
de la troisième demande de l’Arménie.
II. Compétence prima facie
26. La Cour rappelle que, dans son ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021 indiquant
des mesures conservatoires en la présente affaire, elle a conclu que,
« prima facie, elle a[vait] compétence en vertu de l’article 22 de la CIEDR
pour connaître de l’affaire dans la mesure où le différend opposant les
Parties concern[ait] “ l’interprétation ou l’application ” de la convention »
(Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les
formes de discrimination raciale (Arménie c. Azerbaïdjan), mesures conservatoires,
ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021, C.I.J. Recueil 2021, p. 375,
par. 43). La Cour ne voit aucune raison de revenir sur cette conclusion aux
fins de la présente demande.
III. Les droits dont la protection est recherchée et le lien
entre ces droits et les mesures demandées
27. Le pouvoir d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires que la Cour tient de
l’article 41 de son Statut a pour objet de sauvegarder, dans l’attente de sa
décision au fond, les droits revendiqués par chacune des parties. Il s’ensuit
21 application of the cerd (order 22 II 23)
thereof. It follows that the Court must be concerned to preserve by such
measures the rights which may subsequently be adjudged by it to belong to
either party. Therefore, the Court may exercise this power only if it is satisfied
that the rights asserted by the party requesting such measures are at least
plausible (Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of
All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional
Measures, Order of 7 December 2021, I.C.J. Reports 2021, p. 375, para. 44).
28. At this stage of the proceedings, however, the Court is not called upon
to determine definitively whether the rights which Armenia wishes to see
protected exist; it need only decide whether the rights claimed by Armenia
on the merits, and for which it is seeking protection, are plausible. Moreover,
a link must exist between the rights whose protection is sought and the
provisional measures being requested (Application of the International
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
(Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2021,
I.C.J. Reports 2021, p. 375, para. 45).
* *
29. Armenia asserts that its third Request seeks the preservation and
protection of a number of rights under CERD for the benefit of the ethnic
Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh. It refers in particular to the general prohibition
of racial discrimination enshrined in Article 2, paragraph 1, of the
Convention and to the corresponding obligation for States parties to “engage
in no act or practice of racial discrimination against persons, groups of
persons or institutions” (subparagraph (a)) and “not to sponsor, defend or
support racial discrimination by any persons or organizations” (subparagraph
(b)). It also refers to the obligation for States parties to “discourage
anything which tends to strengthen racial division” (subparagraph (e)).
Armenia further refers to the freedom of movement (Article 5, subparagraph
(d) (i)), to the right to leave any country, including one’s own and to
return to one’s country, including family reunification (Article 5, subparagraph
(d) (ii)) and to the right to public health, medical care, social security
and social services (Article 5, subparagraph (e) (iv)). Armenia claims that
these rights are plausible because the “blockade” of the Lachin Corridor is
discriminatory in nature; it has “both the purpose and effect of impairing the
enjoyment and exercise by ethnic Armenians of their human rights on an
equal footing with other ethnic groups”.
30. Armenia contends that, since the end of the 2020 conflict between
Armenia and Azerbaijan, the Lachin Corridor is the only route connecting
Nagorno-Karabakh and Armenia. It asserts that the clear and overt purpose
of the “blockade” is fully integrated into what it calls Azerbaijan’s long-standing
policy of ethnic cleansing, in the sense that it is aimed at creating
living conditions so unbearable for ethnic Armenians that they are forced to
leave the area. Armenia further contends that the “blockade” was deployed
application de la ciedr (ordonnance 22 II 23) 21
que la Cour doit se préoccuper de sauvegarder par de telles mesures les
droits que l’arrêt qu’elle aura ultérieurement à rendre pourrait reconnaître à
l’une ou à l’autre des parties. Aussi ne peut-elle exercer ce pouvoir que si elle
estime que les droits invoqués par le demandeur sont au moins plausibles
(Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les
formes de discrimination raciale (Arménie c. Azerbaïdjan), mesures conservatoires,
ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021, C.I.J. Recueil 2021, p. 375, par. 44).
28. À ce stade de la procédure, cependant, la Cour n’est pas appelée à se
prononcer définitivement sur le point de savoir si les droits que l’Arménie
souhaite voir protégés existent ; il lui faut seulement déterminer si les droits
que celle-ci revendique au fond et dont elle sollicite la protection sont
plausibles. En outre, un lien doit exister entre les droits dont la protection
est recherchée et les mesures conservatoires demandées (Application
de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de
discrimination raciale (Arménie c. Azerbaïdjan), mesures conservatoires,
ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021, C.I.J. Recueil 2021, p. 375, par. 45).
* *
29. L’Arménie affirme que, par sa troisième demande, elle sollicite la
sauvegarde et la protection d’un certain nombre de droits conférés par
la CIEDR, au profit des personnes d’origine arménienne au Haut-Karabakh.
Elle se réfère notamment à l’interdiction générale de la discrimination raciale
consacrée au paragraphe 1 de l’article 2 de la convention et aux obligations
correspondantes faites aux États parties de « s’engage[r] à ne se livrer à
aucun acte ou pratique de discrimination raciale contre des personnes,
groupes de personnes ou institutions » (alinéa a)) et de « ne pas encourager,
défendre ou appuyer la discrimination raciale pratiquée par une personne ou
une organisation quelconque » (alinéa b)). Elle mentionne également l’obligation
mise à la charge des États parties de « décourager ce qui tend à
renforcer la division raciale » (alinéa e)). L’Arménie se réfère en outre à la
liberté de circulation (article 5, litt. d), alinéa i)), au droit de quitter tout pays,
y compris le sien, et de revenir dans son pays, ce qui inclut le droit de
rejoindre les membres de sa famille (article 5, litt. d), alinéa ii)), et au droit à
la santé, aux soins médicaux, à la sécurité sociale et aux services sociaux
(article 5, litt. e), alinéa iv)). Elle affirme que ces droits sont plausibles car le
« blocage » du corridor de Latchine revêt un caractère discriminatoire ; il a
« pour but et pour effet de compromettre la jouissance et l’exercice par les
personnes d’origine arménienne des droits humains qui leur sont reconnus
dans des conditions d’égalité avec d’autres groupes ethniques ».
30. L’Arménie soutient que, depuis la fin du conflit qui l’a opposée à
l’Azerbaïdjan en 2020, le corridor de Latchine est la seule voie qui la relie au
Haut-Karabakh. Elle affirme que le but manifeste et affiché du « blocage »
s’inscrit pleinement dans ce qu’elle qualifie de politique de nettoyage
ethnique menée de longue date par l’Azerbaïdjan, en ce sens qu’il vise à
créer des conditions de vie si insupportables pour les personnes d’origine
arménienne qu’elles se trouvent forcées de quitter la région. L’Arménie
22 application of the cerd (order 22 II 23)
on 12 December 2022 by a group of persons who present themselves as “eco-activists”
but have in fact another goal in mind, many of them being well
known for “posting anti-Armenian hate speech publicly on social media”,
for having “direct ties to the Government [of Azerbaijan]” or even for being
supported by it. For all these reasons, Armenia considers that “the blockade
and its support and encouragement constitute plausible and even manifest
breaches of the obligations and corresponding rights under Article 2 (1),
subparagraphs (a), (b) and (e), of CERD”.
31. Armenia further contends that the “blockade” of the Lachin Corridor
violates the freedom of movement implied in the right to leave any country,
including one’s own, and the right to return to one’s country. In this regard,
it asserts that the “blockade” has separated many families. Armenia adds
that the “blockade” violates the right to public health, medical care, social
security and social services, by preventing critically ill ethnic Armenians
hospitalized in Nagorno-Karabakh to be transferred to medical facilities in
Armenia for urgent medical care and for life-saving treatment. It claims,
in addition, that the “blockade” has prevented the importation of essential
goods, foodstuffs, medical and medicine supplies into Nagorno-Karabakh.
Finally, Armenia alleges that, since 13 December 2022, the natural gas
supply to Nagorno-Karabakh has been regularly cut off, leading to a number
of adverse humanitarian consequences, such as disruption of the educational
process in schools and disruption of the smooth running of hospitals.
In conclusion, Armenia considers that the alleged blockade and related
measures entail a series of highly plausible violations of rights protected
under Article 5 (d), subparagraphs (i) and (ii), and Article 5 (e), subparagraph
(iv), of CERD.
*
32. Azerbaijan asserts that the acts complained of by Armenia do not
constitute acts of racial discrimination as defined in Article 1 of CERD.
Therefore, in its view, the rights claimed by the Applicant are not plausible.
33. While Azerbaijan recognizes that Azerbaijani protesters have demonstrated
on the side of the Lachin Corridor since 12 December 2022,
it contends that these protests are not orchestrated by the State of Azerbaijan
and constitute genuine environmental protests against the “continued pillaging
of Azerbaijan’s natural resources by Armenia”. Azerbaijan considers
that Armenia has failed to prove that the protests as a whole, and not the
individual one-off acts of a select minority, are at least plausibly acts of
racial discrimination.
application de la ciedr (ordonnance 22 II 23) 22
soutient en outre que le « blocage » a été mis en place le 12 décembre 2022
par un groupe de personnes qui se présentent comme des « militants écologistes
», mais qui ont en réalité un autre objectif en tête, nombre d’entre elles
étant connues pour « leurs publications haineuses à l’égard des Arméniens
sur les réseaux sociaux », pour avoir des « liens directs avec le Gouvernement
[azerbaïdjanais] », voire pour bénéficier de l’appui de celui-ci. Pour toutes ces
raisons, l’Arménie considère que « le blocage ainsi que l’appui et l’encouragement
qui y sont apportés constituent des violations plausibles et même
manifestes des obligations et des droits correspondants énoncés aux
alinéas a), b) et e) du paragraphe 1 de l’article 2 de la CIEDR ».
31. Le demandeur allègue par ailleurs que le « blocage » du corridor de
Latchine emporte violation de la liberté de circulation qui découle du droit
de quitter tout pays, y compris le sien, et du droit de revenir dans son pays.
À cet égard, il affirme que le « blocage » a séparé de nombreuses familles.
Il ajoute que le « blocage » viole le droit à la santé, aux soins médicaux,
à la sécurité sociale et aux services sociaux, en empêchant les personnes
d’origine arménienne gravement malades et hospitalisées dans le Haut-
Karabakh d’être transférées vers des établissements médicaux en Arménie
pour y recevoir des soins urgents et un traitement susceptible de leur sauver
la vie. L’Arménie fait également valoir que, en raison de ce « blocage », des
biens, denrées alimentaires, médicaments et fournitures médicales essentiels
n’ont pas pu être importés dans cette région. Enfin, elle allègue que,
depuis le 13 décembre 2022, l’approvisionnement du Haut-Karabakh en gaz
naturel a été régulièrement coupé, ce qui a entraîné un certain nombre de
problèmes humanitaires, tels qu’une perturbation de l’enseignement dans les
écoles et du fonctionnement des hôpitaux. En conclusion, elle estime que le
blocage allégué et les mesures connexes impliquent une série de violations
hautement plausibles des droits protégés par les alinéas i) et ii) du litt. d) de
l’article 5 et l’alinéa iv) du litt. e) de ce même article de la CIEDR.
*
32. L’Azerbaïdjan affirme que les actes dont l’Arménie tire grief ne constituent
pas des actes de discrimination raciale telle que celle-ci est définie à
l’article premier de la CIEDR, de sorte que, selon lui, les droits revendiqués
par le demandeur ne sont pas plausibles.
33. S’il reconnaît que des protestataires azerbaïdjanais manifestent sur
le côté du corridor de Latchine depuis le 12 décembre 2022, l’Azerbaïdjan
soutient que ces protestations ne sont pas orchestrées par l’État azerbaïdjanais
et qu’elles constituent une véritable manifestation de défense de
l’environnement contre le « pillage des ressources naturelles de l’Azerbaïdjan
auquel ne cesse de se livrer l’Arménie ». Selon l’Azerbaïdjan, l’Arménie n’a
pas démontré qu’il était au moins plausible que ces mouvements de protestation
dans leur ensemble, et non les actes isolés commis par une petite
minorité, constituent des actes de discrimination raciale.
23 application of the cerd (order 22 II 23)
34. Azerbaijan adds that the protests do not have the effect of impairing
protected rights under CERD. It claims that the protesters have not imposed
any restrictions on civilian traffic along the Lachin Corridor. It claims, in this
regard, that since the start of the protests, over 1,000 vehicles have passed by
the protest site on the Lachin Corridor and that there have been no reports of
violence, and no confrontations between the Azerbaijani protesters, the individuals
using the road to transit and the Russian peacekeepers who control
the road. Azerbaijan further claims that there is no evidence that the protests
impede people who need to reach Armenia for medical treatment from doing
so. It also alleges that there is no evidence that food, medicine and other
basic supplies are failing to reach Nagorno-Karabakh as a result of the
protests. According to Azerbaijan, the evidence shows that vehicles of the
International Committee of the Red Cross (the “ICRC”), Armenian ambulances
and all vehicles belonging to the Russian peacekeeping forces are
passing freely in the Lachin Corridor next to the protest site and that food,
medicine and other essential supplies are being delivered. Azerbaijan adds
that the same applies to other civilian traffic.
35. As for the alleged disruption of the natural gas supply, Azerbaijan
observes that it does not supply gas or provide any gas service in Nagorno-
Karabakh; rather, the gas supply comes from Armenia and is distributed in
Nagorno-Karabakh by an Armenian utility. It further observes that interruptions
of the gas supply are not uncommon in the winter months, and are not
specific to Nagorno-Karabakh; they also affect other parts of Azerbaijan’s
territory, and indeed Armenia’s own network. It finally observes that,
whenever
a disruption required action from Azerbaijan’s engineers, repairs
were made on an urgent basis and supply was restored as quickly as possible.
According to Azerbaijan, there is therefore no basis for Armenia’s assertion
that these are deliberate acts of racial discrimination by the Respondent,
targeting the residents of Nagorno-Karabakh.
* *
36. The Court notes that CERD imposes a number of obligations on States
parties with regard to the elimination of racial discrimination in all its forms
and manifestations. Article 1, paragraph 1, of CERD defines racial discrimination
in the following terms:
“any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race,
colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin which has the purpose
or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise,
on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms
in the political, economic, social, cultural or any other field of public
life”.
application de la ciedr (ordonnance 22 II 23) 23
34. L’Azerbaïdjan ajoute que les protestations n’ont pas pour effet de
porter atteinte à des droits protégés par la CIEDR. Il affirme que les protestataires
n’ont imposé aucune restriction à la circulation civile le long du
corridor de Latchine. À cet égard, il fait valoir que, depuis le début des
protestations, plus de 1 000 véhicules ont traversé le site en cause sur ledit
corridor et qu’il n’a pas été fait état de violences ni d’affrontements entre les
protestataires azerbaïdjanais, les usagers de la route et les forces russes de
maintien de la paix qui la contrôlent. L’Azerbaïdjan soutient en outre que
rien ne prouve que les protestations empêchent les personnes devant se
rendre en Arménie pour y suivre un traitement médical de le faire. Il allègue
qu’il n’y a pas non plus de preuve que la nourriture, les médicaments et les
autres produits de première nécessité ne parviennent pas au Haut-Karabakh
du fait des protestations. Selon le défendeur, les éléments de preuve attestent
que les véhicules du Comité international de la Croix-Rouge (le « CICR »),
les ambulances arméniennes et tous les véhicules appartenant aux forces
russes de maintien de la paix traversent librement le corridor de Latchine à
proximité du lieu des protestations et que les denrées alimentaires, médicaments
et autres fournitures essentielles sont livrés. L’Azerbaïdjan ajoute qu’il
en va de même pour le reste de la circulation des civils.
35. S’agissant de l’interruption alléguée de l’approvisionnement en gaz
naturel, l’Azerbaïdjan observe qu’il ne fournit ni gaz ni aucun service y afférent
au Haut-Karabakh ; le gaz provient de l’Arménie et est distribué dans
cette région par un fournisseur arménien. Il relève également que les interruptions
de l’approvisionnement en gaz ne sont pas rares au cours des mois
d’hiver, et qu’elles ne sont pas spécifiques au Haut-Karabakh ; elles touchent
également d’autres parties du territoire azerbaïdjanais, et même le propre
réseau de l’Arménie. Enfin, il fait observer que, chaque fois qu’une coupure
nécessitait une intervention des ingénieurs azerbaïdjanais, les réparations ont
été effectuées d’urgence et l’approvisionnement a été restauré le plus vite
possible. Selon le défendeur, l’affirmation de l’Arménie selon laquelle il s’agit
là, de la part de l’Azerbaïdjan, d’actes délibérés de discrimination raciale
visant les habitants du Haut-Karabakh est dépourvue de tout fondement.
* *
36. La Cour relève que la CIEDR impose aux États parties un certain
nombre d’obligations concernant l’élimination de toutes les formes et de
toutes les manifestations de discrimination raciale. Au paragraphe 1 de
l’article
premier de cet instrument, la discrimination raciale est définie en
ces termes :
« toute distinction, exclusion, restriction ou préférence fondée sur la race,
la couleur, l’ascendance ou l’origine nationale ou ethnique, qui a pour but
ou pour effet de détruire ou de compromettre la reconnaissance, la jouissance
ou l’exercice, dans des conditions d’égalité, des droits de l’homme
et des libertés fondamentales dans les domaines politique, économique,
social et culturel ou dans tout autre domaine de la vie publique ».
24 application of the cerd (order 22 II 23)
In accordance with Article 2 of the Convention, States parties “condemn
racial discrimination and undertake to pursue by all appropriate means and
without delay a policy of eliminating racial discrimination in all its forms”.
Under Article 5, States parties undertake to guarantee the right of everyone
to equality before the law in the enjoyment of a non-exhaustive list of rights,
in particular the “right to freedom of movement and residence within the
border of the State”, the “right to leave any country, including one’s own, and
to return to one’s country”, and the “right to public health, medical care,
social security and social services”.
37. The Court observes that Articles 2 and 5 of CERD are intended to
protect individuals from racial discrimination. It recalls, as it did in past
cases in which Article 22 of CERD was invoked as the basis of its jurisdiction,
that there is a correlation between respect for individual rights enshrined
in the Convention, the obligations of States parties under CERD and the
right of States parties to seek compliance therewith (see, for example,
Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms
of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures,
Order of 7 December 2021, I.C.J. Reports 2021, p. 382, para. 57).
38. A State party to CERD may invoke the rights set out in the above-mentioned
articles only to the extent that the acts complained of can
constitute acts of racial discrimination as defined in Article 1 of the
Convention (see Application of the International Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan),
Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2021, I.C.J. Reports 2021,
p. 382, para. 58). In the context of a request for the indication of provisional
measures, the Court examines whether the rights claimed by an applicant are
at least plausible.
39. The Court considers plausible at least some of the rights that Armenia
claims to have been violated in light of Articles 2 and 5 of CERD through the
interruption of movement along the Lachin Corridor.
* *
40. The Court now turns to the condition of the link between the rights
claimed by Armenia that the Court has found to be plausible and the provisional
measures requested.
* *
41. Armenia considers that the rights for which protection is sought are
linked to the provisional measures requested because those measures,
if indicated, would safeguard those rights. In particular, it is of the view
that lifting the “blockade”, ensuring uninterrupted free movement of all
persons, vehicles and cargo along the Lachin Corridor would put an end
application de la ciedr (ordonnance 22 II 23) 24
Conformément à l’article 2 de la convention, les États parties « condamnent
la discrimination raciale et s’engagent à poursuivre par tous les moyens
appropriés et sans retard une politique tendant à éliminer toute forme de
discrimination raciale ». Au titre de l’article 5, ils s’engagent à garantir le
droit de chacun à l’égalité devant la loi dans la jouissance d’une liste non
exhaustive de droits, notamment le « [d]roit de circuler librement et de choisir
sa résidence à l’intérieur d’un État », le « [d]roit de quitter tout pays, y compris
le sien, et de revenir dans son pays », ainsi que le « [d]roit à la santé, aux soins
médicaux, à la sécurité sociale et aux services sociaux ».
37. La Cour fait observer que les articles 2 et 5 de la CIEDR visent à protéger
les individus contre la discrimination raciale. Elle rappelle, comme elle
l’a déjà fait par le passé dans d’autres affaires dans lesquelles l’article 22 de
la CIEDR était invoqué comme base de sa compétence, qu’il existe une
corrélation entre le respect des droits des individus consacrés par la convention,
les obligations incombant aux États parties au titre de la CIEDR et le
droit qu’ont ceux-ci de demander l’exécution de ces obligations (voir, par
exemple, Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination
de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Arménie c. Azerbaïd-
jan), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021, C.I.J.
Recueil 2021, p. 382, par. 57).
38. Un État partie à la CIEDR ne peut invoquer les droits énoncés dans les
articles précités que dans la mesure où les actes dont il tire grief sont susceptibles
de constituer des actes de discrimination raciale au sens de l’article
premier de la convention (voir Application de la convention internationale
sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Arménie
c. Azerbaïdjan), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021,
C.I.J. Recueil 2021, p. 382, par. 58). Dans le contexte d’une demande en indication
de mesures conservatoires, la Cour doit examiner si les droits
revendiqués par un demandeur sont au moins plausibles.
39. La Cour considère que certains au moins des droits dont l’Arménie
allègue la violation au regard des articles 2 et 5 de la CIEDR du fait de l’interruption
de la circulation le long du corridor de Latchine sont des droits
plausibles.
* *
40. La Cour en vient maintenant à la condition du lien entre les droits
revendiqués par l’Arménie qu’elle a jugé plausibles et les mesures conservatoires
demandées.
* *
41. L’Arménie estime que les droits dont la protection est recherchée ont
un lien avec les mesures conservatoires demandées car celles-ci, si elles sont
indiquées, permettront de sauvegarder ces droits. En particulier, elle est
d’avis que le fait de lever le « blocage », de manière à garantir la circulation
libre et ininterrompue de toutes personnes, de tous véhicules et de toutes
25 application of the cerd (order 22 II 23)
to “the unbearable living conditions of ethnic Armenians” in violation of
obligations under Article 2, paragraph 1, of the Convention, and to “a
series of discriminatory measures in violation of Article 5 of the Convention”.
42. Azerbaijan asserts that there is no link between the rights claimed by
Armenia and the provisional measures requested. In particular, it considers
that the measures sought by Armenia would be “devoid of effect, since
neither Azerbaijan nor the Azerbaijani protestors are currently blocking
traffic”.
Similarly, it claims that these measures are inappropriate in so far as
“the Lachin Corridor is under the control of Russian peacekeeping forces”
and
“Azerbaijan has not taken any measures that could endanger traffic; on
the contrary, it has done everything it can to ensure that traffic in the
Lachin Corridor remains safe and secure, all while maintaining contact
with the commanders of the Russian authorities deployed on the ground”.
* *
43. The Court has already found that at least some of the rights claimed by
Armenia under CERD are plausible (see paragraph 39 above). It considers
that a link exists between the second measure requested by Armenia, which
aims at requesting Azerbaijan to ensure uninterrupted free movement of all
persons, vehicles and cargo along the Lachin Corridor in both directions (see
paragraphs 10 and 19 above), and the plausible rights that Armenia seeks to
protect. This measure, in the Court’s view, is directed at safeguarding plausible
rights invoked by Armenia under CERD.
44. The Court concludes, therefore, that a link exists between some of the
rights claimed by Armenia and one of the requested provisional measures.
IV. Risk of Irreparable Prejudice and Urgency
45. The Court, pursuant to Article 41 of its Statute, has the power to indicate
provisional measures when irreparable prejudice could be caused to
rights which are the subject of judicial proceedings or when the alleged
disregard of such rights may entail irreparable consequences (see, for example,
Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional
Measures, Order of 7 December 2021, I.C.J. Reports 2021, p. 385, para. 69).
46. However, the power of the Court to indicate provisional measures will
be exercised only if there is urgency, in the sense that there is a real and
imminent risk that irreparable prejudice will be caused to the rights claimed
application de la ciedr (ordonnance 22 II 23) 25
marchandises le long du corridor de Latchine, mettrait fin aux « conditions
de vie intolérables imposées aux personnes d’origine arménienne » en violation
des obligations énoncées au paragraphe 1 de l’article 2 de la convention,
ainsi qu’à « une série de mesures discriminatoires contraires à l’article 5 de
la convention ».
42. L’Azerbaïdjan affirme qu’il n’existe aucun lien entre les droits revendiqués
par l’Arménie et les mesures conservatoires demandées. En particulier,
il considère que les mesures sollicitées par celle-ci seraient « sans effet, dans
la mesure où ni l’Azerbaïdjan ni les manifestants azerbaïdjanais ne bloquent
actuellement la circulation ». De même, il soutient que ces mesures sont
inappropriées en ce que « le corridor de [Latchine] est sous le contrôle des
forces russes de maintien de la paix » et que
« l’Azerbaïdjan n’a pris aucune mesure qui puisse mettre en danger la
circulation : au contraire, [il] a fait tout son possible pour s’assurer que la
circulation dans le corridor de [Latchine] demeure sûre et sécurisée, tout
en maintenant le contact avec les commandants des autorités russes
déployés sur le terrain ».
* *
43. La Cour a déjà conclu à la plausibilité de certains au moins des droits
revendiqués par l’Arménie sur le fondement de la CIEDR (voir le paragraphe
39 ci-dessus). Elle estime qu’il existe un lien entre la deuxième
mesure sollicitée par l’Arménie, qui tend à obtenir de l’Azerbaïdjan qu’il
veille à ce que soit garantie la circulation libre et ininterrompue de toutes
personnes, de tous véhicules et de toutes marchandises le long du corridor de
Latchine, dans les deux sens (voir les paragraphes 10 et 19 ci-dessus), et les
droits plausibles que l’Arménie cherche à protéger. Cette mesure vise, selon
la Cour, à préserver des droits plausibles invoqués par l’Arménie sur le
fondement de la CIEDR.
44. La Cour en conclut qu’un lien existe entre certains des droits revendiqués
par l’Arménie et l’une des mesures conservatoires sollicitées.
IV. Risque de préjudice irréparable et urgence
45. La Cour tient de l’article 41 de son Statut le pouvoir d’indiquer des
mesures conservatoires lorsqu’il existe un risque qu’un préjudice irréparable
soit causé aux droits en litige dans une procédure judiciaire ou lorsque la
méconnaissance alléguée de ces droits risque d’entraîner des conséquences
irréparables (voir, par exemple, Application de la convention internationale
sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Arménie
c. Azerbaïdjan), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021,
C.I.J. Recueil 2021, p. 385, par. 69).
46. Le pouvoir de la Cour d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires n’est
toutefois exercé que s’il y a urgence, c’est-à-dire s’il existe un risque réel et
imminent qu’un préjudice irréparable soit causé aux droits revendiqués
26 application of the cerd (order 22 II 23)
before the Court gives its final decision. The condition of urgency is met
when the acts susceptible of causing irreparable prejudice can “occur at any
moment” before the Court makes a final decision on the case (Application of
the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of
7 December 2021, I.C.J. Reports 2021, p. 385, para. 70). The Court must
therefore consider whether such a risk exists at this stage of the proceed-
ings.
47. The Court is not called upon, for the purposes of its decision on the
third Request, to establish the existence of breaches of CERD, but to determine
whether the circumstances require the indication of provisional
measures for the protection of rights under this instrument. It cannot at this
stage make definitive findings of fact, and the right of each Party to submit
arguments in respect of the merits remains unaffected by the Court’s decision
on the third Request.
* *
48. Armenia submits that Azerbaijan’s conduct is capable of causing
irreparable prejudice to the rights that it seeks to protect under Articles 2
and 5 of CERD. In this regard, it considers that Azerbaijan “has put in jeopardy
the security of 120,000 people, deprived them of freedom of movement
and their rights to be with their family and loved ones, their rights to receive
food, medical care, education, heat and electricity amidst a freezing winter”.
49. Armenia further submits that there is urgency, in the sense that
Azerbaijan’s conduct entails ongoing and imminent irreparable prejudice to
the rights it seeks to protect under Articles 2 and 5 of CERD. It notes in this
regard that a number of critically ill ethnic Armenians hospitalized in
Nagorno-Karabakh and requiring urgent medical care in Armenia are at
imminent risk of death and that one person has already died because emergency
medical care is contingent upon negotiations conducted by the Russian
peacekeepers or the ICRC. In addition, planned surgeries have been indefinitely
suspended and medical treatments — such as chemotherapy provided
in cancer clinics across the border — have been impossible to schedule due
to the anticipated shortage in medicines and medical supplies. It further
observes that the serious shortages in essential foodstuffs and medicine
supplies, with the small quantities allowed to pass being distributed to the
most vulnerable, also cause “irreparable prejudice and consequences for the
health and lives of individuals in question”. The Applicant asserts that over
a thousand people remain separated from their families and friends, including
hundreds of children, which can cause irreparable consequences in
terms of psychological distress. According to Armenia, “all of this irreparable
prejudice and these irreparable consequences can occur at any moment
before the Court makes a final decision on the case, as the blockade remains
ongoing”.
application de la ciedr (ordonnance 22 II 23) 26
avant que la Cour ne rende sa décision définitive. La condition d’urgence est
remplie dès lors que les actes susceptibles de causer un préjudice irréparable
peuvent « intervenir à tout moment » avant que la Cour ne se prononce de
manière définitive en l’affaire (Application de la convention internationale
sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Arménie
c. Azerbaïdjan), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021,
C.I.J. Recueil 2021, p. 385, par. 70). La Cour doit donc rechercher si pareil
risque existe à ce stade de la procédure.
47. La Cour n’a pas, aux fins de sa décision sur la troisième demande,
à établir l’existence de violations de la CIEDR, mais doit déterminer si les
circonstances exigent l’indication de mesures conservatoires à l’effet de
protéger certains droits conférés par cet instrument. Elle ne peut, à ce stade,
se prononcer de façon définitive sur les faits, et sa décision relative à la troisième
demande laisse intact le droit de chacune des Parties de faire valoir à
cet égard ses moyens au fond.
* *
48. L’Arménie soutient que le comportement de l’Azerbaïdjan est susceptible
de causer un préjudice irréparable aux droits qu’elle entend protéger au
titre des articles 2 et 5 de la CIEDR. À cet égard, elle estime que l’Azerbaïdjan
« compromet la sécurité de 120 000 personnes et les prive de la liberté de
circulation, du droit de vivre aux côtés de leurs proches ainsi que des droits
à la nourriture, aux soins médicaux, à l’éducation, au chauffage et à l’électricité
dans un hiver glacial ».
49. L’Arménie ajoute qu’il y a urgence, étant donné que le comportement de
l’Azerbaïdjan expose à un préjudice irréparable, de manière continue et imminente,
les droits qu’elle cherche à protéger au titre des articles 2 et 5 de la
CIEDR. Elle relève à cet égard qu’un certain nombre de personnes d’origine
arménienne gravement malades, hospitalisées au Haut-Karabakh et ayant
besoin de soins médicaux urgents en Arménie, sont en danger imminent de
mort et qu’une personne est déjà décédée en raison du fait que l’accès aux
soins médicaux d’urgence est tributaire des négociations menées par les forces
russes de maintien de la paix ou le CICR. De plus, les interventions chirurgicales
programmées sont reportées jusqu’à nouvel ordre et les traitements
médicaux  comme les chimiothérapies proposées dans des centres de
cancérologie de l’autre côté de la frontière  sont impossibles à planifier en
raison de la pénurie prévue de médicaments et de fournitures médicales.
L’Arménie observe en outre que les graves pénuries de denrées alimentaires et
de fournitures médicales essentielles  dont la faible quantité autorisée à
entrer est distribuée aux plus vulnérables  entraînent également « un préjudice
et des conséquences irréparables pour la santé et la vie des personnes en
question ». Le demandeur affirme que plus d’un millier de personnes restent
séparées de leurs proches, notamment des centaines d’enfants,
ce qui peut
entraîner des conséquences irréparables sur le plan de la souffrance psychologique.
Selon l’Arménie, « ce préjudice et ces conséquences irréparables
peuvent survenir à tout moment avant que la Cour ne se prononce définitivement
en l’affaire, le blocage se poursuivant à l’heure [actuelle] ».
27 application of the cerd (order 22 II 23)
*
50. Azerbaijan maintains that Armenia has not demonstrated that “the
protest is actually blocking the road or seriously obstructing the flow of traffic
along it”; that, “to the extent the traffic is obstructed, the intention or
effect was racial discrimination”; and that “the consequences of the restrictions
were such that there is now a real risk of irreparable prejudice”.
51. Azerbaijan further maintains that the evidence obtained on the ground
attests to the absence of urgency. In particular, it asserts that the ICRC has
confirmed that it is assisting with medical transfers and humanitarian
supplies, that the Russian peacekeeping forces have established that humanitarian
convoys have been using the road, and that dozens of local residents
have been able to return to Nagorno-Karabakh from Armenia. In addition,
according to Azerbaijan, the evidence shows that the Lachin Corridor can be
crossed at the protest site and that traffic has not been blocked.
* *
52. Having previously determined that at least some of the rights asserted by
the Applicant are plausible and that there is a link between those rights and one
of the provisional measures requested, the Court now considers whether irreparable
prejudice could be caused to those rights and whether there is urgency,
in the sense that there is a real and imminent risk that irreparable prejudice will
be caused to those rights before the Court gives its final decision.
53. The Court recalls that in past cases in which CERD was at issue,
it stated that the rights stipulated in Article 5 (d) and (e) are of such a nature
that prejudice to them is capable of causing irreparable harm (see Application
of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of
7 December 2021, I.CJ. Reports 2021, p. 389, para. 81).
54. The Court observes that, since 12 December 2022, the connection
between Nagorno-Karabakh and Armenia via the Lachin Corridor has been
disrupted. The Court notes that a number of consequences have resulted
from this situation and that the impact on those affected persists to this date.
The information available to the Court indicates that the disruption on the
Lachin Corridor has impeded the transfer of persons of Armenian national
or ethnic origin hospitalized in Nagorno-Karabakh to medical facilities in
Armenia for urgent medical care. The evidence also indicates that there have
been hindrances to the importation into Nagorno-Karabakh of essential
goods, causing shortages of food, medicine and other life-saving medical
supplies.
55. As the Court has noted previously, a prejudice can be considered as
irreparable when the persons concerned are exposed to danger to health and
application de la ciedr (ordonnance 22 II 23) 27
*
50. L’Azerbaïdjan soutient que l’Arménie n’a pas démontré que « la manifestation
bloqu[ait] véritablement la route ou obstru[ait] gravement le flux de
circulation le long de celle-ci » ; que, « dans la mesure où la circulation [étai]t
obstruée, l’intention ou l’effet était la discrimination raciale » ; et que « les
conséquences des restrictions étaient telles qu’il exist[ait] désormais un
risque réel de préjudice irréparable ».
51. L’Azerbaïdjan soutient en outre que les éléments de preuve recueillis
sur le terrain attestent qu’il n’y a pas urgence. Il affirme notamment que
le CICR a confirmé qu’il apportait son aide à des transferts médicaux et à la
livraison de fournitures humanitaires, que les forces russes de maintien de la
paix ont établi que les convois humanitaires empruntaient la route, et que des
dizaines de résidents locaux ont pu regagner le Haut-Karabakh depuis
l’Arménie.
De plus, selon l’Azerbaïdjan, il ressort des éléments de preuve
que la traversée du corridor de Latchine peut se faire à l’endroit où se déroule
la manifestation et que la circulation n’a pas été bloquée.
* *
52. Ayant déjà conclu à la plausibilité de certains au moins des droits
invoqués par le demandeur et à l’existence d’un lien entre ceux-ci et l’une des
mesures conservatoires sollicitées, la Cour recherchera à présent si un préjudice
irréparable pourrait être causé à ces droits et s’il y a urgence, c’est-à-dire
s’il existe un risque réel et imminent qu’un tel préjudice leur soit porté avant
qu’elle ne rende sa décision définitive.
53. La Cour rappelle que, dans de précédentes affaires concernant la
CIEDR, elle a dit que les droits établis aux litt. d) et e) de l’article 5 sont
d’une nature telle que le préjudice qui leur serait porté pourrait se révéler
irréparable (voir Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination
de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Arménie c. Azerbaïd-
jan), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021, C.I.J.
Recueil 2021, p. 389, par. 81).
54. La Cour relève que, depuis le 12 décembre 2022, la liaison entre le
Haut-Karabakh et l’Arménie via le corridor de Latchine est sérieusement
perturbée. Elle constate que cette situation a entraîné un certain nombre de
conséquences dont les effets, pour les personnes concernées, persistent à ce
jour. Les informations dont elle dispose indiquent que la perturbation de la
circulation dans le corridor de Latchine a empêché des personnes d’origine
nationale ou ethnique arménienne hospitalisées au Haut-Karabakh d’être
transférées vers des établissements médicaux en Arménie pour y recevoir
des soins urgents. Les éléments de preuve montrent également qu’il y a eu
des obstacles à l’importation, au Haut-Karabakh, de produits de première
nécessité, ce qui a provoqué des pénuries de nourriture, de médicaments et
d’autres fournitures médicales vitales.
55. Comme la Cour l’a déjà noté, un préjudice peut être considéré comme
irréparable lorsque la santé et la vie des personnes concernées sont mises en
28 application of the cerd (order 22 II 23)
life. The Court has further noted that restrictions on the importation
and purchase of goods required for humanitarian needs, such as foodstuffs and
medicines, including life-saving medicines, treatment for chronic disease or
preventive care, and medical equipment may have a serious detrimental
impact on the health and lives of individuals (see Alleged Violations of the
1955 Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights (Islamic
Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Provisional Measures, Order
of 3 October 2018, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (II), p. 650, para. 91).
56. At the public hearing that took place on 30 January 2023, the Agent of
Azerbaijan affirmed that his Government
“has and undertakes to continue to take all steps within its power to
guarantee the safety of movement of persons, vehicles and cargo along
the Lachin road, including continued and regular engagement with the
ICRC, communicating with and facilitating communications with
Russian peacekeepers, taking steps to engage with local residents in
Garabagh, and — if Armenia finally decides that it is indeed its problem
and agrees to come to the negotiating table — with Armenia as well”.
The Court takes note of this statement. However, it does not remove entirely
the imminent risk of irreparable prejudice created by the disruption in movement
along the Lachin Corridor.
57. In light of the considerations set out above, the Court concludes that
the alleged disregard of the rights deemed plausible by the Court (see paragraph
39 above) may entail irreparable consequences to those rights and that
there is urgency, in the sense that there is a real and imminent risk that irreparable
prejudice will be caused before the Court makes a final decision in the
case.
V. Conclusion
58. The Court concludes that the conditions for the indication of provisional
measures are met. It is therefore necessary, pending its final decision,
for the Court to indicate certain measures in order to protect the rights
claimed by Armenia, as identified above (see paragraph 39 above).
59. The Court recalls that it has the power, under its Statute, when a
request for provisional measures has been made, to indicate measures that
are, in whole or in part, other than those requested. Article 75, paragraph 2,
of the Rules of Court specifically refers to this power of the Court. The
Court has already exercised this power on several occasions in the past
(see Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of
All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional
application de la ciedr (ordonnance 22 II 23) 28
danger. La Cour a également relevé que les restrictions à l’importation et à
l’achat de biens nécessaires à des fins humanitaires, comme les denrées alimentaires
et médicaments, y compris les médicaments vitaux, les traitements de
maladies chroniques ou les soins préventifs et le matériel médical, risquaient
de nuire gravement à la santé et à la vie des personnes (voir Violations alléguées
du traité d’amitié, de commerce et de droits consulaires de 1955
(République islamique d’Iran c. États-Unis d’Amérique), mesures conservatoires,
ordonnance du 3 octobre 2018, C.I.J. Recueil 2018 (II), p. 650, par. 91).
56. À l’audience publique qui s’est tenue le 30 janvier 2023, l’agent de
l’Azerbaïdjan a affirmé que son gouvernement
« a[vait] pris et s’engage[ait] à continuer de prendre toutes les mesures en
son pouvoir pour garantir la sécurité des déplacements des personnes,
des véhicules et des marchandises sur la route de Latchine, y compris en
échangeant de manière continue et régulière avec le CICR, en communiquant
ou en facilitant la communication avec les forces russes de
maintien de la paix, en s’efforçant de nouer un dialogue avec les habitants
du Garabagh et, si elle reconnaît enfin que le problème la concerne
et qu’elle accepte de venir à la table des négociations, également avec
l’Arménie ».
La Cour prend note de cette déclaration. Toutefois, celle-ci n’élimine pas
complètement le risque imminent qu’un préjudice irréparable soit causé par
la perturbation de la circulation le long du corridor de Latchine.
57. À la lumière des considérations qui précèdent, la Cour conclut que la
méconnaissance alléguée des droits qu’elle a jugés plausibles (voir le paragraphe
39 ci-dessus) risque d’entraîner des conséquences irréparables
pour ces droits et qu’il y a urgence, c’est-à-dire qu’il existe un risque réel et
imminent
qu’un préjudice irréparable soit causé avant que la Cour ne se
prononce de manière définitive en l’affaire.
V. Conclusion
58. La Cour conclut que les conditions pour l’indication de mesures
conservatoires sont réunies. Il y a donc lieu pour elle d’indiquer, dans
l’attente
de sa décision définitive, certaines mesures visant à protéger les
droits revendiqués par l’Arménie, tels qu’ils ont été spécifiés précédemment
(voir le paragraphe 39 ci-dessus).
59. La Cour rappelle que, lorsqu’une demande en indication de mesures
conservatoires lui est présentée, elle a le pouvoir, en vertu de son Statut,
d’indiquer des mesures en tout ou en partie différentes de celles qui sont
sollicitées. Le paragraphe 2 de l’article 75 de son Règlement mentionne
expressément ce pouvoir, qu’elle a déjà exercé en plusieurs occasions par le
passé (voir Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de
toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Arménie c. Azerbaïdjan), mesures
29 application of the cerd (order 22 II 23)
Measures, Order of 7 December 2021, I.C.J. Reports 2021, p. 391,
para. 90).
60. The Court notes that the Trilateral Statement provides, inter alia, that
the Lachin Corridor, “which will provide a connection between Nagorno-
Karabakh and Armenia . . . shall remain under the control of the Russian
Federation peacemaking forces”. The Statement further states that
“Azerbaijan shall guarantee the security of persons, vehicles and cargo
moving along the Lachin Corridor in both directions”.
61. In the present case, having considered the terms of the provisional
measures requested by Armenia and the circumstances of the case, the Court
finds that the measures to be indicated need not be identical to those
requested.
62. The Court concludes that Azerbaijan shall, pending the final decision
in the case and in accordance with its obligations under CERD, take all
measures at its disposal to ensure unimpeded movement of persons, vehicles
and cargo along the Lachin Corridor in both directions.
63. The Court recalls that Armenia has requested it to indicate measures
directing Azerbaijan to “cease its orchestration and support of the alleged
‘protests’ blocking uninterrupted free movement along the Lachin Corridor
in both directions”. The Court considers that this further measure regarding
movement along the Lachin Corridor is not warranted.
64. The Court further recalls that Armenia has requested it to indicate a
measure directing Azerbaijan to “immediately fully restore and refrain from
disrupting or impeding the provision of natural gas and other public utilities
to Nagorno-Karabakh”. The Court considers that Armenia has not placed
before it sufficient evidence that Azerbaijan is disrupting the supply of
natural
gas and other utilities to the residents of Nagorno-Karabakh.
Accordingly, such a measure is not warranted.
* * *
65. The Court notes that the provisional measures indicated in its Order of
7 December 2021 remain in effect. It also reaffirms that its “orders on provisional
measures under Article 41 [of the Statute] have binding effect”
(LaGrand (Germany v. United States of America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
2001, p. 506, para. 109) and thus create international legal obligations for any
party to whom the provisional measures are addressed.
* * *
66. The Court further reaffirms that the decision given in the present
proceedings in no way prejudges the question of the jurisdiction of the Court to
deal with the merits of the case or any questions relating to the admissibility
application de la ciedr (ordonnance 22 II 23) 29
conservatoires, ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021, C.I.J. Recueil 2021,
p. 391, par. 90).
60. La Cour relève que la déclaration trilatérale prévoit notamment que le
corridor de Latchine, « qui reliera le Haut-Karabakh à l’Arménie … reste
sous le contrôle du contingent russe de maintien de la paix ». Il y est également
précisé que l’« Azerbaïdjan garantit la sécurité de la circulation des
citoyens, des moyens de transport et des marchandises le long du corridor de
Latchine, dans les deux sens ».
61. En la présente espèce, ayant examiné le libellé des mesures conservatoires
sollicitées par l’Arménie ainsi que les circonstances de l’affaire,
la Cour estime que les mesures à indiquer n’ont pas à être identiques à celles
qui sont sollicitées.
62. La Cour conclut que l’Azerbaïdjan doit, dans l’attente de la décision
finale en l’affaire et conformément aux obligations qui lui incombent au titre
de la CIEDR, prendre toutes les mesures dont il dispose afin d’assurer la
circulation sans entrave des personnes, des véhicules et des marchandises le
long du corridor de Latchine dans les deux sens.
63. La Cour rappelle que l’Arménie lui a demandé d’indiquer des mesures
prescrivant à l’Azerbaïdjan de « cesser d’orchestrer et de soutenir les prétendus
“actes de protestation” qui empêchent la circulation libre et ininterrompue
le long du corridor de Latchine dans les deux sens ». Elle estime que
cette mesure supplémentaire concernant la circulation le long du corridor de
Latchine ne se justifie pas.
64. La Cour rappelle également que l’Arménie l’a priée de dire que l’Azerbaïdjan
doit, « immédiatement et totalement, rétablir l’approvisionnement
du Haut-Karabakh en gaz naturel et en d’autres biens fournis par les entreprises
de services collectifs et s’abstenir de l’interrompre ou de l’entraver ».
Elle considère que l’Arménie ne lui a pas fourni suffisamment d’éléments de
preuve attestant que l’Azerbaïdjan perturbe l’approvisionnement des
habitants
du Haut-Karabakh en gaz naturel et autres biens. En conséquence,
une telle mesure ne se justifie pas.
* * *
65. La Cour relève que les mesures conservatoires indiquées dans son
ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021 restent en vigueur. Elle réaffirme également
que ses « ordonnances indiquant des mesures conservatoires au titre de
l’article
41 [du Statut] ont un caractère obligatoire » (LaGrand (Allemagne
c. États-Unis d’Amérique), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2001, p. 506, par. 109) et
créent donc des obligations juridiques internationales pour toute partie à
laquelle ces mesures sont adressées.
* * *
66. La Cour réaffirme en outre que la décision rendue en la présente
procédure ne préjuge en rien la question de sa compétence pour connaître du
fond de l’affaire, ni aucune question relative à la recevabilité de la requête ou
30 application of the cerd (order 22 II 23)
of the Application or to the merits themselves. It leaves unaffected the right
of the Governments of Armenia and Azerbaijan to submit arguments in
respect of those questions.
* * *
67. For these reasons,
The Court,
By thirteen votes to two,
Indicates the following provisional measure:
The Republic of Azerbaijan shall, pending the final decision in the case
and in accordance with its obligations under the International Convention on
the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, take all measures at
its disposal to ensure unimpeded movement of persons, vehicles and cargo
along the Lachin Corridor in both directions.
in favour: President Donoghue; Vice-President Gevorgian; Judges Tomka,
Abraham,
Bennouna, Xue, Robinson, Salam, Iwasawa, Nolte,
Charlesworth, Brant; Judge ad hoc Daudet;
against: Judge Yusuf; Judge ad hoc Keith.
Done in English and in French, the English text being authoritative, at the
Peace Palace, The Hague, this twenty-second day of February, two thousand
and twenty-three, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archives
of the Court and the others transmitted to the Government of the Republic of
Armenia and the Government of the Republic of Azerbaijan, respectively.
(Signed) Joan E. Donoghue,
President.
(Signed) Philippe Gautier,
Registrar.
Judge Yusuf appends a declaration to the Order of the Court;
Judge ad hoc Keith appends a declaration to the Order of the Court.
(Initialled) J.E.D.
(Initialled) Ph.G.
application de la ciedr (ordonnance 22 II 23) 30
au fond lui-même. Cette décision laisse intact le droit des Gouvernements de
l’Arménie et de l’Azerbaïdjan de faire valoir leurs moyens en la matière.
* * *
67. Par ces motifs,
La Cour,
Par treize voix contre deux,
Indique la mesure conservatoire suivante :
La République d’Azerbaïdjan doit, dans l’attente de la décision finale en
l’affaire et conformément aux obligations qui lui incombent au titre de la
convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination
raciale, prendre toutes les mesures dont elle dispose afin d’assurer la
circulation sans entrave des personnes, des véhicules et des marchandises le
long du corridor de Latchine dans les deux sens.
pour : Mme Donoghue, présidente ; M. Gevorgian, vice-président ;
MM. Tomka, Abraham, Bennouna, Mme Xue, MM. Robinson, Salam,
Iwasawa, Nolte, Mme Charlesworth, M. Brant, juges ; M. Daudet, juge
ad hoc ;
contre : M. Yusuf, juge ; M. Keith, juge ad hoc.
Fait en anglais et en français, le texte anglais faisant foi, au Palais de la
Paix, à La Haye, le vingt-deux février deux mille vingt-trois, en trois exemplaires,
dont l’un restera déposé aux archives de la Cour et les autres seront
transmis respectivement au Gouvernement de la République d’Arménie et au
Gouvernement de la République d’Azerbaïdjan.
La présidente,
(Signé) Joan E. Donoghue.
Le greffier,
(Signé) Philippe Gautier.
M. le juge Yusuf joint une déclaration à l’ordonnance ; M. le juge ad hoc Keith
joint une déclaration à l’ordonnance.
(Paraphé) J.E.D.
(Paraphé) Ph.G.
31
DECLARATION OF JUDGE YUSUF
Objection to continued misuse of compromissory clause of CERD —
Request has nothing to do with CERD — It is about humanitarian law in a
situation of armed conflict — It is high time the Court put an end to such
misuse — CERD and its compromissory clause to be safeguarded from
extraneous claims.
1. I voted against the provisional measure indicated by the Court in paragraph
67 of the Order because of the reference to “obligations under the
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination”.
2. My objection does not therefore concern the requirement that the
Republic of Azerbaijan “take all measures at its disposal to ensure unimpeded
movement of persons, vehicles and cargo along the Lachin Corridor”.
The Agent of Azerbaijan made a similar declaration before the Court during
the hearings. He stated, inter alia, that his Government “undertakes to
continue to take all steps within its power to guarantee the safety of movement
of persons, vehicles and cargo along the Lachin road”. There is no
considerable difference between the two statements. The statement of the
Agent is also in conformity with Azerbaijan’s undertaking in the Trilateral
Statement according to which “Azerbaijan shall guarantee the security of
persons, vehicles and cargo moving along the Lachin Corridor in both
directions”.
3. My objection relates to the continued misuse of the compromissory
clause of CERD as a basis of jurisdiction of the Court with respect to alleged
acts and omissions which do not fall within the provisions of that Convention.
A regrettable tendency seems to have developed, whereby any State that
fails to find a valid basis of jurisdiction of the Court for its claims, but still
wishes to bring a case before it, tries to stuff those claims into the framework
of CERD.
4. The Court has somehow gone along with this practice of using CERD
as a “fourre-tout” for jurisdictional purposes. As I stated in my dissenting
opinion appended to the Order of the Court of 7 December 2021: “The
Court has thrown wide open the gates of the Convention on the Elimination
of Racial Discrimination [. . .] to all kinds of claims that have nothing to do
with its provisions or its object and purpose.”
31
DÉCLARATION DE M. LE JUGE YUSUF
[Traduction]
Objection au détournement constant de la clause compromissoire de la
CIEDR — Demande n’ayant rien à voir avec cette convention — Demande
ayant en réalité trait au droit humanitaire dans une situation de conflit armé
— Moment étant venu depuis longtemps de mettre fin à ce détournement —
Nécessité de préserver la CIEDR et sa clause compromissoire des
réclamations sans rapport avec cet instrument.
1. J’ai voté contre la mesure conservatoire indiquée par la Cour au paragraphe
67 de son ordonnance en raison de la référence qui y est faite aux
« obligations [mises à la charge de l’Azerbaïdjan] au titre de la convention
internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination
raciale ».
2. Mon objection ne concerne donc pas l’injonction faite à la République
d’Azerbaïdjan de « prendre toutes les mesures dont elle dispose afin d’assurer
la circulation sans entrave des personnes, des véhicules et des
marchandises le long du corridor de Latchine ». L’agent de l’Azerbaïdjan a
d’ailleurs fait devant la Cour une déclaration en ce sens à l’audience. Il a
indiqué, entre autres, que son gouvernement « s’engageait à continuer de
prendre toutes mesures en son pouvoir pour garantir la sécurité de la
circulation des personnes, des véhicules et des marchandises sur la route de
Latchine ». Il n’y a pas de différence notable entre ces deux formulations.
La déclaration de l’agent est également conforme à l’engagement pris par
l’Azerbaïdjan, dans la déclaration trilatérale, de « garanti[r] la sécurité de la
circulation des personnes, des véhicules et des marchandises le long du
corridor de Latchine, dans les deux sens ».
3. Mon objection porte sur l’utilisation abusive de la clause compromissoire
de la CIEDR comme base de compétence de la Cour en ce qui concerne
les actes et omissions allégués qui ne relèvent pas des dispositions de cette
convention. Une tendance regrettable semble s’être développée, selon laquelle
tout État qui ne parvient pas à trouver une base valable de compétence de la
Cour pour ses revendications, mais qui souhaite néanmoins porter une affaire
devant elle, tente d’étayer ces revendications en vertu de la CIEDR.
4. La Cour s’est plus ou moins accommodée de cette pratique, qui consiste
à se servir de la CIEDR comme d’un fourre-tout à des fins juridictionnelles.
Ainsi que je l’écrivais dans l’exposé de mon opinion dissidente joint à l’ordonnance
de la Cour du 7 décembre 2021 : « La Cour a ouvert grand les
portes de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes
de discrimination raciale … à toutes sortes de revendications qui n’ont rien à
voir avec les dispositions de cet instrument, ni avec son objet ou son but. »
32 application of the cerd (decl. yusuf)
5. In the same way as the previous requests by Armenia for the indication
or modification of provisional measures of 11 September 2021 and
16 September 2022, the present request, which the Court refers to as the
“third Request”, has nothing to do with CERD and everything to do with the
humanitarian law ( jus in bello) applicable between two States engaged in an
armed conflict over a territory, the Nagorno-Karabakh.
6. In paragraph 38 of the Order, the Court, after describing the provisions
of CERD invoked by Armenia, observes that “[a] State party to CERD may
invoke the rights set out in the above-mentioned articles only to the extent
that the acts complained of constitute acts of racial discrimination as defined
in Article 1 of the Convention”. The Court then continues: “In the context of
a request for the indication of provisional measures, the Court examines
whether the rights claimed by an applicant are at least plausible.”
7. Unfortunately, in the subsequent paragraphs of the Order, there is no
such examination, but simply a finding that some of the rights that Armenia
claimed to have been violated are plausible: “The Court considers plausible
at least some of the rights that Armenia claims to have been violated in light
of Articles 2 and 5 of CERD through the interruption of movement along the
Lachin Corridor.” (Para. 39.)
8. This is perhaps where the problem lies — the lack of examination by
the Court of whether the claims made by the Applicant are capable of falling
within the terms of CERD.
9. In the present case, there is not a shred of evidence that the acts
complained of by Armenia are capable of falling within CERD. Nor is there
a shred of evidence that the alleged acts or omissions constituted, even plausibly,
acts of racial discrimination. As a matter of fact, there was not a single
word regarding racial discrimination or discriminatory treatment in the final
submissions of Armenia to the Court in its Request for provisional measures.
10. I have therefore voted against the operative paragraph of the Order
because of its unjustified reference to CERD which has nothing to do with
the acts or omissions complained of by Armenia, and is not, in my view, at
all applicable to the request by Armenia. It is high time that the Court put an
end to the attempts by States to use CERD as a jurisdictional basis for all
kinds of claims which do not fall within its ambit. Acceding to such requests
undermines the credibility of a very important multilateral convention and
the reliance on its compromissory clause (Art. 22) for genuine claims relating
to racial discrimination.
(Signed) Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf.
application de la ciedr (décl. yusuf) 32
5. De même que les demandes en indication de mesures conservatoires
du 11 septembre 2021 et du 16 septembre 2022 déposées par l’Arménie,
sa présente demande, que la Cour désigne sous le nom de « troisième
demande », n’a rien à voir avec la CIEDR, mais tout à voir avec le droit
humanitaire ( jus in bello) applicable entre deux États engagés dans un conflit
armé au sujet d’un territoire, à savoir le Haut-Karabakh.
6. Au paragraphe 38 de son ordonnance, la Cour, après avoir rappelé les
articles de la CIEDR mis en avant par l’Arménie, fait observer qu’« [u]n État
partie à la CIEDR ne peut invoquer les droits énoncés dans les articles précités
que dans la mesure où les actes dont il tire grief sont susceptibles de
constituer des actes de discrimination raciale au sens de l’article premier de
la convention ». Et de poursuivre : « Dans le contexte d’une demande en indication
de mesures conservatoires, la Cour doit examiner si les droits
revendiqués par un demandeur sont au moins plausibles. »
7. Malheureusement, dans les paragraphes suivants de l’ordonnance, on
ne trouve nullement cet examen, mais simplement une conclusion selon
laquelle certains des droits dont l’Arménie prétend qu’ils ont été violés sont
des droits plausibles : « La Cour considère que certains au moins des droits
dont l’Arménie allègue la violation au regard des articles 2 et 5 de la CIEDR
du fait de l’interruption de la circulation le long du corridor de Latchine sont
des droits plausibles. » (Par. 39.)
8. C’est peut-être là que réside le problème : l’absence de tout examen par
la Cour de la question de savoir si les griefs formulés par le demandeur sont
susceptibles d’entrer dans les prévisions de la CIEDR.
9. En la présente espèce, aucun élément ne permet de penser que les actes
dont l’Arménie tire grief seraient susceptibles d’entrer dans les prévisions de
la CIEDR. Aucun élément non plus ne permet de penser que les actes ou
omissions allégués constituaient, ne serait-ce que de manière plausible, des
faits de discrimination raciale. De fait, les conclusions finales énoncées dans
la demande en indication de mesures conservatoires dont l’Arménie a saisi
la Cour ne contenaient pas un mot concernant la discrimination raciale ou un
traitement discriminatoire.
10. J’ai donc voté contre l’unique point du dispositif de l’ordonnance
en raison de sa référence injustifiée à la CIEDR, qui est sans rapport avec
les actes et omissions dont l’Arménie tire grief et qui, selon moi, ne s’applique
nullement à la demande de celle-ci. Le moment est largement venu
pour la Cour de mettre un terme aux tentatives des États d’invoquer la CIEDR
comme base de compétence pour toutes sortes de demandes qui n’entrent
pas dans le champ d’application de cet instrument. Accueillir de telles
demandes nuit à la crédibilité d’une très importante convention multilatérale
et au recours à la clause compromissoire contenue en son article 22 pour des
demandes qui concernent véritablement la discrimination raciale.
(Signé) Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf.
33
DECLARATION OF JUDGE AD HOC KEITH
1. As my vote indicates, I agree with the rejection by the Court of the first
and third measures requested by Armenia.
2. I write to explain my negative vote on the measure that the Court does
indicate. In support of that vote, I depend on four reasons.
3. First, the measure does not take sufficient account of the statement of
the President of Azerbaijan, the Prime Minister of Armenia and the President
of the Russian Federation of 9 November 2020 declaring a complete ceasefire
and termination of all hostilities from midnight Moscow time on
10 November 2020. Under paragraph 6, subparagraph 1, of that statement
“[t]he Lachin Corridor (5 km wide), which will provide a connection between
Nagorno-Karabakh and Armenia while not passing through the territory of
Shusha, shall remain under the control of the Russian Federation peacemaking
forces”. Subparagraph 3 of paragraph 6 provides that “[t]he Republic
of Azerbaijan shall guarantee the security of persons, vehicles and cargo
moving along the Lachin Corridor in both directions”. Armenia understands
“security” as meaning “safe movement”, Azerbaijan as “safety” and the
Russian Federation as “security”. Whatever meaning is given to the word 
and for me it is better to stay with the word “security” used in the English
text of the statement  it is the Russian Federation peacemaking force that
controls the whole route.
4. Second, the protestors are protesting about the extensive mining that
had occurred during the Armenian occupation of Azerbaijani territory.
Their protests are limited to the area next to the Russian checkpoint 7 and to
Shusha. (The most northerly of the checkpoints is 8.) I can see no racially
discriminatory purpose or effect in that action in terms of the definition of
“racial discrimination” in Article 1 of CERD. Rather, the protestors are
exercising their freedoms of expression and peaceful assembly as recognized
in the European Convention on Human Rights and the International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and which are reflected in CERD
itself, Article 5 (d) (viii) and (ix).
5. Third, I refer to the undertaking that the Azerbaijani Agent made in his
statement on 30 January 2023. That statement, made in the face of the Court,
binds the Azerbaijani Government. He declared that “Azerbaijan has and
undertakes to continue to take all steps within its power to guarantee the
safety of movement of persons, vehicles and cargo along the Lachin road”
33
DÉCLARATION DE M. LE JUGE AD HOC KEITH
[Traduction]
1. Comme le montre mon vote, je souscris à la décision de la Cour de
rejeter les première et troisième mesures sollicitées par l’Arménie.
2. C’est pour expliquer pourquoi j’ai voté contre l’unique mesure indiquée par
la Cour que je m’exprime ici. Mon vote s’appuie sur les quatre raisons suivantes.
3. Premièrement, la mesure en question ne tient pas suffisamment compte
de la déclaration du 9 novembre 2020 par laquelle le président de l’Azerbaïdjan,
le premier ministre de l’Arménie et le président de la Fédération de
Russie ont déclaré un cessez-le-feu et la cessation complète des hostilités
à compter du 10 novembre 2020 à minuit (heure de Moscou). Aux termes de
l’alinéa 1 du paragraphe 6 de cette déclaration, « [l]e corridor de Latchine
(large de 5 kilomètres), qui reliera le Haut-Karabakh à l’Arménie mais sans
passer par la ville de Choucha, reste sous le contrôle du contingent russe de
maintien de la paix ». L’alinéa 3 de ce même paragraphe prévoit que « [l]a
République d’Azerbaïdjan garantit la sécurité de la circulation des personnes,
des véhicules et des marchandises le long du corridor de Latchine, dans les
deux sens ». Par « sécurité » [security], l’Arménie entend la « sûreté de la
circulation » [safe movement], l’Azerbaïdjan entend la « sûreté » [safety] et la
Fédération de Russie entend la « sécurité » [security]. Quel que soit le sens
que l’on attribue à ce terme  et, selon moi, il vaut mieux s’en tenir au terme
« security » employé dans le texte anglais de la déclaration , c’est la force
de maintien de la paix de la Fédération de Russie qui contrôle l’intégralité de
cet itinéraire.
4. Deuxièmement, les manifestants protestent contre la pose massive de
mines qui a eu lieu pendant l’occupation arménienne du territoire azerbaïdjanais.
Leurs manifestations sont limitées à une zone proche du poste de
contrôle russe no 7 et de Choucha. (Le poste de contrôle situé le plus au nord
porte le no 8). Il m’est impossible de voir dans leurs actions quelque but ou
effet discriminatoire au sens de la définition de la « discrimination raciale »
figurant à l’article premier de la CIEDR. En réalité, ces manifestants ne font
qu’exercer leurs droits à la liberté d’expression et de réunion pacifique tels
que reconnus dans la convention européenne des droits de l’homme et dans
le Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques, et repris aux sousalinéas
viii) et ix) de l’alinéa d) de l’article 5 de la CIEDR elle-même.
5. Troisièmement, je rappellerai l’engagement que l’agent de l’Azerbaïdjan
a pris dans sa déclaration du 30 janvier 2023. Cette déclaration, faite devant
la Cour, oblige le Gouvernement azerbaïdjanais. L’agent a déclaré que
« l’Azerbaïdjan a pris et s’engage à continuer de prendre toutes mesures en
son pouvoir pour garantir la sécurité de la circulation des personnes, des
34 application of the cerd (decl. keith)
(CR 2023/2, p. 22, para. 30 (Mammadov)). I take the point that that statement
repeats the terms of the 2020 statement, but it also confirms that continued
commitment and, critically, demonstrates the limits of Azerbaijan’s powers
in the current circumstances.
6. Finally, I call attention to the restriction the Court has placed on the
measure proposed by Armenia: Azerbaijan is to “take all measures at its
disposal to ensure unimpeded movement”. (Compare paragraph 10, second
measure, with paragraphs 63 and 67.) How is Azerbaijan to comply with
that vaguely expressed obligation? How will claimed breaches of it be
determined?
7. I am aware that a similar formula has been used in previous cases
(Breard (Paraguay v. United States)1, LaGrand (Germany v. United States)2,
Immunities and Criminal Proceedings (Equatorial Guinea v. France)3 and
Jadhav (India v. Pakistan)4). In the first and second, the situation was
complicated by the United States federal system. In all four cases, domestic
court proceedings were ongoing and the Court would have been reluctant to
become engaged with them, having regard to the principle of the independence
of the judiciary. In the first, second and fourth of the cases the immediate
danger was of the execution of the person convicted. In those cases,
the breach would be very clear. I see this case as quite distinct. If a traffic
accident were to occur and Azerbaijan were not to have sufficient resources
to clear up the site promptly, would the traffic jam causing an impediment of
movement along the Corridor constitute a breach of the Order?
(Signed) Kenneth Keith.
1 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (Paraguay v. United States of America),
Provisional Measures, Order of 9 April 1998, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 258, para. 41 (I).
2 LaGrand (Germany v. United States of America), Provisional Measures, Order of
3 March 1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (I), p. 16, para. 29 (I) (a).
3 Immunities and Criminal Proceedings (Equatorial Guinea v. France), Provisional
Measures, Order of 7 December 2016, I.C.J. Reports 2016 (II), p. 1171, para. 99 (I).
4 Jadhav (India v. Pakistan), Provisional Measures, Order of 18 May 2017, I.C.J. Reports
2017, p. 246, para. 61 (I).
application de la ciedr (décl. keith) 34
véhicules et des marchandises sur la route de Latchine » (CR 2023/2, p. 22,
par. 30 (Mammadov)). J’admets que cette déclaration reprend les termes de
celle de 2020, mais elle confirme aussi la continuité de l’engagement en
question et, ce qui est très important, met en évidence les limites des pouvoirs
de l’Azerbaïdjan dans les circonstances actuelles.
6. Enfin, j’appelle l’attention sur la restriction que la Cour a imposée à la
mesure proposée par l’Arménie : l’Azerbaïdjan doit « prendre toutes les
mesures dont [il] dispose afin d’assurer la circulation sans entrave ».
(Comparer la deuxième mesure demandée au paragraphe 10 avec les paragraphes
63 et 67.) Comment l’Azerbaïdjan est-il censé s’acquitter d’une
obligation formulée en termes aussi vagues ? Comment seront déterminées
les éventuelles violations de cette obligation ?
7. Je sais qu’une formule analogue a été employée dans des affaires
antérieures
(Breard (Paraguay c. États-Unis)1, LaGrand (Allemagne c. États-
Unis)2, Immunités et procédures pénales (Guinée équatoriale c. France)3 et
Jadhav (Inde c. Pakistan)4). Dans la première et la deuxième, la situation
était rendue plus complexe par le système fédéral des États-Unis. Dans les
quatre affaires, des procédures étaient en cours devant des juridictions nationales
et la Cour devait éprouver une certaine réticence à s’y immiscer,
compte tenu du principe de l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire. Dans les
première, deuxième et quatrième affaires, il y avait un danger immédiat,
à savoir l’exécution du condamné. Dans ces affaires, la violation aurait été
manifeste. Selon moi, la présente espèce est cependant très différente. Si un
accident de la circulation devait se produire et si l’Azerbaïdjan ne disposait
pas de moyens suffisants pour en dégager rapidement le site, l’embouteillage
qui empêcherait la circulation le long du corridor constituerait-il une violation
de l’ordonnance ?
(Signé) Kenneth Keith.
1 Convention de Vienne sur les relations consulaires (Paraguay c. États-Unis d’Amérique),
mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 9 avril 1998, C.I.J. Recueil 1998, p. 258, par. 41 I).
2 LaGrand (Allemagne c. États-Unis d’Amérique), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du
3 mars 1999, C.I.J. Recueil 1999 (I), p. 16, par. 29 I) a).
3 Immunités et procédures pénales (Guinée équatoriale c. France), mesures conservatoires,
ordonnance du 7 décembre 2016, C.I.J. Recueil 2016 (II), p. 1171, par. 99 I).
4 Jadhav (Inde c. Pakistan), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 18 mai 2017, C.I.J.
Recueil 2017, p. 246, par. 61 I).

ICJ document subtitle

Request for the indication of provisional measures

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Order of 22 February 2023

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