Order of 12 October 2022

Document Number
180-20221012-ORD-01-00-EN
Document Type
Incidental Proceedings
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

12 OCTOBRE 2022 ORDONNANCE APPLICATION DE LA CONVENTION INTERNATIONALE SUR L’ÉLIMINATION DE TOUTES LES FORMES DE DISCRIMINATION RACIALE (ARMÉNIE c. AZERBAÏDJAN) ___________ APPLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION (ARMENIA v. AZERBAIJAN) 12 OCTOBER 2022 ORDER INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE YEAR 2022 2022 12 October General List No. 180 12 October 2022 APPLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION (ARMENIA v. AZERBAIJAN) REQUEST FOR THE MODIFICATION OF THE ORDER OF 7 DECEMBER 2021 INDICATING PROVISIONAL MEASURES ORDER Present: President DONOGHUE; Vice-President GEVORGIAN; Judges TOMKA, ABRAHAM, BENNOUNA, YUSUF, XUE, SEBUTINDE, BHANDARI, ROBINSON, SALAM, IWASAWA, NOLTE, CHARLESWORTH; Judges ad hoc KEITH, DAUDET; Acting Registrar PUNZHIN. The International Court of Justice, Composed as above, After deliberation, Having regard to Article 41 of the Statute of the Court and Article 76 of the Rules of Court, Makes the following Order: - 2 - 1. By an Application filed in the Registry of the Court on 16 September 2021, the Republic of Armenia (hereinafter “Armenia”) instituted proceedings against the Republic of Azerbaijan (hereinafter “Azerbaijan”) concerning alleged violations of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination of 21 December 1965 (hereinafter “CERD” or the “Convention”). In its Application, Armenia claims that “Azerbaijan, through its State organs, State agents and other persons and entities exercising governmental authority, as well as through other agents acting on its instructions or under its direction and control, is responsible for serious violations of Articles 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 of the CERD” by, inter alia, “[d]epriving Armenians, including Armenian prisoners of war, hostages and other detained persons” captured in relation to the hostilities which erupted in September 2020 between the two Parties “of the equal enjoyment of their individual rights”. 2. The Application contained a request for the indication of provisional measures submitted with reference to Article 41 of the Statute and to Articles 73, 74 and 75 of the Rules of Court. 3. After hearing the Parties, the Court, by an Order of 7 December 2021 (hereinafter referred to as such), indicated the following provisional measures: “(1) The Republic of Azerbaijan shall, in accordance with its obligations under the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, (a) Protect from violence and bodily harm all persons captured in relation to the 2020 Conflict who remain in detention, and ensure their security and equality before the law; (b) Take all necessary measures to prevent the incitement and promotion of racial hatred and discrimination, including by its officials and public institutions, targeted at persons of Armenian national or ethnic origin; (c) Take all necessary measures to prevent and punish acts of vandalism and desecration affecting Armenian cultural heritage, including but not limited to churches and other places of worship, monuments, landmarks, cemeteries and artefacts; (2) Both Parties shall refrain from any action which might aggravate or extend the dispute before the Court or make it more difficult to resolve.” (Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2021, para. 98.) 4. By an Order of 21 January 2022, the Court fixed 23 January 2023 and 23 January 2024 as the respective time-limits for the filing of a Memorial by Armenia and a Counter-Memorial by Azerbaijan. - 3 - 5. By a letter dated 16 September 2022, Armenia, referring to Article 76 of the Rules of Court, requested the modification of the Court’s Order of 7 December 2021. The Registrar immediately communicated a copy of Armenia’s request to the Government of Azerbaijan, which was informed that any observations it may wish to present on Armenia’s request should be submitted no later than 27 September 2022. 6. By a letter dated 19 September 2022, the Agent of Armenia, referring to further developments, reiterated his Government’s request that the Court modify its Order of 7 December 2021. 7. By a communication dated 27 September 2022, Azerbaijan filed its written observations within the time-limit fixed for that purpose. 8. The Parties subsequently informed the Court, through various letters, of recent developments and provided observations on each other’s respective communications. * * * 9. Armenia’s request for the modification of the Order of 7 December 2021 concerns the first provisional measure indicated therein, namely that Azerbaijan shall “[p]rotect from violence and bodily harm all persons captured in relation to the 2020 Conflict who remain in detention, and ensure their security and equality before the law”. Armenia requests the Court “to explicitly require Azerbaijan to protect from violence and bodily harm all persons captured in relation to the 2020 Conflict, or any armed conflict between the Parties since that time, upon capture or thereafter, including those who remain in detention, and ensure their security and equality before the law” (emphasis in the original). In particular, Armenia refers to hostilities that erupted between the Parties in September 2022. 10. In its written observations, Azerbaijan asks that the Court deny Armenia’s request for the modification of the Order of 7 December 2021 because it lacks urgency. It adds that in any event there has been no change in the situation that would warrant modification of the Court’s Order. * * - 4 - 11. In order to rule on the request of Armenia for the modification of the Order of 7 December 2021, the Court must determine whether the conditions set forth in Article 76, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court have been fulfilled. That paragraph reads as follows: “At the request of a party or proprio motu, the Court may, at any time before the final judgment in the case, revoke or modify any decision concerning provisional measures if, in its opinion, some change in the situation justifies such revocation or modification.” 12. The Court must therefore first ascertain whether, taking account of the information that the Parties have provided with respect to the current situation, there is reason to conclude that the situation which warranted the indication of certain provisional measures in December 2021 has changed since that time. In considering the request for the modification of the Order of 7 December 2021, the Court will take account both of the circumstances that existed when it issued that Order and of the changes which are alleged to have taken place in the situation that gave rise to the indication of provisional measures. If the Court finds that there was a change in the situation since the delivery of its Order, it will then have to consider whether such a change justifies a modification of the measures previously indicated. Any such modification would only be appropriate if the new situation were, in turn, to require the indication of provisional measures, that is to say, if the general conditions laid down in Article 41 of the Statute of the Court were also to be met in this instance (see, for example, Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua); Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica), Order of 16 July 2013, Provisional Measures, I.C.J. Reports 2013, p. 234, para. 17, and p. 238, paras. 30-31). 13. The Court will therefore begin by determining whether there has been a change in the situation which warranted the measures indicated in its Order of 7 December 2021. * * 14. Armenia states that its request for the modification of the Court’s Order of 7 December 2021 is prompted by “a large-scale armed attack” against its territory by Azerbaijan in September 2022 which resulted in the deaths and abuse of Armenian servicemembers and injuries to civilians. Armenia asserts that, in the course of this alleged attack, Azerbaijan captured Armenian servicemembers and subjected them to inhuman and degrading treatment, violence, bodily harm and torture. In Armenia’s view, these events demonstrate a change in the situation which warranted the measures indicated in the Order of 7 December 2021. 15. In its written observations and subsequent communications, Azerbaijan asserts that there has been no change in the situation that would warrant modification of the Order of 7 December 2021. While acknowledging that there were hostilities between the Parties during the week of 12 September 2022, Azerbaijan asserts that Armenia initiated those hostilities by launching “a large-scale attack against Azerbaijani positions”, which led Azerbaijan to respond militarily. Azerbaijan further contends that “there has been no attack ‘against [Armenia’s] sovereign territory’”. It acknowledges having detained 17 Armenian soldiers in connection with these hostilities but states - 5 - in a letter of 4 October 2022 that these detainees have now been repatriated. Finally, in the same letter, it maintains that the Court’s Order of 7 December 2021 “already applies to any Armenians detained, so that no modification is needed”, and that it has taken measures “to prevent any unlawful conduct by members of its armed forces and to investigate and appropriately respond to allegations of such conduct”. 16. While acknowledging, by a letter of 6 October 2022, that 17 Armenian detainees had been repatriated, Armenia asserted that “there remains a real and imminent risk of repetition of Azerbaijan’s conduct threatening the health and well-being of Armenian servicemembers”. Armenia has also consistently questioned Azerbaijan’s statements that steps were being taken to ensure that the alleged misconduct of Azerbaijani servicemembers vis-à-vis Armenian detainees, if proven, would be punished in accordance with the law. By a letter of 11 October 2022, Armenia reiterated its request that the Court modify its Order of 7 December 2021. * * 17. The Court recalls that hostilities erupted between the Parties in September 2020, in what Armenia calls “the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War” and Azerbaijan calls “the Second Garabagh War” (hereinafter the “2020 Conflict”). The Court further recalls that, on 9 November 2020, the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, the Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia, and the President of the Russian Federation signed a statement referred to by the Parties as the “Trilateral Statement”. Under the terms of this statement, as of 10 November 2020, “[a] complete ceasefire and termination of all hostilities in the area of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict [was] declared” (see Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2021, para. 13). 18. The Court observes that, notwithstanding the ceasefire declared in the “Trilateral Statement”, the situation between the Parties remained unstable and hostilities again erupted in the week of 12 September 2022, leading to the detention of persons whom Armenia describes as its servicemembers. Armenia’s allegations about the treatment of these persons are of the same character as the allegations that were presented to the Court in Armenia’s request for the indication of provisional measures in 2021. The renewed hostilities and the detention of these persons indicate that the situation between the Parties remains tenuous. For the purposes of determining whether modification of the measures indicated in the Order of 7 December 2021 is warranted, the Court considers that the situation that existed when it issued the Order of 7 December 2021 is ongoing and is no different from the present situation. The Court affirms that treatment in accordance with point (1) (a) of paragraph 98 of its Order of 7 December 2021 is to be afforded to any person who has been or may come to be detained during any hostilities that constitute a renewed flare-up of the 2020 Conflict. 19. In light of the above, the Court concludes that the hostilities which erupted between the Parties in September 2022 and the detention of Armenian military personnel do not constitute a change in the situation justifying modification of the Order of 7 December 2021 within the meaning of Article 76 of the Rules of Court. - 6 - 20. The Court takes note of Azerbaijan’s “commitment to treat any detained Armenians in accordance with paragraph 98 (1) (a) of th[e Order of 7 December 2021]”, which it expressed in a letter dated 7 October 2022. 21. The Court further considers that the tenuous situation between the Parties confirms the need for effective implementation of the measures indicated in its Order of 7 December 2021. In these circumstances, the Court finds it necessary to reaffirm the measures indicated in its Order of 7 December 2021, in particular the requirement that both Parties “shall refrain from any action which might aggravate or extend the dispute before the Court or make it more difficult to resolve” (Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2021, para. 98, point (2)). It reminds the Parties that provisional measures have binding effect (LaGrand (Germany v. United States of America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 506, para. 109). 22. The Court finally underlines that the present Order is without prejudice as to any finding on the merits concerning the Parties’ compliance with its Order of 7 December 2021. * * * 23. For these reasons, THE COURT, (1) By thirteen votes to three, Finds that the circumstances, as they now present themselves to the Court, are not such as to require the exercise of its power to modify the measures indicated in the Order of 7 December 2021; IN FAVOUR: President Donoghue; Vice-President Gevorgian; Judges Tomka, Abraham, Bennouna, Yusuf, Xue, Salam, Iwasawa, Nolte, Charlesworth; Judges ad hoc Keith, Daudet; AGAINST: Judges Sebutinde, Bhandari, Robinson; (2) Unanimously, Reaffirms the provisional measures indicated in its Order of 7 December 2021, in particular the requirement that both Parties “shall refrain from any action which might aggravate or extend the dispute before the Court or make it more difficult to resolve”. - 7 - Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative, at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this twelfth day of October, two thousand and twenty-two, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archives of the Court and the others transmitted to the Government of the Republic of Armenia and the Government of the Republic of Azerbaijan, respectively. (Signed) Joan E. DONOGHUE, President. (Signed) Sergey PUNZHIN, Acting Registrar. Judge TOMKA appends a declaration to the Order of the Court; Judge SEBUTINDE appends a separate opinion to the Order of the Court; Judge BHANDARI appends a dissenting opinion to the Order of the Court; Judge ROBINSON appends a separate opinion to the Order of the Court; Judge ad hoc DAUDET appends a declaration to the Order of the Court. (Initialled) J.E.D. (Initialled) S.P. ___________

Bilingual Content

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES
APPLICATION
DE LA CONVENTION INTERNATIONALE
SUR L’ÉLIMINATION DE TOUTES LES FORMES
DE DISCRIMINATION RACIALE
(ARMÉNIE c. AZERBAÏDJAN)
DEMANDE TENDANT À LA MODIFICATION
DE L’ORDONNANCE EN INDICATION
DE MESURES CONSERVATOIRES DU 7 DÉCEMBRE 2021
ORDONNANCE DU 12 OCTOBRE 2022
2022
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS
APPLICATION
OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION
ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS
OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
(ARMENIA v. AZERBAIJAN)
REQUEST FOR THE MODIFICATION
OF THE ORDER INDICATING
PROVISIONAL MEASURES OF 7 DECEMBER 2021
ORDER OF 12 OCTOBER 2022
© 2023 CIJ/ICJ, Nations Unies/United Nations
Tous droits réservés/All rights reserved
imprimé en france/printed in france
Mode officiel de citation :
Application de la convention internationale
sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale
(Arménie c. Azerbaïdjan), demande tendant à la modification
de l’ordonnance en indication de mesures conservatoires du 7 décembre 2021,
ordonnance du 12 octobre 2022, C.I.J. Recueil 2022, p. 578
Official citation:
Application of the International Convention
on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
(Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Request for the Modification
of the Order Indicating Provisional Measures of 7 December 2021,
Order of 12 October 2022, I.C.J. Reports 2022, p. 578
ISSN 0074-4441
ISBN 978-92-1-003925-3
e-ISBN 978-92-1-358586-3
No de vente :
Sales number 1262
APPLICATION
DE LA CONVENTION INTERNATIONALE
SUR L’ÉLIMINATION DE TOUTES LES FORMES
DE DISCRIMINATION RACIALE
(ARMÉNIE c. AZERBAÏDJAN)
DEMANDE TENDANT À LA MODIFICATION
DE L’ORDONNANCE EN INDICATION
DE MESURES CONSERVATOIRES DU 7 DÉCEMBRE 2021
APPLICATION
OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION
ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS
OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
(ARMENIA v. AZERBAIJAN)
REQUEST FOR THE MODIFICATION
OF THE ORDER INDICATING
PROVISIONAL MEASURES OF 7 DECEMBER 2021
12 OCTOBRE 2022
ORDONNANCE
12 OCTOBER 2022
ORDER
578
4
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
ANNÉE 2022
12 octobre 2022
APPLICATION
DE LA CONVENTION INTERNATIONALE
SUR L’ÉLIMINATION DE TOUTES LES FORMES
DE DISCRIMINATION RACIALE
(ARMÉNIE c. AZERBAÏDJAN)
DEMANDE TENDANT À LA MODIFICATION
DE L’ORDONNANCE EN INDICATION
DE MESURES CONSERVATOIRES DU 7 DÉCEMBRE 2021
ORDONNANCE
Présents : Mme Donoghue, présidente ; M. Gevorgian, vice-président ;
MM. Tomka, Abraham, Bennouna, Yusuf, Mmes Xue,
Sebutinde, MM. Bhandari, Robinson, Salam, Iwasawa,
Nolte, Mme Charlesworth, juges ; MM. Keith, Daudet,
juges ad hoc ; M. Punzhin, greffier en exercice.
La Cour internationale de Justice,
Ainsi composée,
Après délibéré en chambre du conseil,
Vu l’article 41 du Statut de la Cour et l’article 76 de son Règlement,
Rend l’ordonnance suivante :
1. Par une requête déposée au Greffe de la Cour le 16 septembre 2021,
la République d’Arménie (ci-après l’« Arménie ») a introduit contre la
2022
12 octobre
Rôle général
no 180
578
4
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
YEAR 2022
12 October 2022
APPLICATION
OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION
ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS
OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
(ARMENIA v. AZERBAIJAN)
REQUEST FOR THE MODIFICATION
OF THE ORDER INDICATING
PROVISIONAL MEASURES OF 7 DECEMBER 2021
ORDER
Present: President Donoghue; Vice-President Gevorgian; Judges Tomka,
Abraham, Bennouna, Yusuf, Xue, Sebutinde, Bhandari,
Robinson, Salam, Iwasawa, Nolte, Charlesworth; Judges
ad hoc Keith, Daudet; Acting Registrar Punzhin.
The International Court of Justice,
Composed as above,
After deliberation,
Having regard to Article 41 of the Statute of the Court and Article 76
of the Rules of Court,
Makes the following Order:
1. By an Application filed in the Registry of the Court on 16 September
2021, the Republic of Armenia (hereinafter “Armenia”) instituted pro-
2022
12 October
General List
No. 180
579 application de la ciedr (ordonnance 12 X 22)
5
République d’Azerbaïdjan (ci-après l’« Azerbaïdjan ») une instance
concernant des violations alléguées de la convention internationale du
21 décembre 1965 sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination
raciale (ci-après la « CIEDR » ou la « convention »). Dans sa requête,
l’Arménie affirme que
« l’Azerbaïdjan, par l’intermédiaire de ses organes et agents de l’Etat,
d’autres personnes et entités exerçant la puissance publique, ainsi que
d’agents opérant sur ses instructions ou sous sa direction et son
contrôle, est responsable de violations graves des articles 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
et 7 de la CIEDR »
pour avoir, entre autres, « priv[é] les Arméniens, notamment les prisonniers
de guerre, les otages et d’autres détenus » arrêtés en relation avec les
hostilités qui ont éclaté entre les deux Parties en septembre 2020, « de la
jouissance, dans des conditions d’égalité, de leurs droits individuels ».
2. La requête contenait une demande en indication de mesures conservatoires,
présentée au titre de l’article 41 du Statut de la Cour et des
articles 73, 74 et 75 de son Règlement.
3. La Cour, après avoir entendu les Parties, a indiqué les mesures
conservatoires suivantes dans l’ordonnance qu’elle a rendue le 7 décembre
2021 (ci-après l’« ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021 ») :
« 1) La République d’Azerbaïdjan doit, conformément aux obligations
que lui impose la convention internationale sur l’élimination de
toutes les formes de discrimination raciale,
a) Protéger contre les voies de fait et les sévices toutes les personnes
arrêtées en relation avec le conflit de 2020 qui sont toujours en
détention et garantir leur sûreté et leur droit à l’égalité devant la
loi ;
b) Prendre toutes les mesures nécessaires pour empêcher l’incitation
et l’encouragement à la haine et à la discrimination raciales, y
compris par ses agents et ses institutions publiques, à l’égard des
personnes d’origine nationale ou ethnique arménienne ;
c) Prendre toutes les mesures nécessaires pour empêcher et punir les
actes de dégradation et de profanation du patrimoine culturel
arménien, notamment, mais pas seulement, les églises et autres
lieux de culte, monuments, sites, cimetières et artefacts ;
2) Les deux Parties doivent s’abstenir de tout acte qui risquerait
d’aggraver ou d’étendre le différend dont la Cour est saisie ou d’en
rendre le règlement plus difficile. » (Application de la convention
internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination
raciale (Arménie c. Azerbaïdjan), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance
du 7 décembre 2021, C.I.J. Recueil 2021, p. 393, par. 98.)
4. Par ordonnance du 21 janvier 2022, la Cour a fixé au 23 janvier 2023 et
au 23 janvier 2024, respectivement, les dates d’expiration des délais pour le
dépôt d’un mémoire par l’Arménie et d’un contre-mémoire par l’Azerbaïdjan.
application of the cerd (order 12 X 22) 579
5
ceedings against the Republic of Azerbaijan (hereinafter “Azerbaijan”)
concerning alleged violations of the International Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination of 21 December 1965
(hereinafter “CERD” or the “Convention”). In its Application, Armenia
claims that
“Azerbaijan, through its State organs, State agents and other
persons and entities exercising governmental authority, as well as
through other agents acting on its instructions or under its direction
and control, is responsible for serious violations of Articles 2, 3, 4, 5,
6 and 7 of the CERD”
by, inter alia, “[d]epriving Armenians, including Armenian prisoners of
war, hostages and other detained persons” captured in relation to the
hostilities which erupted in September 2020 between the two Parties “of
the equal enjoyment of their individual rights”.
2. The Application contained a Request for the indication of provisional
measures submitted with reference to Article 41 of the Statute and
to Articles 73, 74 and 75 of the Rules of Court.
3. After hearing the Parties, the Court, by an Order of 7 December 2021
(hereinafter referred to as such), indicated the following provisional
measures:
“(1) The Republic of Azerbaijan shall, in accordance with its
obligations under the International Convention on the Elimination
of All Forms of Racial Discrimination,
(a) Protect from violence and bodily harm all persons captured in
relation to the 2020 Conflict who remain in detention, and ensure
their security and equality before the law;
(b) Take all necessary measures to prevent the incitement and
promotion of racial hatred and discrimination, including by its
officials and public institutions, targeted at persons of Armenian
national or ethnic origin;
(c) Take all necessary measures to prevent and punish acts of
vandalism and desecration affecting Armenian cultural heritage,
including but not limited to churches and other places of worship,
monuments, landmarks, cemeteries and artefacts;
(2) Both Parties shall refrain from any action which might
aggravate or extend the dispute before the Court or make it more
difficult to resolve.” (Application of the International Convention
on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia
v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2021,
I.C.J. Reports 2021, p. 393, para. 98.)
4. By an Order of 21 January 2022, the Court fixed 23 January 2023
and 23 January 2024 as the respective time-limits for the filing of a
Memorial by Armenia and a Counter-Memorial by Azerbaijan.
580 application de la ciedr (ordonnance 12 X 22)
6
5. Par lettre en date du 16 septembre 2022, l’Arménie, se référant à
l’article 76 du Règlement de la Cour, a prié celle-ci de modifier son ordonnance
du 7 décembre 2021. Le greffier a immédiatement transmis copie de
la demande de l’Arménie au Gouvernement azerbaïdjanais, qui a été
invité à présenter, le 27 septembre 2022 au plus tard, les observations
écrites qu’il souhaiterait formuler sur la demande de l’Arménie.
6. Par lettre en date du 19 septembre 2022, l’agent de l’Arménie, se
fondant sur une évolution de la situation, a réitéré la demande de son
Gouvernement tendant à ce que la Cour modifie son ordonnance du
7 décembre 2021.
7. Par lettre en date du 27 septembre 2022, l’Azerbaïdjan a déposé ses
observations écrites dans le délai prescrit.
8. Les Parties ont par la suite informé la Cour, par plusieurs lettres, de
développements récents et ont présenté chacune des observations sur les
communications de l’autre Partie.
*
*
*
9. La demande de l’Arménie tendant à ce que la Cour modifie son
ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021 porte sur la première mesure conservatoire
indiquée, à savoir que l’Azerbaïdjan doit « [p]rotéger contre les voies
de fait et les sévices toutes les personnes arrêtées en relation avec le conflit
de 2020 qui sont toujours en détention et garantir leur sûreté et leur droit
à l’égalité devant la loi ». L’Arménie prie la Cour
« d’enjoindre expressément à l’Azerbaïdjan de protéger contre les
voies de fait et les sévices toutes les personnes arrêtées en relation avec
le conflit de 2020 ou tout conflit armé survenu depuis entre les Parties,
lors de leur arrestation et par la suite, y compris celles qui sont toujours
en détention, et de garantir leur sûreté et leur droit à l’égalité
devant la loi » (les italiques sont dans l’original).
Elle se réfère, en particulier, aux hostilités qui ont éclaté entre les Parties
en septembre 2022.
10. Dans ses observations écrites, l’Azerbaïdjan prie la Cour de rejeter
la demande de l’Arménie tendant à faire modifier l’ordonnance du
7 décembre 2021 au motif qu’elle ne présente aucun caractère d’urgence.
Il ajoute qu’en tout état de cause il ne s’est produit dans la situation
aucun changement qui justifierait une modification de l’ordonnance.
* *
11. Pour statuer sur la demande de l’Arménie tendant à ce qu’elle
modifie son ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021, la Cour doit déterminer si
les conditions énoncées au paragraphe 1 de l’article 76 de son Règlement
sont réunies. Ce paragraphe se lit comme suit :
« A la demande d’une partie ou d’office, la Cour peut, à tout
moment avant l’arrêt définitif en l’affaire, rapporter ou modifier toute
application of the cerd (order 12 X 22) 580
6
5. By a letter dated 16 September 2022, Armenia, referring to Article 76
of the Rules of Court, requested the modification of the Court’s Order of
7 December 2021. The Registrar immediately communicated a copy of
Armenia’s request to the Government of Azerbaijan, which was informed
that any observations it may wish to present on Armenia’s request should
be submitted no later than 27 September 2022.
6. By a letter dated 19 September 2022, the Agent of Armenia, referring
to further developments, reiterated his Government’s request that the
Court modify its Order of 7 December 2021.
7. By a communication dated 27 September 2022, Azerbaijan filed its
written observations within the time-limit fixed for that purpose.
8. The Parties subsequently informed the Court, through various
letters, of recent developments and provided observations on each other’s
respective communications.
*
*
*
9. Armenia’s Request for the modification of the Order of 7 December
2021 concerns the first provisional measure indicated therein, namely that
Azerbaijan shall “[p]rotect from violence and bodily harm all persons
captured in relation to the 2020 Conflict who remain in detention, and
ensure their security and equality before the law”. Armenia requests the
Court
“to explicitly require Azerbaijan to protect from violence and bodily
harm all persons captured in relation to the 2020 Conflict, or any
armed conflict between the Parties since that time, upon capture or
thereafter, including those who remain in detention, and ensure their
security and equality before the law” (emphasis in the original).
In particular, Armenia refers to hostilities that erupted between the
Parties in September 2022.
10. In its written observations, Azerbaijan asks that the Court deny
Armenia’s Request for the modification of the Order of 7 December 2021
because it lacks urgency. It adds that in any event there has been no
change in the situation that would warrant modification of the Court’s
Order.
* *
11. In order to rule on the request of Armenia for the modification of
the Order of 7 December 2021, the Court must determine whether the
conditions set forth in Article 76, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court have
been fulfilled. That paragraph reads as follows:
“At the request of a party or proprio motu, the Court may, at any
time before the final judgment in the case, revoke or modify any deci-
581 application de la ciedr (ordonnance 12 X 22)
7
décision concernant des mesures conservatoires si un changement
dans la situation lui paraît justifier que cette décision soit rapportée
ou modifiée. »
12. La Cour doit donc, dans un premier temps, rechercher si, compte
tenu des informations que lui ont données les Parties au sujet de la situation
actuelle, il y a lieu de conclure que la situation qui a motivé l’indication
de certaines mesures conservatoires en décembre 2021 a depuis lors
changé. Lors de l’examen de la demande tendant à ce qu’elle modifie son
ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021, la Cour tiendra compte à la fois des
circonstances qui existaient lorsqu’elle a rendu cette ordonnance et des
changements qui seraient intervenus dans la situation ayant donné lieu à
l’indication de mesures conservatoires. Si elle constate qu’il y a eu un
changement dans cette situation depuis qu’elle a rendu son ordonnance,
elle devra, dans un second temps, s’interroger sur le point de savoir si un
tel changement justifie une modification des mesures qu’elle avait indiquées.
Procéder à une telle modification ne serait approprié que si la
situation nouvelle requérait à son tour l’indication de mesures conservatoires,
c’est-à-dire s’il était satisfait, en l’espèce également, aux conditions
générales énoncées à l’article 41 du Statut de la Cour (voir, par exemple,
Certaines activités menées par le Nicaragua dans la région frontalière
(Costa Rica c. Nicaragua) et Construction d’une route au Costa Rica le
long du fleuve San Juan (Nicaragua c. Costa Rica), demandes tendant à la
modification de l’ordonnance en indication de mesures conservatoires du
8 mars 2011, ordonnance du 16 juillet 2013, C.I.J. Recueil 2013, p. 234,
par. 17, et p. 238, par. 30-31).
13. La Cour commencera donc par déterminer si un changement s’est
produit dans la situation qui a motivé les mesures indiquées dans son
ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021.
* *
14. L’Arménie fait valoir que sa demande tendant à ce que la Cour
modifie son ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021 est motivée par « une agression
armée de grande ampleur » lancée par l’Azerbaïdjan contre son territoire
en septembre 2022 au cours de laquelle des militaires arméniens ont
été tués et maltraités, et des civils blessés. L’Arménie soutient que, au
cours de cette attaque alléguée, l’Azerbaïdjan a capturé des militaires
arméniens et leur a fait subir des traitements inhumains et dégradants, des
violences, des sévices et des actes de torture. Selon elle, ces actes montrent
qu’un changement s’est produit dans la situation qui avait motivé les
mesures indiquées dans l’ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021.
15. Dans ses observations écrites et communications subséquentes,
l’Azerbaïdjan affirme qu’il ne s’est produit dans la situation aucun changement
qui justifierait une modification de l’ordonnance du 7 décembre
2021. S’il reconnaît que des hostilités ont eu lieu entre les Parties pendant
la semaine du 12 septembre 2022, il soutient cependant que c’est l’Armé-
application of the cerd (order 12 X 22) 581
7
sion concerning provisional measures if, in its opinion, some change
in the situation justifies such revocation or modification.”
12. The Court must therefore first ascertain whether, taking account of
the information that the Parties have provided with respect to the current
situation, there is reason to conclude that the situation which warranted
the indication of certain provisional measures in December 2021 has
changed since that time. In considering the request for the modification of
the Order of 7 December 2021, the Court will take account both of the
circumstances that existed when it issued that Order and of the changes
which are alleged to have taken place in the situation that gave rise to the
indication of provisional measures. If the Court finds that there was a
change in the situation since the delivery of its Order, it will then have to
consider whether such a change justifies a modification of the measures
previously indicated. Any such modification would only be appropriate if
the new situation were, in turn, to require the indication of provisional
measures, that is to say, if the general conditions laid down in Article 41
of the Statute of the Court were also to be met in this instance (see, for
example, Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area
(Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) and Construction of a Road in Costa Rica
along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica), Requests for the
Modification of the Order Indicating Provisional Measures of 8 March
2011, Order of 16 July 2013, I.C.J. Reports 2013, p. 234, para. 17, and
p. 238, paras. 30-31).
13. The Court will therefore begin by determining whether there has
been a change in the situation which warranted the measures indicated in
its Order of 7 December 2021.
* *
14. Armenia states that its request for the modification of the Court’s
Order of 7 December 2021 is prompted by “a large-scale armed attack”
against its territory by Azerbaijan in September 2022 which resulted in
the deaths and abuse of Armenian service members and injuries to
civilians. Armenia asserts that, in the course of this alleged attack,
Azerbaijan captured Armenian service members and subjected them to
inhuman and degrading treatment, violence, bodily harm and torture. In
Armenia’s view, these events demonstrate a change in the situation which
warranted the measures indicated in the Order of 7 December 2021.
15. In its written observations and subsequent communications, Azerbaijan
asserts that there has been no change in the situation that would
warrant modification of the Order of 7 December 2021. While acknowledging
that there were hostilities between the Parties during the week of
12 September 2022, Azerbaijan asserts that Armenia initiated those hos-
582 application de la ciedr (ordonnance 12 X 22)
8
nie qui les a déclenchées en lançant « une attaque de grande ampleur
contre les positions azerbaïdjanaises », ce qui a conduit les forces azerbaïdjanaises
à réagir militairement. L’Azerbaïdjan affirme en outre que
« le « territoire souverain de l’Arménie » n’a subi aucune attaque ». Il
admet que 17 soldats arméniens ont été placés en détention en relation
avec ces hostilités, mais déclare, dans une lettre en date du 4 octobre
2022, qu’ils ont à présent été rapatriés. Enfin, il relève, dans la même
lettre, que l’ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021 « s’applique déjà à tout
Arménien détenu, et qu’il n’est donc pas nécessaire de la modifier », et
qu’il a pris des mesures « pour prévenir tout comportement illicite de la
part des membres de ses forces armées, ainsi que pour enquêter sur les
allégations de tels comportements et y donner la suite voulue ».
16. Tout en reconnaissant, par lettre en date du 6 octobre 2022, que
17 détenus arméniens avaient été rapatriés, l’Arménie a affirmé qu’« il
subsist[ait] un risque réel et imminent de répétition du comportement de
l’Azerbaïdjan menaçant la santé et le bien-être de militaires arméniens ».
Elle a aussi, régulièrement, mis en doute les déclarations par lesquelles
l’Azerbaïdjan affirmait que des mesures étaient prises pour garantir
que les comportements répréhensibles qu’auraient eus des militaires azerbaïdjanais
à l’égard de détenus arméniens, s’ils étaient confirmés, seraient
punis conformément à la loi. Par lettre en date du 11 octobre 2022,
l’Arménie a réitéré sa demande tendant à ce que la Cour modifie son
ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021.
* *
17. La Cour rappelle que des hostilités, qualifiées de « deuxième guerre
du Haut-Karabakh » par l’Arménie et de « deuxième guerre du Garabagh »
par l’Azerbaïdjan, ont éclaté entre les Parties en septembre 2020 (ci-après
le « conflit de 2020 »). La Cour rappelle en outre que, le 9 novembre 2020,
le président de la République d’Azerbaïdjan, le premier ministre de la
République d’Arménie et le président de la Fédération de Russie ont
signé une déclaration, dite « déclaration trilatérale » par les Parties, qui
proclamait, à compter du 10 novembre 2020, « [u]n cessez-le-feu complet
et la cessation de toutes les hostilités dans la zone de conflit du
Haut-Karabakh » (voir Application de la convention internationale sur
l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Arménie c. Azerbaïdjan),
mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021, C.I.J.
Recueil 2021, p. 367, par. 13).
18. La Cour relève que, nonobstant le cessez-le-feu proclamé par la
« déclaration trilatérale », la situation entre les Parties est demeurée instable
et des hostilités ont une nouvelle fois éclaté pendant la semaine
du 12 septembre 2022, donnant lieu à la détention de personnes dont
l’Arménie dit qu’elles sont des militaires arméniens. Les allégations que
formule l’Arménie quant au traitement infligé à ces personnes sont de
même nature que celles qu’elle avait présentées à la Cour dans sa demande
en indication de mesures conservatoires en 2021. La résurgence des hosti-
application of the cerd (order 12 X 22) 582
8
tilities by launching “a large-scale attack against Azerbaijani positions”,
which led Azerbaijan to respond militarily. Azerbaijan further contends
that “there has been no attack ‘against [Armenia’s] sovereign territory’”.
It acknowledges having detained 17 Armenian soldiers in connection with
these hostilities but states in a letter of 4 October 2022 that these detainees
have now been repatriated. Finally, in the same letter, it maintains
that the Court’s Order of 7 December 2021 “already applies to any Armenians
detained, so that no modification is needed”, and that it has taken
measures “to prevent any unlawful conduct by members of its armed
forces and to investigate and appropriately respond to allegations of such
conduct”.
16. While acknowledging, by a letter of 6 October 2022, that 17 Armenian
detainees had been repatriated, Armenia asserted that “there remains
a real and imminent risk of repetition of Azerbaijan’s conduct threatening
the health and well-being of Armenian servicemembers”. Armenia has
also consistently questioned Azerbaijan’s statements that steps were being
taken to ensure that the alleged misconduct of Azerbaijani service
members vis-à-vis Armenian detainees, if proven, would be punished in
accordance with the law. By a letter of 11 October 2022, Armenia
reiterated its request that the Court modify its Order of 7 December
2021.
* *
17. The Court recalls that hostilities erupted between the Parties in
September 2020, in what Armenia calls “the Second Nagorno-Karabakh
War” and Azerbaijan calls “the Second Garabagh War” (hereinafter the
“2020 Conflict”). The Court further recalls that, on 9 November 2020, the
President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, the Prime Minister of the
Republic of Armenia, and the President of the Russian Federation signed
a statement referred to by the Parties as the “Trilateral Statement”. Under
the terms of this statement, as of 10 November 2020, “[a] complete ceasefire
and termination of all hostilities in the area of the Nagorno-
Karabakh conflict [was] declared” (see Application of the International
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
(Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December
2021, I.C.J. Reports 2021, p. 367, para. 13).
18. The Court observes that, notwithstanding the ceasefire declared in
the “Trilateral Statement”, the situation between the Parties remained
unstable and hostilities again erupted in the week of 12 September 2022,
leading to the detention of persons whom Armenia describes as its
service members. Armenia’s allegations about the treatment of these persons
are of the same character as the allegations that were presented to
the Court in Armenia’s Request for the indication of provisional measures
in 2021. The renewed hostilities and the detention of these persons
583 application de la ciedr (ordonnance 12 X 22)
9
lités et la détention de ces personnes montrent que la situation entre les
Parties reste précaire. Aux fins de l’examen de la question de savoir s’il est
justifié de modifier les mesures indiquées dans l’ordonnance du 7 décembre
2021, la Cour considère que la situation telle qu’elle existait lorsqu’elle a
rendu l’ordonnance en question a perduré et n’est pas différente de la
situation actuelle. Elle affirme qu’un traitement conforme à l’alinéa a) du
point 1 du paragraphe 98 de son ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021 doit
être réservé à toute personne qui a été détenue ou qui pourrait l’être pendant
toute survenance d’hostilités constituant une résurgence du conflit
de 2020.
19. Au vu de ce qui précède, la Cour conclut que les hostilités qui ont
éclaté entre les Parties en septembre 2022 et la détention de personnel
militaire arménien ne constituent pas un changement de situation justifiant
la modification de l’ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021 au sens de
l’article 76 de son Règlement.
20. La Cour prend note que l’Azerbaïdjan a pris « l’engagement
de réserver à tous les Arméniens détenus un traitement conforme à
l’alinéa a) du point 1 du paragraphe 98 de l’ordonnance [du 7 décembre
2021] », engagement qu’il a exprimé par lettre en date du 7 octobre 2022.
21. La Cour considère en outre que la précarité de la situation entre les
Parties confirme que les mesures indiquées dans son ordonnance du
7 décembre 2021 doivent effectivement être mises en oeuvre. Dans ces
conditions, elle juge nécessaire de réaffirmer lesdites mesures, en particulier
celle enjoignant aux deux Parties de « s’abstenir de tout acte qui
risquerait d’aggraver ou d’étendre le différend dont [elle] est saisie ou
d’en rendre le règlement plus difficile » (Application de la convention
internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination
raciale (Arménie c. Azerbaïdjan), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du
7 décembre 2021, C.I.J. Recueil 2021, p. 393, par. 98, point 2). Elle
rappelle aux Parties que les mesures conservatoires ont un caractère obligatoire
(LaGrand (Allemagne c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique), arrêt, C.I.J.
Recueil 2001, p. 506, par. 109).
22. La Cour souligne enfin que la présente ordonnance est sans préjudice
de toute décision au fond concernant le respect par les Parties de son
ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021.
*
*
*
23. Par ces motifs,
La Cour,
1) Par treize voix contre trois,
Dit que les circonstances, telles qu’elles se présentent actuellement à
elle, ne sont pas de nature à exiger l’exercice de son pouvoir de modifier
les mesures indiquées dans l’ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021 ;
application of the cerd (order 12 X 22) 583
9
indicate that the situation between the Parties remains tenuous. For the
purposes of determining whether modification of the measures indicated
in the Order of 7 December 2021 is warranted, the Court considers that
the situation that existed when it issued the Order of 7 December 2021 is
ongoing and is no different from the present situation. The Court affirms
that treatment in accordance with point 1 (a) of paragraph 98 of its
Order of 7 December 2021 is to be afforded to any person who has been
or may come to be detained during any hostilities that constitute a
renewed flare-up of the 2020 Conflict.
19. In light of the above, the Court concludes that the hostilities which
erupted between the Parties in September 2022 and the detention of
Armenian military personnel do not constitute a change in the situation
justifying modification of the Order of 7 December 2021 within the meaning
of Article 76 of the Rules of Court.
20. The Court takes note of Azerbaijan’s “commitment to treat any
detained Armenians in accordance with paragraph 98 (1) (a) of
th[e Order of 7 December 2021]”, which it expressed in a letter dated
7 October 2022.
21. The Court further considers that the tenuous situation between the
Parties confirms the need for effective implementation of the measures
indicated in its Order of 7 December 2021. In these circumstances, the
Court finds it necessary to reaffirm the measures indicated in its Order of
7 December 2021, in particular the requirement that both Parties “shall
refrain from any action which might aggravate or extend the dispute
before the Court or make it more difficult to resolve” (Application of the
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
(Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of
7 December 2021, I.C.J. Reports 2021, p. 393, para. 98, point 2). It
reminds the Parties that provisional measures have binding effect
(LaGrand (Germany v. United States of America), Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 2001, p. 506, para. 109).
22. The Court finally underlines that the present Order is without prejudice
as to any finding on the merits concerning the Parties’ compliance
with its Order of 7 December 2021.
*
*
*
23. For these reasons,
The Court,
(1) By thirteen votes to three,
Finds that the circumstances, as they now present themselves to the
Court, are not such as to require the exercise of its power to modify the
measures indicated in the Order of 7 December 2021;
584 application de la ciedr (ordonnance 12 X 22)
10
pour : Mme Donoghue, présidente ; M. Gevorgian, vice-président ;
MM. Tomka, Abraham, Bennouna, Yusuf, Mme Xue, MM. Salam,
Iwasawa, Nolte, Mme Charlesworth, juges ; MM. Keith, Daudet,
juges ad hoc ;
contre : Mme Sebutinde, MM. Bhandari, Robinson, juges ;
2) A l’unanimité,
Réaffirme les mesures conservatoires indiquées dans son ordonnance
du 7 décembre 2021, en particulier celle enjoignant aux Parties de
« s’abstenir de tout acte qui risquerait d’aggraver ou d’étendre le différend
dont la Cour est saisie ou d’en rendre le règlement plus difficile ».
Fait en français et en anglais, le texte français faisant foi, au Palais de
la Paix, à La Haye, le douze octobre deux mille vingt-deux, en trois exemplaires,
dont l’un restera déposé aux archives de la Cour et les autres
seront transmis respectivement au Gouvernement de la République
d’Arménie et au Gouvernement de la République d’Azerbaïdjan.
La présidente,
(Signé) Joan E. Donoghue.
Le greffier en exercice,
(Signé) Sergey Punzhin.
M. le juge Tomka joint une déclaration à l’ordonnance ; Mme la juge
Sebutinde joint à l’ordonnance l’exposé de son opinion individuelle ;
M. le juge Bhandari joint à l’ordonnance l’exposé de son opinion dissidente
; M. le juge Robinson joint à l’ordonnance l’exposé de son opinion
individuelle ; M. le juge ad hoc Daudet joint une déclaration à l’ordonnance.
(Paraphé) J.E.D.
(Paraphé) S.P.
___________
application of the cerd (order 12 X 22) 584
10
in favour: President Donoghue; Vice-President Gevorgian; Judges
Tomka, Abraham, Bennouna, Yusuf, Xue, Salam, Iwasawa, Nolte,
Charlesworth; Judges ad hoc Keith, Daudet;
against: Judges Sebutinde, Bhandari, Robinson;
(2) Unanimously,
Reaffirms the provisional measures indicated in its Order of 7 December
2021, in particular the requirement that both Parties “shall refrain
from any action which might aggravate or extend the dispute before the
Court or make it more difficult to resolve”.
Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this twelfth day of October, two thousand
and twenty-two, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the
archives of the Court and the others transmitted to the Government of the
Republic of Armenia and the Government of the Republic of Azerbaijan,
respectively.
(Signed) Joan E. Donoghue,
President.
(Signed) Sergey Punzhin,
Acting Registrar.
Judge Tomka appends a declaration to the Order of the Court;
Judge Sebutinde appends a separate opinion to the Order of the
Court; Judge Bhandari appends a dissenting opinion to the Order
of the Court; Judge Robinson appends a separate opinion to the Order of
the Court; Judge ad hoc Daudet appends a declaration to the Order
of the Court.
(Initialled) J.E.D.
(Initialled) S.P.
___________

ICJ document subtitle

Request for the modification of the Order of 7 December 2021 indicating provisional measures

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Order of 12 October 2022

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