Order of 16 March 2022

Document Number
182-20220316-ORD-01-00-EN
Document Type
Incidental Proceedings
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS
ALLEGATIONS OF GENOCIDE
UNDER THE CONVENTION
ON THE PREVENTION AND PUNISHMENT
OF THE CRIME OF GENOCIDE
(UKRAINE v. RUSSIAN FEDERATION)
REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION
OF PROVISIONAL MEASURES
ORDER OF 16 MARCH 2022
2022
COUR INTERNATONALE DE JUSTICE
RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES
ALLÉGATIONS DE GÉNOCIDE
AU TITRE DE LA CONVENTION
POUR LA PRÉVENTION ET LA RÉPRESSION
DU CRIME DE GÉNOCIDE
(UKRAINE c. FÉDÉRATION DE RUSSIE)
DEMANDE EN INDICATION
DE MESURES CONSERVATOIRES
ORDONNANCE DU 16 MARS 2022
Official citation:
Allegations of Genocide under the Convention
on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
(Ukraine v. Russian Federation), Provisional Measures,
Order of 16 March 2022, I.C.J. Reports 2022, p. 211
Mode officiel de citation :
Allégations de génocide au titre de la convention
pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide
(Ukraine c. Fédération de Russie), mesures conservatoires,
ordonnance du 16 mars 2022, C.I.J. Recueil 2022, p. 211
ISSN 0074-4441
ISBN 978-92-1-003903-1
e-ISBN 978-92-1-002520-1
Sales number
No de vente : 1240
© 2023 ICJ/CIJ, United Nations/Nations Unies
All rights reserved/Tous droits réservés
printed in france/imprimé en france
ALLEGATIONS OF GENOCIDE
UNDER THE CONVENTION
ON THE PREVENTION AND PUNISHMENT
OF THE CRIME OF GENOCIDE
(UKRAINE v. RUSSIAN FEDERATION)
REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION
OF PROVISIONAL MEASURES
ALLÉGATIONS DE GÉNOCIDE
AU TITRE DE LA CONVENTION
POUR LA PRÉVENTION ET LA RÉPRESSION
DU CRIME DE GÉNOCIDE
(UKRAINE c. FÉDÉRATION DE RUSSIE)
DEMANDE EN INDICATION
DE MESURES CONSERVATOIRES
16 MARCH 2022
ORDER
16 MARS 2022
ORDONNANCE
211
4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Paragraphs
Chronology of the Procedure 1-16
I. Introduction 17-23
II. Prima Facie Jurisdiction 24-49
1. General observations 24-27
2. Existence of a dispute relating to the interpretation, application
or fulfilment of the Genocide Convention 28-47
3. Conclusion as to prima facie jurisdiction 48-49
III. The Rights Whose Protection Is Sought and the Link
between such Rights and the Measures Requested 50-64
IV. Risk of Irreparable Prejudice and Urgency 65-77
V. Conclusion and Measures to Be Adopted 78-85
Operative Clause 86
212
5
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
YEAR 2022
16 March 2022
ALLEGATIONS OF GENOCIDE
UNDER THE CONVENTION
ON THE PREVENTION AND PUNISHMENT
OF THE CRIME OF GENOCIDE
(UKRAINE v. RUSSIAN FEDERATION)
REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION
OF PROVISIONAL MEASURES
ORDER
Present: President Donoghue; Vice‑President Gevorgian; Judges Tomka,
Abraham, Bennouna, Yusuf, Xue, Sebutinde, Bhandari,
Robinson, Salam, Iwasawa, Nolte, Charlesworth;
Judge ad hoc Daudet; Registrar Gautier.
The International Court of Justice,
Composed as above,
After deliberation,
Having regard to Articles 41 and 48 of the Statute of the Court and
Articles 73, 74 and 75 of the Rules of Court,
Makes the following Order:
1. On 26 February 2022, at 9.30 p.m., Ukraine filed in the Registry of
the Court an Application instituting proceedings against the Russian Federation
concerning “a dispute . . . relating to the interpretation, applica-
2022
16 March
General List
No. 182
213 allegations of genocide (order 16 III 22)
6
tion and fulfilment of the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and
Punishment of the Crime of Genocide” (hereinafter the “Genocide
Convention”
or the “Convention”).
2. At the end of its Application, Ukraine
“respectfully requests the Court to:
(a) Adjudge and declare that, contrary to what the Russian Federation
claims, no acts of genocide, as defined by Article III of the
Genocide Convention, have been committed in the Luhansk and
Donetsk oblasts of Ukraine.
(b) Adjudge and declare that the Russian Federation cannot lawfully
take any action under the Genocide Convention in or against
Ukraine aimed at preventing or punishing an alleged genocide,
on the basis of its false claims of genocide in the Luhansk and
Donetsk oblasts of Ukraine.
(c) Adjudge and declare that the Russian Federation’s recognition of
the independence of the so‑called ‘Donetsk People’s Republic’
and ‘Luhansk People’s Republic’ on 22 February 2022 is based
on a false claim of genocide and therefore has no basis in the
Genocide Convention.
(d) Adjudge and declare that the ‘special military operation’ declared
and carried out by the Russian Federation on and after 24 February
2022 is based on a false claim of genocide and therefore has
no basis in the Genocide Convention.
(e) Require that the Russian Federation provide assurances and
guarantees of non‑repetition that it will not take any unlawful
measures in and against Ukraine, including the use of force, on
the basis of its false claim of genocide.
(f) Order full reparation for all damage caused by the Russian Federation
as a consequence of any actions taken on the basis of
Russia’s false claim of genocide.”
3. In its Application, Ukraine seeks to found the Court’s jurisdiction
on Article 36, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Court and on Article IX
of the Genocide Convention.
4. Together with the Application, Ukraine submitted a Request for the
indication of provisional measures with reference to Article 41 of the
Statute and to Articles 73, 74 and 75 of the Rules of Court.
5. At the end of its Request, Ukraine asked the Court to indicate the
following provisional measures:
“(a) The Russian Federation shall immediately suspend the military
operations commenced on 24 February 2022 that have as their
stated purpose and objective the prevention and punishment of
a claimed genocide in the Luhansk and Donetsk oblasts of
Ukraine.
214 allegations of genocide (order 16 III 22)
7
(b) The Russian Federation shall immediately ensure that any military
or irregular armed units which may be directed or supported
by it, as well as any organizations and persons which may be
subject to its control, direction or influence, take no steps in furtherance
of the military operations which have as their stated
purpose and objective preventing or punishing Ukraine for committing
genocide.
(c) The Russian Federation shall refrain from any action and shall
provide assurances that no action is taken that may aggravate or
extend the dispute that is the subject of this Application, or render
this dispute more difficult to resolve.
(d) The Russian Federation shall provide a report to the Court on
measures taken to implement the Court’s Order on Provisional
Measures one week after such Order and then on a regular basis
to be fixed by the Court.”
6. Ukraine also requested the President of the Court
“pursuant to Article 74 (4) of the Rules of Court . . . to call upon the
Russian Federation to immediately halt all military actions in Ukraine
pending the holding of a hearing, to enable any order the Court may
make on the request for provisional measures to have its appropriate
effects”.
7. In the morning of 27 February 2022, the Registrar communicated
by email to the Russian Federation an advance copy of the Application
and Request for the indication of provisional measures. These documents
were formally communicated to the Russian Federation on 28 February
2022, pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court
in respect of the Application, and pursuant to Article 73, paragraph 2, of
the Rules of Court in respect of the Request for the indication of provisional
measures. The Registrar also notified the Secretary‑General of the
United Nations of the filing of the Application and the Request by
Ukraine.
8. Pending the notification provided for by Article 40, paragraph 3, of
the Statute, the Registrar informed all States entitled to appear before the
Court of the filing of the Application and the Request for the indication
of provisional measures by a letter dated 2 March 2022.
9. Since the Court included upon the Bench no judge of Ukrainian
nationality, Ukraine proceeded to exercise the right conferred upon it by
Article 31 of the Statute to choose a judge ad hoc to sit in the case; it
chose Mr. Yves Daudet.
10. By a letter dated 1 March 2022, the President of the Court, exercising
the powers conferred upon her under Article 74, paragraph 4, of the
Rules of Court, called the attention of the Russian Federation to the need
to act in such a way as would enable any order the Court may make on
the request for provisional measures to have its appropriate effects.
215 allegations of genocide (order 16 III 22)
8
11. By letters dated 1 March 2022, the Registrar informed the Parties
that, pursuant to Article 74, paragraph 3, of the Rules, the Court had
fixed 7 and 8 March 2022 as the dates for the oral proceedings on the
request for the indication of provisional measures. The Registrar indicated
that the hearings would be held in a hybrid format, pursuant to
which each Party could choose to have a certain number of representatives
present in the Great Hall of Justice, with other members of the delegation
participating by video-link.
12. By a letter dated 5 March 2022, the Ambassador of the Russian
Federation to the Kingdom of the Netherlands indicated that his Government
had decided not to participate in the oral proceedings due to open
on 7 March 2022.
13. At the public hearing held in a hybrid format on 7 March 2022,
oral observations on the request for the indication of provisional measures
were presented by:
On behalf of Ukraine: Mr. Anton Korynevych,
Mr. Jean-Marc Thouvenin,
Mr. David M. Zionts,
Ms Marney L. Cheek,
Mr. Jonathan Gimblett,
Mr. Harold Hongju Koh,
Ms Oksana Zolotaryova.
14. At the end of its oral observations, Ukraine asked the Court to
indicate the following provisional measures:
“(a) The Russian Federation shall immediately suspend the military
operations commenced on 24 February 2022 that have as their
stated purpose and objective the prevention and punishment of a
claimed genocide in the Luhansk and Donetsk oblasts of Ukraine.
(b) The Russian Federation shall immediately ensure that any military
or irregular armed units which may be directed or supported
by it, as well as any organizations and persons which may be
subject to its control, direction or influence, take no steps in furtherance
of the military operations which have as their stated
purpose and objective preventing or punishing Ukraine for committing
genocide.
(c) The Russian Federation shall refrain from any action and shall
provide assurances that no action is taken that may aggravate or
extend the dispute that is the subject of this Application, or render
this dispute more difficult to resolve.
(d) The Russian Federation shall provide a report to the Court on
measures taken to implement the Court’s Order on Provisional
Measures one week after such order and then on a regular basis
to be fixed by the Court.”
216 allegations of genocide (order 16 III 22)
9
15. Under cover of a letter dated 7 March 2022 received in the Registry
shortly after the closure of the hearing, the Ambassador of the Russian
Federation to the Kingdom of the Netherlands communicated to the
Court a document setting out “the position of the Russian Federation
regarding the lack of jurisdiction of the Court in t[he] case”.
16. Since the Government of the Russian Federation did not appear at
the oral proceedings, no formal request was presented by that Government.
However, in the document communicated to the Court on 7 March
2022, the Russian Federation contends that the Court lacks jurisdiction
to entertain the case and “requests the Court to refrain from indicating
provisional measures and to remove the case from its list”.
* * *
I. Introduction
17. The context in which the present case comes before the Court is
well-known. On 24 February 2022, the President of the Russian Federation,
Mr. Vladimir Putin, declared that he had decided to conduct a “special
military operation” against Ukraine. Since then, there has been
intense fighting on Ukrainian territory, which has claimed many lives, has
caused extensive displacement and has resulted in widespread damage.
The Court is acutely aware of the extent of the human tragedy that is taking
place in Ukraine and is deeply concerned about the continuing loss of
life and human suffering.
18. The Court is profoundly concerned about the use of force by the
Russian Federation in Ukraine, which raises very serious issues of international
law. The Court is mindful of the purposes and principles of the
United Nations Charter and of its own responsibilities in the maintenance
of international peace and security as well as in the peaceful settlement of
disputes under the Charter and the Statute of the Court. It deems it necessary
to emphasize that all States must act in conformity with their obligations
under the United Nations Charter and other rules of international
law, including international humanitarian law.
19. The ongoing conflict between the Parties has been addressed in the
framework of several international institutions. The General Assembly of
the United Nations adopted a resolution referring to many aspects of the
conflict on 2 March 2022 (doc. A/RES/ES-11/1). The present case before
the Court, however, is limited in scope, as Ukraine has instituted these
proceedings only under the Genocide Convention.
*
20. The Court regrets the decision taken by the Russian Federation
not to participate in the oral proceedings on the request for the indication
217 allegations of genocide (order 16 III 22)
10
of provisional measures, as set out in the above‑mentioned letter of
5 March 2022 (see paragraph 12 above).
21. The non-appearance
of a party has a negative impact on the sound
administration of justice, as it deprives the Court of assistance that a
party could have provided to it. Nevertheless, the Court must proceed in
the discharge of its judicial function at any phase of the case (Arbitral
Award of 3 October 1899 (Guyana v. Venezuela), Jurisdiction of the Court,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2020, p. 464, para. 25; Military and Paramilitary
Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America),
Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1986, p. 23, para. 27).
22. Though formally absent from the proceedings, non-appearing
parties
sometimes submit to the Court letters and documents in ways and
by means not contemplated by its Rules (Military and Paramilitary Activities
in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America),
Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1986, p. 25, para. 31). It is valuable
for the Court to know the views of both parties in whatever form those
views may have been expressed (ibid.). The Court will therefore take
account of the document communicated by the Russian Federation on
7 March 2022 to the extent that it finds this appropriate in discharging its
duties.
23. The Court recalls that the non-appearance
of one of the States concerned
cannot by itself constitute an obstacle to the indication of provisional
measures (United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran
(United States of America v. Iran), Provisional Measures, Order of
15 December 1979, I.C.J. Reports 1979, p. 13, para. 13). It emphasizes
that the non-participation
of a party in the proceedings at any stage of
the case cannot, in any circumstances, affect the validity of its decision
(cf. Arbitral Award of 3 October 1899 (Guyana v. Venezuela), Jurisdiction
of the Court, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2020, p. 464, para. 26; Military and
Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United
States of America), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1986, p. 23, para. 27).
Should the present case extend beyond the current phase, the Russian
Federation, which remains a Party to the case, will be able, if it so wishes,
to appear before the Court to present its arguments (Military and
Paramilitary
Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United
States of America), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1986, pp. 142‑143,
para. 284).
II. Prima Facie Jurisdiction
1. General Observations
24. The Court may indicate provisional measures only if the provisions
relied on by the applicant appear, prima facie, to afford a basis on
which its jurisdiction could be founded, but it need not satisfy itself in a
definitive manner that it has jurisdiction as regards the merits of the case
218 allegations of genocide (order 16 III 22)
11
(see, for example, Application of the Convention on the Prevention and
Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (The Gambia v. Myanmar), Provisional
Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, I.C.J. Reports 2020, p. 9,
para. 16).
25. In the present case, Ukraine seeks to found the jurisdiction of the
Court on Article 36, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Court and on
Article IX of the Genocide Convention (see paragraph 3 above). The
Court must therefore first determine whether those provisions prima facie
confer upon it jurisdiction to rule on the merits of the case, enabling it —
if the other necessary conditions are fulfilled — to indicate provisional
measures.
26. Article IX of the Genocide Convention reads as follows:
“Disputes between the Contracting Parties relating to the interpretation,
application or fulfilment of the present Convention, including
those relating to the responsibility of a State for genocide or for any
of the other acts enumerated in article III, shall be submitted to the
International Court of Justice at the request of any of the parties to
the dispute.”
27. Ukraine and the Russian Federation are both parties to the Genocide
Convention. Ukraine deposited its instrument of ratification on
15 November 1954 with a reservation to Article IX of the Convention; on
20 April 1989, the depositary received notification that this reservation
had been withdrawn. The Russian Federation is a party to the Genocide
Convention as the State continuing the legal personality of the Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics, which deposited its instrument of ratification
on 3 May 1954 with a reservation to Article IX of the Convention; on
8 March 1989, the depositary received notification that this reservation
had been withdrawn.
2. Existence of a Dispute relating to the Interpretation, Application
or Fulfilment of the Genocide Convention
28. Article IX of the Genocide Convention makes the Court’s jurisdiction
conditional on the existence of a dispute relating to the interpretation,
application or fulfilment of the Convention. According to the established
case law of the Court, a dispute is “a disagreement on a point of law or
fact, a conflict of legal views or of interests” between parties (Mavrommatis
Palestine Concessions, Judgment No. 2, 1924, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 2,
p. 11). In order for a dispute to exist, “[i]t must be shown that the claim of
one party is positively opposed by the other” (South West Africa (Ethiopia
v. South Africa; Liberia v. South Africa), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 328). The two sides must “‘hold clearly
opposite views concerning the question of the performance or non-performance
of certain’ international obligations” (Alleged Violations of
Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v.
Colombia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2016 (I),
219 allegations of genocide (order 16 III 22)
12
p. 26, para. 50, citing Interpretation of Peace Treaties with Bulgaria,
Hungary
and Romania, First Phase, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1950,
p. 74). To determine whether a dispute exists in the present case, the Court
cannot limit itself to noting that one of the Parties maintains that the Convention
applies, while the other denies it (see Application of the International
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
(Qatar v. United Arab Emirates), Provisional Measures, Order of 23 July
2018, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (II), p. 414, para. 18).
29. Since Ukraine has invoked as the basis of the Court’s jurisdiction
the compromissory clause in an international convention, the Court must
ascertain, at the present stage of the proceedings, whether it appears that
the acts complained of by the Applicant are capable of falling within the
scope of that convention ratione materiae (cf. Jadhav (India v. Pakistan),
Provisional Measures, Order of 18 May 2017, I.C.J. Reports 2017, p. 239,
para. 30).
* *
30. Ukraine contends that a dispute exists between it and the Russian
Federation relating to the interpretation, application or fulfilment of the
Genocide Convention. It maintains that the Parties disagree on whether
genocide, as defined in Article II of the Convention, has occurred or is
occurring in the Luhansk and Donetsk oblasts of Ukraine and whether
Ukraine has committed genocide. In this regard, the Applicant submits
that it profoundly disagrees with the unsubstantiated allegation of the
Russian Federation that genocide has taken place in Ukraine and that it
has made this known to the Russian Federation on multiple occasions
since September 2014, including through a statement by the Minister for
Foreign Affairs of Ukraine before the General Assembly of the United
Nations on 23 February 2022.
31. Ukraine further argues that the dispute between the Parties concerns
the question whether, as a consequence of the Russian Federation’s
unilateral assertion that genocide is occurring, the Russian Federation
has a lawful basis to take military action in and against Ukraine to prevent
and punish genocide pursuant to Article I of the Genocide Convention.
Ukraine considers that the Russian Federation “has turned the
Genocide Convention on its head”, making a false claim of genocide as a
basis for actions on its part that constitute grave violations of the human
rights of millions of people across Ukraine. It asserts that, rather than
taking military action to prevent and punish genocide, the Russian Federation
should have seised the organs of the United Nations under Article
VIII of the Convention or seised the Court under Article IX thereof.
Ukraine states that it vehemently disagrees with the Russian Federation’s
interpretation, application and fulfilment of the Convention. Referring,
inter alia, to a statement by the Ukrainian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
of 26 February 2022, Ukraine asserts that the Russian Federation “could
220 allegations of genocide (order 16 III 22)
13
not have been unaware, that its views were ‘positively opposed’” by
Ukraine.
*
32. In the document communicated to the Court on 7 March 2022, the
Russian Federation states that the only basis for jurisdiction referred to
by Ukraine is the dispute resolution clause contained in Article IX of the
Genocide Convention. However, according to the Respondent, it is clear
from the plain language of the Convention that it does not regulate the
use of force between States. The Respondent submits that, in order to
“glue” the Convention to the use of force for the purposes of invoking
its dispute resolution clause, Ukraine has claimed that the Russian Federation
commenced its “special military operation” on the basis of
allegations
of genocide committed by Ukraine. The Russian Federation
asserts that, in reality, its “special military operation” on the territory of
Ukraine is based on Article 51 of the United Nations Charter and
customary
international
law and that the Convention cannot provide
a legal basis for a military operation, which is beyond the scope of the
Convention.
33. The Respondent further states that the legal basis for the “special
military operation” was communicated on 24 February 2022 to the
Secretary-General
of the United Nations and the United Nations Security
Council by the Permanent Representative of the Russian Federation to
the United Nations in the form of a notification under Article 51 of the
United Nations Charter (circulated as document S/2022/154 of the Security
Council). The Russian Federation contends that, while the address of
President Putin “to the citizens of Russia” that was appended to the notification
may in certain contexts have referred to genocide, this reference
is not the same as the invocation of the Convention as a legal justification
for its operation, nor does it indicate that the Russian Federation recognizes
the existence of a dispute under the Convention. The Russian Federation
emphasizes that there are no references to the Genocide
Convention in the address made by its President on 24 February 2022.
34. The Russian Federation therefore concludes that Ukraine’s “Application
and Request manifestly fall beyond the scope of the Convention
and thus the jurisdiction of the Court”; it asks the Court to remove the
case from its List.
* *
35. The Court recalls that, for the purposes of deciding whether there
was a dispute between the Parties at the time of the filing of the Application,
it takes into account in particular any statements or documents
exchanged between the Parties, as well as any exchanges made in multilateral
settings. In so doing, it pays special attention to the author of the
221 allegations of genocide (order 16 III 22)
14
statement or document, their intended or actual addressee, and their content.
The existence of a dispute is a matter for objective determination by
the Court; it is a matter of substance, and not a question of form or
procedure (see Application of the Convention on the Prevention and
Punishment
of the Crime of Genocide (The Gambia v. Myanmar), Provisional
Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, I.C.J. Reports 2020, p. 12,
para. 26).
36. The Court notes that the Applicant disputes the Russian Federation’s
allegation that Ukraine has committed or is committing genocide in
the Luhansk and Donetsk regions of Ukraine. Ukraine also asserts that
nothing in the Convention authorizes the Russian Federation to use force
against Ukraine as a means to fulfil its obligation under Article I thereof
to prevent and punish genocide.
37. In this regard the Court observes that, since 2014, various State
organs and senior representatives of the Russian Federation have referred,
in official statements, to the commission of acts of genocide by Ukraine in
the Luhansk and Donetsk regions. The Court observes, in particular, that
the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation — an official State
organ — has, since 2014, instituted criminal proceedings against high-ranking
Ukrainian officials regarding the alleged commission of acts of
genocide against the Russian-speaking
population living in the above‑mentioned
regions “in violation of the 1948 Convention on the Prevention
and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide”.
38. The Court recalls that, in an address made on 21 February 2022,
the President of the Russian Federation, Mr. Vladimir Putin, described
the situation in Donbass as a “horror and genocide, which almost 4 million
people are facing”.
39. By a letter dated 24 February 2022 (see paragraph 33 above), the
Permanent Representative of the Russian Federation to the United Nations
requested the Secretary-General
to circulate, as a document of the Security
Council, the
“text of the address of the President of the Russian Federation,
Vladimir Putin, to the citizens of Russia, informing them of the measures
taken in accordance with Article 51 of the Charter of the
United Nations in exercise of the right of self‑defence”.
In his address, pronounced on 24 February 2022, the President of the
Russian Federation explained that he had decided, “in accordance with
Article 51 (Chapter VII) of the Charter of the United Nations . . . to conduct
a special military operation with the approval of the Federation
Council of Russia and pursuant to the treaties on friendship and mutual
assistance with the Donetsk People’s Republic and the Lugansk People’s
Republic”. He specified that the “purpose” of the special operation was
“to protect people who have been subjected to abuse and genocide by the
Kiev regime for eight years”. He stated that the Russian Federation had
to stop “a genocide” against millions of people and that it would seek the
222 allegations of genocide (order 16 III 22)
15
prosecution of those who had committed numerous bloody crimes against
civilians, including citizens of the Russian Federation.
40. The Permanent Representative of the Russian Federation to the
United Nations, referring to the address by the President of the Russian
Federation of 24 February 2022, explained at a meeting of the Security
Council on Ukraine that “the purpose of the special operation [was] to
protect people who ha[d] been subjected to abuse and genocide by the
Kyiv regime for eight years”.
41. Two days later, the Permanent Representative of the Russian Federation
to the European Union stated in an interview that the operation
was a “peace enforcement special military operation” carried out in an
“effort aimed at de-Nazification”,
adding that people had been actually
“exterminated” and that “the official term of genocide as coined in international
law[, if one] read[s] the definition, . . . fits pretty well”.
42. In response to the Russian Federation’s allegations and its military
actions, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine issued a statement on
26 February 2022, saying that Ukraine “strongly denies Russia’s allegations
of genocide” and disputes “any attempt to use such manipulative
allegations as an excuse for Russia’s unlawful aggression”.
43. At the present stage of these proceedings, the Court is not required
to ascertain whether any violations of obligations under the Genocide
Convention have occurred in the context of the present dispute. Such a
finding could be made by the Court only at the stage of the examination
of the merits of the present case. At the stage of making an order on a
request for the indication of provisional measures, the Court’s task is to
establish whether the acts complained of by Ukraine appear to be capable
of falling within the provisions of the Genocide Convention.
44. The Court recalls that, while it is not necessary for a State to refer
expressly to a specific treaty in its exchanges with the other State to enable it
later to invoke the compromissory clause of that instrument to institute proceedings
before the Court (Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against
Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), Jurisdiction and Admissibility,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1984, pp. 428‑429, para. 83), the exchanges
must refer to the subject‑matter of the treaty with sufficient clarity to enable
the State against which a claim is made to ascertain that there is, or may be,
a dispute with regard to that subject‑matter (Application of the International
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia
v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
2011 (I), p. 85, para. 30). The Court considers that, in the present proceedings,
the evidence in the case file demonstrates prima facie that statements
made by the Parties referred to the subject-matter
of the Genocide Convention
in a sufficiently clear way to allow Ukraine to invoke the compromissory
clause in this instrument as a basis for the Court’s jurisdiction.
45. The statements made by the State organs and senior officials of the
Parties indicate a divergence of views as to whether certain acts allegedly
223 allegations of genocide (order 16 III 22)
16
committed by Ukraine in the Luhansk and Donetsk regions amount to
genocide in violation of its obligations under the Genocide Convention,
as well as whether the use of force by the Russian Federation for the
stated purpose of preventing and punishing alleged genocide is a measure
that can be taken in fulfilment of the obligation to prevent and punish
genocide contained in Article I of the Convention. In the Court’s view,
the acts complained of by the Applicant appear to be capable of falling
within the provisions of the Genocide Convention.
46. The Court recalls the Russian Federation’s assertion that its “special
military operation” is based on Article 51 of the United Nations Charter
and customary international law (see paragraphs 32-33). The Court observes
in this respect that certain acts or omissions may give rise to a dispute that
falls within the ambit of more than one treaty (cf. Alleged Violations of the
1955 Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights (Islamic
Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2021, p. 27, para. 56). The above-referenced
assertion
of the Russian Federation does not therefore preclude a prima facie finding
by the Court that the dispute presented in the Application relates to the
interpretation, application or fulfilment of the Genocide Convention.
47. The Court finds therefore that the above-mentioned
elements are
sufficient at this stage to establish prima facie the existence of a dispute
between the Parties relating to the interpretation, application or fulfilment
of the Genocide Convention.
3. Conclusion as to Prima Facie Jurisdiction
48. In light of the foregoing, the Court concludes that, prima facie, it
has jurisdiction pursuant to Article IX of the Genocide Convention to
entertain the case.
49. Given the above conclusion, the Court considers that it cannot
accede to the Russian Federation’s request that the case be removed from
the General List for manifest lack of jurisdiction.
III. The Rights Whose Protection Is Sought and the Link
between such Rights and the Measures Requested
50. The power of the Court to indicate provisional measures under
Article 41 of the Statute has as its object the preservation of the respective
rights claimed by the parties in a case, pending its decision on the merits
thereof. It follows that the Court must be concerned to preserve by such
measures the rights which may subsequently be adjudged by it to belong
to either party. Therefore, the Court may exercise this power only if it is
satisfied that the rights asserted by the party requesting such measures are
at least plausible (see, for example, Application of the Convention on the
Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (The Gambia v.
224 allegations of genocide (order 16 III 22)
17
Myanmar), Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, I.C.J. Reports
2020, p. 18, para. 43).
51. At this stage of the proceedings, however, the Court is not called
upon to determine definitively whether the rights which Ukraine wishes to
see protected exist; it need only decide whether the rights claimed
by Ukraine on the merits, and for which it is seeking protection, are plausible.
Moreover, a link must exist between the rights whose protection is
sought and the provisional measures being requested (ibid., para. 44).
* *
52. In the present proceedings, Ukraine argues that it seeks provisional
measures to protect its rights “not to be subject to a false claim of genocide”,
and “not to be subjected to another State’s military operations on
its territory based on a brazen abuse of Article I of the Genocide Convention”.
It states that the Russian Federation has acted inconsistently
with its obligations and duties, as set out in Articles I and IV of the
Convention.
53. Ukraine contends that it has a right to demand good faith performance
of obligations under the Genocide Convention by the Russian Federation,
in accordance with the object and purpose of the Convention. It
states that the Russian Federation has abused and misused the rights and
duties stipulated in the Convention and that the “special military operation”
of the Respondent is an aggression undertaken “under the guise” of the duty
to prevent and punish genocide, enshrined in Articles I and IV of the Convention,
and that it frustrates the object and purpose of the Convention.
54. The Applicant further submits that it has a right under the Convention
not to be harmed by the Russian Federation’s misuse and abuse
of the Convention. It considers in particular that it has a right not to suffer
grave harm as a result of a military action falsely cloaked as one
undertaken to prevent and punish genocide.
55. Ukraine asserts that the above-mentioned
rights are grounded in a
possible interpretation of the Genocide Convention and are therefore
plausible.
* *
56. The Court observes that, in accordance with Article I of the
Convention,
all States parties thereto have undertaken “to prevent and to
punish” the crime of genocide. Article I does not specify the kinds of
measures that a Contracting Party may take to fulfil this obligation.
However, the Contracting Parties must implement this obligation in good
faith, taking into account other parts of the Convention, in particular
Articles VIII and IX, as well as its preamble.
Pursuant to Article VIII of the Convention, a Contracting Party that
considers that genocide is taking place in the territory of another Con-
225 allegations of genocide (order 16 III 22)
18
tracting Party “may call upon the competent organs of the United Nations
to take such action under the Charter of the United Nations as they consider
appropriate for the prevention and suppression of acts of genocide
or any of the other acts enumerated in article III”. In addition, pursuant
to Article
IX, such a Contracting Party may submit to the Court a dispute
relating to the interpretation, application or fulfilment of the Convention.
57. A Contracting Party may resort to other means of fulfilling its obligation
to prevent and punish genocide that it believes to have been committed
by another Contracting Party, such as bilateral engagement or
exchanges within a regional organization. However, the Court emphasizes
that, in discharging its duty to prevent genocide, “every State may
only act within the limits permitted by international law”, as was stated
in a previous case brought under the Convention (Application of the
Convention
on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
(Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro), Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 2007 (I), p. 221, para. 430).
58. The acts undertaken by the Contracting Parties “to prevent and to
punish” genocide must be in conformity with the spirit and aims of the
United Nations, as set out in Article 1 of the United Nations Charter. In
this regard, the Court recalls that, under Article 1 of the United Nations
Charter, the purposes of the United Nations are, inter alia,
“[t]o maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to
take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of
threats to the peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or
other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means,
and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law,
adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations which
might lead to a breach of the peace”.
59. The Court can only take a decision on the Applicant’s claims if the
case proceeds to the merits. At the present stage of the proceedings, it
suffices to observe that the Court is not in possession of evidence substantiating
the allegation of the Russian Federation that genocide has been
committed on Ukrainian territory. Moreover, it is doubtful that the Convention,
in light of its object and purpose, authorizes a Contracting Party’s
unilateral use of force in the territory of another State for the purpose
of preventing or punishing an alleged genocide.
60. Under these circumstances, the Court considers that Ukraine has a
plausible right not to be subjected to military operations by the Russian
Federation for the purpose of preventing and punishing an alleged genocide
in the territory of Ukraine.
* *
226 allegations of genocide (order 16 III 22)
19
61. The Court now turns to the condition of the link between the rights
claimed by Ukraine and the provisional measures requested.
* *
62. Ukraine claims that there is a clear link between the plausible
rights that it seeks to preserve and the first two provisional measures that
it requests. In particular, the first two provisional measures share a direct
link to Ukraine’s right under Article I to good faith performance of the
Convention by any State party.
* *
63. The Court has already found that Ukraine is asserting a right that
is plausible under the Genocide Convention (see paragraphs 50-60 above).
The Court considers that, by their very nature, the first two provisional
measures sought by Ukraine (see paragraph 14 above) are aimed at preserving
the right of Ukraine that the Court has found to be plausible. As
to the third and fourth provisional measures requested by Ukraine, the
question of their link with that plausible right does not arise, in so far as
such measures would be directed at preventing any action which may
aggravate or extend the existing dispute or render it more difficult to
resolve, and at providing information on the compliance with any specific
provisional measure indicated by the Court (see Application of the Convention
on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
(The Gambia v. Myanmar), Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January
2020, I.C.J. Reports 2020, p. 24, para. 61).
64. The Court concludes, therefore, that a link exists between the right
of Ukraine that the Court has found to be plausible and the requested
provisional measures.
IV. Risk of Irreparable Prejudice and Urgency
65. The Court, pursuant to Article 41 of its Statute, has the power to
indicate provisional measures when irreparable prejudice could be caused
to rights which are the subject of judicial proceedings or when the alleged
disregard of such rights may entail irreparable consequences (see, for
example, ibid., para. 64, referring to Alleged Violations of the 1955 Treaty
of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights (Islamic Republic of
Iran v. United States of America), Provisional Measures, Order of 3 October
2018, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (II), p. 645, para. 77).
66. However, the power of the Court to indicate provisional measures
will be exercised only if there is urgency, in the sense that there is a real
and imminent risk that irreparable prejudice will be caused to the rights
claimed before the Court gives its final decision. The condition of urgency
is met when the acts susceptible of causing irreparable prejudice can
227 allegations of genocide (order 16 III 22)
20
“occur at any moment” before the Court makes a final decision on the
case (Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of
the Crime of Genocide (The Gambia v. Myanmar), Provisional Measures,
Order of 23 January 2020, I.C.J. Reports 2020, p. 24, para. 65). The Court
must therefore consider whether such a risk exists at this stage of the
proceedings.
67. The Court is not called upon, for the purposes of its decision on the
request for the indication of provisional measures, to establish the existence
of breaches of obligations under the Genocide Convention, but to determine
whether the circumstances require the indication of provisional measures
for the protection of the right found to be plausible. It cannot at this
stage make definitive findings of fact, and the right of each Party to submit
arguments in respect of the merits remains unaffected by the Court’s decision
on the request for the indication of provisional measures.
* *
68. Ukraine submits that there is an urgent need to protect its people
from the irreparable harm caused by the Russian Federation’s military
measures that have been launched on a pretext of genocide. It emphasizes
that the invasion by the Russian Federation has resulted in numerous
casualties among Ukrainian civilians and military personnel, the bombing
of numerous cities across Ukraine, and the displacement of over one and
a half million Ukrainian civilians both within Ukraine and across its
international borders.
69. Ukraine asserts that, in assessing whether the condition of urgency
is satisfied in cases involving ongoing conflict, the Court typically considers
whether the population at risk is particularly vulnerable, the fragility
of the overall situation, including the likelihood of aggravation of the
dispute, and the risk of reoccurrence of harm. Ukraine submits that the
Court has frequently stated that loss of life constitutes an irreparable
harm.
70. In this regard, Ukraine contends that thousands of people have
already been killed in the conflict and that, with every day that passes,
more lives will be lost and probably at an accelerating rate. It argues that
the refugee crisis is another example of irreparable harm, pointing to the
uncertainty that these displaced individuals will ever be able to return to
their homes and the lasting psychological trauma the conflict will cause
them even if they are resettled. It emphasizes that the population is
extremely vulnerable, with many lacking food, electricity and water; that
the overall situation is extremely fragile; and that the risk of aggravation
of the crisis is acute. Ukraine further asserts that the Russian Federation’s
military action poses grave environmental risks, not only to Ukraine
but also for the wider region, referring in particular to the dangers posed
to Ukraine’s civil nuclear industry and toxic smoke released by attacks on
fuel depots.
228 allegations of genocide (order 16 III 22)
21
71. Ukraine submits that the seriousness of the situation unambiguously
satisfies the conditions of irreparable harm and urgency necessary
for the imposition of provisional measures.
*
72. The Russian Federation, for its part, submits that, contrary to
what Ukraine asserts, the urgency must pertain not to the situation in
general but to the protection of rights provided for by the Convention.
* *
73. Having previously determined that Ukraine can plausibly assert a
right under the Genocide Convention and that there is a link between this
right and the provisional measures requested, the Court now considers
whether irreparable prejudice could be caused to this right and whether there
is urgency, in the sense that there is a real and imminent risk that irreparable
prejudice will be caused to this right before the Court gives its final decision.
74. The Court considers that the right of Ukraine that it has found to
be plausible (see paragraph 60 above) is of such a nature that prejudice to
it is capable of causing irreparable harm. Indeed, any military operation,
in particular one on the scale carried out by the Russian Federation on
the territory of Ukraine, inevitably causes loss of life, mental and bodily
harm, and damage to property and to the environment.
75. The Court considers that the civilian population affected by the
present conflict is extremely vulnerable. The “special military operation”
being conducted by the Russian Federation has resulted in numerous
civilian deaths and injuries. It has also caused significant material damage,
including the destruction of buildings and infrastructure. Attacks are
ongoing and are creating increasingly difficult living conditions for the
civilian population. Many persons have no access to the most basic foodstuffs,
potable water, electricity, essential medicines or heating. A very
large number of people are attempting to flee from the most affected cities
under extremely insecure conditions.
76. In this regard, the Court takes note of resolution A/RES/ES-11/1
of 2 March 2022, of the General Assembly of the United Nations, which,
inter alia, “[e]xpress[es] grave concern at reports of attacks on civilian
facilities such as residences, schools and hospitals, and of civilian casualties,
including women, older persons, persons with disabilities, and children”,
“[r]ecogniz[es] that the military operations of the Russian
Federation inside the sovereign territory of Ukraine are on a scale that
the international community has not seen in Europe in decades and that
urgent action is needed to save this generation from the scourge of war”,
“[c]ondemn[s] the decision of the Russian Federation to increase the
readiness of its nuclear forces” and “[e]xpress[es] grave concern at the
deteriorating humanitarian situation in and around Ukraine, with an
229 allegations of genocide (order 16 III 22)
22
increasing number of internally displaced persons and refugees in need of
humanitarian assistance”.
77. In light of these circumstances, the Court concludes that disregard
of the right deemed plausible by the Court (see paragraph 60 above)
could cause irreparable prejudice to this right and that there is urgency, in
the sense that there is a real and imminent risk that such prejudice will be
caused before the Court makes a final decision in the case.
V. Conclusion and Measures to Be Adopted
78. The Court concludes from all of the above considerations that the
conditions required by its Statute for it to indicate provisional measures
are met. It is therefore necessary, pending its final decision, for the Court
to indicate certain measures in order to protect the right of Ukraine that
the Court has found to be plausible (see paragraph 60 above).
79. The Court recalls that it has the power, under its Statute, when a
request for provisional measures has been made, to indicate measures that
are, in whole or in part, other than those requested. Article 75, paragraph 2,
of the Rules of Court specifically refers to this power of the Court. The
Court has already exercised this power on several occasions in the past (see,
for example, Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment
of the Crime of Genocide (The Gambia v. Myanmar), Provisional
Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, I.C.J. Reports 2020, p. 28, para. 77).
80. In the present case, having considered the terms of the provisional
measures requested by Ukraine and the circumstances of the case, the
Court finds that the measures to be indicated need not be identical to
those requested.
81. The Court considers that, with regard to the situation described
above, the Russian Federation must, pending the final decision in the
case, suspend the military operations that it commenced on 24 February
2022 in the territory of Ukraine. In addition, recalling the statement of
the Permanent Representative of the Russian Federation to the
United Nations that the “Donetsk People’s Republic” and the “Lugansk
People’s Republic” had turned to the Russian Federation with a request
to grant military support, the Court considers that the Russian Federation
must also ensure that any military or irregular armed units which
may be directed or supported by it, as well as any organizations and persons
which may be subject to its control or direction, take no steps in
furtherance of these military operations.
82. The Court recalls that Ukraine also requested it to indicate measures
aimed at ensuring the non‑aggravation of the dispute with the
Russian
Federation. When it indicates provisional measures for the pur-
230 allegations of genocide (order 16 III 22)
23
pose of preserving specific rights, the Court may also indicate provisional
measures with a view to preventing the aggravation or extension of the
dispute if it considers that the circumstances so require (see, for example,
Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms
of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures,
Order of 7 December 2021, I.C.J. Reports 2021, p. 392, para. 94; Application
of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Racial Discrimination (Azerbaijan v. Armenia), Provisional Measures,
Order of 7 December 2021, I.C.J. Reports 2021, pp. 429-430, para. 72). In
the present case, having considered all the circumstances, in addition to
the specific measures it has decided to order, the Court deems it necessary
to indicate an additional measure directed to both Parties and aimed at
ensuring the non-aggravation
of the dispute.
83. The Court further recalls that Ukraine requested it to indicate a
provisional measure directing the Russian Federation to “provide a
report to the Court on measures taken to implement the Court’s Order on
Provisional Measures one week after such Order and then on a regular
basis to be fixed by the Court”. In the circumstances of the present case,
however, the Court declines to indicate this measure.
* * *
84. The Court reaffirms that its “orders on provisional measures under
Article 41 [of the Statute] have binding effect” (LaGrand (Germany v.
United States of America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 506,
para. 109) and thus create international legal obligations for any party to
whom the provisional measures are addressed.
* * *
85. The Court further reaffirms that the decision given in the present
proceedings in no way prejudges the question of the jurisdiction of the
Court to deal with the merits of the case or any questions relating to the
admissibility of the Application or to the merits themselves. It leaves
unaffected the right of the Governments of Ukraine and of the Russian
Federation to submit arguments in respect of those questions.
* * *
86. For these reasons,
The Court,
Indicates the following provisional measures:
(1) By thirteen votes to two,
231 allegations of genocide (order 16 III 22)
24
The Russian Federation shall immediately suspend the military operations
that it commenced on 24 February 2022 in the territory of Ukraine;
in favour: President Donoghue; Judges Tomka, Abraham, Bennouna, Yusuf,
Sebutinde, Bhandari, Robinson, Salam, Iwasawa, Nolte, Charlesworth;
Judge ad hoc Daudet;
against: Vice-President
Gevorgian; Judge Xue;
(2) By thirteen votes to two,
The Russian Federation shall ensure that any military or irregular
armed units which may be directed or supported by it, as well as any
organizations and persons which may be subject to its control or direction,
take no steps in furtherance of the military operations referred to in
point 1 above;
in favour: President Donoghue; Judges Tomka, Abraham, Bennouna, Yusuf,
Sebutinde, Bhandari, Robinson, Salam, Iwasawa, Nolte, Charlesworth;
Judge ad hoc Daudet;
against: Vice-President
Gevorgian; Judge Xue;
(3) Unanimously,
Both Parties shall refrain from any action which might aggravate or
extend the dispute before the Court or make it more difficult to resolve.
Done in English and in French, the English text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this sixteenth day of March, two thousand
and twenty-two, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archives
of the Court and the others transmitted to the Government of Ukraine
and the Government of the Russian Federation, respectively.
(Signed) Joan E. Donoghue,
President.
(Signed) Philippe Gautier,
Registrar.
Vice-President
Gevorgian appends a declaration to the Order of the
Court; Judges Bennouna and Xue append declarations to the Order of
the Court; Judge Robinson appends a separate opinion to the Order of
the Court; Judge Nolte appends a declaration to the Order of the Court;
Judge ad hoc Daudet appends a declaration to the Order of the Court.
(Initialled) J.E.D.
(Initialled) Ph.G.

Bilingual Content

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS
ALLEGATIONS OF GENOCIDE
UNDER THE CONVENTION
ON THE PREVENTION AND PUNISHMENT
OF THE CRIME OF GENOCIDE
(UKRAINE v. RUSSIAN FEDERATION)
REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION
OF PROVISIONAL MEASURES
ORDER OF 16 MARCH 2022
2022
COUR INTERNATONALE DE JUSTICE
RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES
ALLÉGATIONS DE GÉNOCIDE
AU TITRE DE LA CONVENTION
POUR LA PRÉVENTION ET LA RÉPRESSION
DU CRIME DE GÉNOCIDE
(UKRAINE c. FÉDÉRATION DE RUSSIE)
DEMANDE EN INDICATION
DE MESURES CONSERVATOIRES
ORDONNANCE DU 16 MARS 2022
Official citation:
Allegations of Genocide under the Convention
on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
(Ukraine v. Russian Federation), Provisional Measures,
Order of 16 March 2022, I.C.J. Reports 2022, p. 211
Mode officiel de citation :
Allégations de génocide au titre de la convention
pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide
(Ukraine c. Fédération de Russie), mesures conservatoires,
ordonnance du 16 mars 2022, C.I.J. Recueil 2022, p. 211
ISSN 0074-4441
ISBN 978-92-1-003903-1
e-ISBN 978-92-1-002520-1
Sales number
No de vente : 1240
© 2023 ICJ/CIJ, United Nations/Nations Unies
All rights reserved/Tous droits réservés
printed in france/imprimé en france
ALLEGATIONS OF GENOCIDE
UNDER THE CONVENTION
ON THE PREVENTION AND PUNISHMENT
OF THE CRIME OF GENOCIDE
(UKRAINE v. RUSSIAN FEDERATION)
REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION
OF PROVISIONAL MEASURES
ALLÉGATIONS DE GÉNOCIDE
AU TITRE DE LA CONVENTION
POUR LA PRÉVENTION ET LA RÉPRESSION
DU CRIME DE GÉNOCIDE
(UKRAINE c. FÉDÉRATION DE RUSSIE)
DEMANDE EN INDICATION
DE MESURES CONSERVATOIRES
16 MARCH 2022
ORDER
16 MARS 2022
ORDONNANCE
211
4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Paragraphs
Chronology of the Procedure 1-16
I. Introduction 17-23
II. Prima Facie Jurisdiction 24-49
1. General observations 24-27
2. Existence of a dispute relating to the interpretation, application
or fulfilment of the Genocide Convention 28-47
3. Conclusion as to prima facie jurisdiction 48-49
III. The Rights Whose Protection Is Sought and the Link
between such Rights and the Measures Requested 50-64
IV. Risk of Irreparable Prejudice and Urgency 65-77
V. Conclusion and Measures to Be Adopted 78-85
Operative Clause 86
211
4
TABLE DES MATIÈRES
Paragraphes
Qualités 1-16
I. Introduction 17-23
II. Compétence prima facie 24-49
1. Observations générales 24-27
2. Existence d’un différend concernant l’interprétation, l’application
ou l’exécution de la convention sur le génocide 28-47
3. Conclusion quant à la compétence prima facie 48-49
III. Les droits dont la protection est recherchée et le lien
entre ces droits et les mesures demandées 50-64
IV. Risque de préjudice irréparable et urgence 65-77
V. Conclusion et mesures à adopter 78-85
Dispositif 86
212
5
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
YEAR 2022
16 March 2022
ALLEGATIONS OF GENOCIDE
UNDER THE CONVENTION
ON THE PREVENTION AND PUNISHMENT
OF THE CRIME OF GENOCIDE
(UKRAINE v. RUSSIAN FEDERATION)
REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION
OF PROVISIONAL MEASURES
ORDER
Present: President Donoghue; Vice‑President Gevorgian; Judges Tomka,
Abraham, Bennouna, Yusuf, Xue, Sebutinde, Bhandari,
Robinson, Salam, Iwasawa, Nolte, Charlesworth;
Judge ad hoc Daudet; Registrar Gautier.
The International Court of Justice,
Composed as above,
After deliberation,
Having regard to Articles 41 and 48 of the Statute of the Court and
Articles 73, 74 and 75 of the Rules of Court,
Makes the following Order:
1. On 26 February 2022, at 9.30 p.m., Ukraine filed in the Registry of
the Court an Application instituting proceedings against the Russian Federation
concerning “a dispute . . . relating to the interpretation, applica-
2022
16 March
General List
No. 182
212
5
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
ANNÉE 2022
16 mars 2022
ALLÉGATIONS DE GÉNOCIDE
AU TITRE DE LA CONVENTION
POUR LA PRÉVENTION ET LA RÉPRESSION
DU CRIME DE GÉNOCIDE
(UKRAINE c. FÉDÉRATION DE RUSSIE)
DEMANDE EN INDICATION
DE MESURES CONSERVATOIRES
ORDONNANCE
Présents : Mme Donoghue, présidente ; M. Gevorgian, vice-président
;
MM. Tomka, Abraham, Bennouna, Yusuf, Mmes Xue,
Sebutinde, MM. Bhandari, Robinson, Salam, Iwasawa,
Nolte, Charlesworth, juges ; M. Daudet, juge ad hoc ;
M. Gautier, greffier.
La Cour internationale de Justice,
Ainsi composée,
Après délibéré en chambre du conseil,
Vu les articles 41 et 48 de son Statut et les articles 73, 74 et 75 de son
Règlement,
Rend l’ordonnance suivante :
1. Le 26 février 2022, à 21h30, l’Ukraine a déposé au Greffe de la Cour
une requête introductive d’instance contre la Fédération de Russie au
sujet d’« un différend … concernant l’interprétation, l’application et l’exé-
2022
16 mars
Rôle général
no 182
213 allegations of genocide (order 16 III 22)
6
tion and fulfilment of the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and
Punishment of the Crime of Genocide” (hereinafter the “Genocide
Convention”
or the “Convention”).
2. At the end of its Application, Ukraine
“respectfully requests the Court to:
(a) Adjudge and declare that, contrary to what the Russian Federation
claims, no acts of genocide, as defined by Article III of the
Genocide Convention, have been committed in the Luhansk and
Donetsk oblasts of Ukraine.
(b) Adjudge and declare that the Russian Federation cannot lawfully
take any action under the Genocide Convention in or against
Ukraine aimed at preventing or punishing an alleged genocide,
on the basis of its false claims of genocide in the Luhansk and
Donetsk oblasts of Ukraine.
(c) Adjudge and declare that the Russian Federation’s recognition of
the independence of the so‑called ‘Donetsk People’s Republic’
and ‘Luhansk People’s Republic’ on 22 February 2022 is based
on a false claim of genocide and therefore has no basis in the
Genocide Convention.
(d) Adjudge and declare that the ‘special military operation’ declared
and carried out by the Russian Federation on and after 24 February
2022 is based on a false claim of genocide and therefore has
no basis in the Genocide Convention.
(e) Require that the Russian Federation provide assurances and
guarantees of non‑repetition that it will not take any unlawful
measures in and against Ukraine, including the use of force, on
the basis of its false claim of genocide.
(f) Order full reparation for all damage caused by the Russian Federation
as a consequence of any actions taken on the basis of
Russia’s false claim of genocide.”
3. In its Application, Ukraine seeks to found the Court’s jurisdiction
on Article 36, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Court and on Article IX
of the Genocide Convention.
4. Together with the Application, Ukraine submitted a Request for the
indication of provisional measures with reference to Article 41 of the
Statute and to Articles 73, 74 and 75 of the Rules of Court.
5. At the end of its Request, Ukraine asked the Court to indicate the
following provisional measures:
“(a) The Russian Federation shall immediately suspend the military
operations commenced on 24 February 2022 that have as their
stated purpose and objective the prevention and punishment of
a claimed genocide in the Luhansk and Donetsk oblasts of
Ukraine.
allégations de génocide (ordonnance 16 III 22) 213
6
cution de la convention de 1948 pour la prévention et la répression du
crime de génocide » (dénommée ci-
après la « convention sur le génocide »
ou la « convention »).
2. Au terme de sa requête, l’Ukraine
« prie respectueusement la Cour :
a) de dire et juger que, contrairement à ce que prétend la Fédération
de Russie, aucun acte de génocide, tel que défini à l’article III de
la convention sur le génocide, n’a été commis dans les oblasts
ukrainiens de Louhansk et de Donetsk ;
b) de dire et juger que la Fédération de Russie ne saurait licitement
prendre, au titre de la convention sur le génocide, quelque action
que ce soit en Ukraine ou contre celle‑ci visant à prévenir ou à
punir un prétendu génocide, sous le prétexte fallacieux qu’un
génocide aurait été perpétré dans les oblasts ukrainiens de Louhansk
et de Donetsk ;
c) de dire et juger que la reconnaissance, par la Fédération de Russie,
de l’indépendance des prétendues « République populaire de
Donetsk » et « République populaire de Louhansk », le 22 février
2022, est fondée sur une allégation mensongère de génocide et ne
trouve donc aucune justification dans la convention sur le génocide ;
d) de dire et juger que l’« opération militaire spéciale » annoncée et
mise en oeuvre par la Fédération de Russie à compter du 24 février
2022 est fondée sur une allégation mensongère de génocide et ne
trouve donc aucune justification dans la convention sur le génocide ;
e) d’exiger de la Fédération de Russie qu’elle fournisse des assurances
et garanties de non‑répétition en ce qui concerne la prise
par elle de toute mesure illicite en Ukraine et contre celle-
ci,
notamment l’emploi de la force, en se fondant sur son allégation
mensongère de génocide ;
f) d’ordonner la réparation intégrale de tout dommage causé par la
Fédération de Russie par suite de toute action fondée sur son
allégation mensongère de génocide. »
3. Dans sa requête, l’Ukraine entend fonder la compétence de la Cour
sur le paragraphe 1 de l’article 36 du Statut de celle-
ci et sur l’article IX
de la convention sur le génocide.
4. En même temps que la requête, l’Ukraine, se référant à l’article 41
du Statut de la Cour et aux articles 73, 74 et 75 de son Règlement, a présenté
une demande en indication de mesures conservatoires.
5. Au terme de sa demande, l’Ukraine a prié la Cour d’indiquer les
mesures conservatoires suivantes :
« a) La Fédération de Russie doit suspendre immédiatement les
opérations
militaires commencées le 24 février 2022 ayant pour
but et objectif déclarés la prévention et la répression d’un prétendu
génocide dans les oblasts ukrainiens de Donetsk et de
Louhansk.
214 allegations of genocide (order 16 III 22)
7
(b) The Russian Federation shall immediately ensure that any military
or irregular armed units which may be directed or supported
by it, as well as any organizations and persons which may be
subject to its control, direction or influence, take no steps in furtherance
of the military operations which have as their stated
purpose and objective preventing or punishing Ukraine for committing
genocide.
(c) The Russian Federation shall refrain from any action and shall
provide assurances that no action is taken that may aggravate or
extend the dispute that is the subject of this Application, or render
this dispute more difficult to resolve.
(d) The Russian Federation shall provide a report to the Court on
measures taken to implement the Court’s Order on Provisional
Measures one week after such Order and then on a regular basis
to be fixed by the Court.”
6. Ukraine also requested the President of the Court
“pursuant to Article 74 (4) of the Rules of Court . . . to call upon the
Russian Federation to immediately halt all military actions in Ukraine
pending the holding of a hearing, to enable any order the Court may
make on the request for provisional measures to have its appropriate
effects”.
7. In the morning of 27 February 2022, the Registrar communicated
by email to the Russian Federation an advance copy of the Application
and Request for the indication of provisional measures. These documents
were formally communicated to the Russian Federation on 28 February
2022, pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court
in respect of the Application, and pursuant to Article 73, paragraph 2, of
the Rules of Court in respect of the Request for the indication of provisional
measures. The Registrar also notified the Secretary‑General of the
United Nations of the filing of the Application and the Request by
Ukraine.
8. Pending the notification provided for by Article 40, paragraph 3, of
the Statute, the Registrar informed all States entitled to appear before the
Court of the filing of the Application and the Request for the indication
of provisional measures by a letter dated 2 March 2022.
9. Since the Court included upon the Bench no judge of Ukrainian
nationality, Ukraine proceeded to exercise the right conferred upon it by
Article 31 of the Statute to choose a judge ad hoc to sit in the case; it
chose Mr. Yves Daudet.
10. By a letter dated 1 March 2022, the President of the Court, exercising
the powers conferred upon her under Article 74, paragraph 4, of the
Rules of Court, called the attention of the Russian Federation to the need
to act in such a way as would enable any order the Court may make on
the request for provisional measures to have its appropriate effects.
allégations de génocide (ordonnance 16 III 22) 214
7
b) La Fédération de Russie doit veiller immédiatement à ce qu’aucune
des unités militaires ou unités armées irrégulières qui pourraient agir
sous sa direction ou bénéficier de son appui, ni aucune organisation
ou personne qui pourrait se trouver sous son contrôle, sa direction
ou son influence ne prenne de mesures tendant à la poursuite des
opérations militaires ayant pour but et objectif déclarés la prévention
et la répression d’un génocide que commettrait l’Ukraine.
c) La Fédération de Russie doit s’abstenir de tout acte susceptible
d’aggraver ou d’étendre le différend qui constitue l’objet de la
requête ou d’en rendre le règlement plus difficile, et donner des
assurances à cet égard.
d) La Fédération de Russie doit rendre compte à la Cour des mesures
prises pour exécuter l’ordonnance en indication de mesures conservatoires
dans un délai d’une semaine à compter de la date de
celle-
ci, puis à intervalles réguliers, dans les délais qui seront fixés
par la Cour. »
6. L’Ukraine a en outre prié la présidente de la Cour,
« en application du paragraphe 4 de l’article 74 du Règlement de la
Cour, … d’inviter la Fédération de Russie à cesser sur-le-champ toute
action militaire sur son territoire dans l’attente de la tenue d’une
audience, de manière que toute ordonnance de la Cour sur la demande
en indication de mesures conservatoires puisse avoir les effets voulus ».
7. Le 27 février 2022 au matin, le greffier a communiqué par courriel à
la Fédération de Russie un exemplaire préliminaire de la requête et de la
demande en indication de mesures conservatoires. Ces documents ont été
formellement communiqués à la Fédération de Russie le 28 février 2022,
conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 40 du Statut de la Cour, en ce
qui concerne la requête, et au paragraphe 2 de l’article 73 du Règlement,
en ce qui concerne la demande en indication de mesures conservatoires.
Le greffier a également informé le Secrétaire général de l’Organisation
des Nations Unies du dépôt par l’Ukraine de cette requête et de cette
demande.
8. En attendant que la communication prévue au paragraphe 3 de l’article
40 du Statut ait été effectuée, le greffier, par lettre en date du 2 mars
2022, a informé tous les Etats admis à ester devant la Cour du dépôt de
la requête et de la demande en indication de mesures conservatoires.
9. La Cour ne comptant sur le siège aucun juge de nationalité ukrainienne,
l’Ukraine s’est prévalue du droit que lui confère l’article 31 du
Statut de procéder à la désignation d’un juge ad hoc pour siéger en l’affaire
; elle a désigné M. Yves Daudet.
10. Par lettre en date du 1er mars 2022, la présidente de la Cour, dans
l’exercice des pouvoirs qui lui sont conférés par le paragraphe 4 de l’article
74 du Règlement, a appelé l’attention de la Fédération de Russie sur la
nécessité d’agir de manière que toute ordonnance de la Cour sur la demande
en indication de mesures conservatoires puisse avoir les effets voulus.
215 allegations of genocide (order 16 III 22)
8
11. By letters dated 1 March 2022, the Registrar informed the Parties
that, pursuant to Article 74, paragraph 3, of the Rules, the Court had
fixed 7 and 8 March 2022 as the dates for the oral proceedings on the
request for the indication of provisional measures. The Registrar indicated
that the hearings would be held in a hybrid format, pursuant to
which each Party could choose to have a certain number of representatives
present in the Great Hall of Justice, with other members of the delegation
participating by video-link.
12. By a letter dated 5 March 2022, the Ambassador of the Russian
Federation to the Kingdom of the Netherlands indicated that his Government
had decided not to participate in the oral proceedings due to open
on 7 March 2022.
13. At the public hearing held in a hybrid format on 7 March 2022,
oral observations on the request for the indication of provisional measures
were presented by:
On behalf of Ukraine: Mr. Anton Korynevych,
Mr. Jean-Marc Thouvenin,
Mr. David M. Zionts,
Ms Marney L. Cheek,
Mr. Jonathan Gimblett,
Mr. Harold Hongju Koh,
Ms Oksana Zolotaryova.
14. At the end of its oral observations, Ukraine asked the Court to
indicate the following provisional measures:
“(a) The Russian Federation shall immediately suspend the military
operations commenced on 24 February 2022 that have as their
stated purpose and objective the prevention and punishment of a
claimed genocide in the Luhansk and Donetsk oblasts of Ukraine.
(b) The Russian Federation shall immediately ensure that any military
or irregular armed units which may be directed or supported
by it, as well as any organizations and persons which may be
subject to its control, direction or influence, take no steps in furtherance
of the military operations which have as their stated
purpose and objective preventing or punishing Ukraine for committing
genocide.
(c) The Russian Federation shall refrain from any action and shall
provide assurances that no action is taken that may aggravate or
extend the dispute that is the subject of this Application, or render
this dispute more difficult to resolve.
(d) The Russian Federation shall provide a report to the Court on
measures taken to implement the Court’s Order on Provisional
Measures one week after such order and then on a regular basis
to be fixed by the Court.”
allégations de génocide (ordonnance 16 III 22) 215
8
11. Par lettres en date du 1er mars 2022, le greffier a fait connaître aux
Parties que la Cour, conformément au paragraphe 3 de l’article 74 de son
Règlement, avait fixé aux 7 et 8 mars 2022 les dates de la procédure orale
sur la demande en indication de mesures conservatoires. Il leur a indiqué
que les audiences se tiendraient sous forme hybride, chaque Partie pouvant
décider qu’un certain nombre de ses représentants seraient présents
dans la grande salle de justice et que d’autres participeraient à distance
par liaison vidéo.
12. Par lettre en date du 5 mars 2022, l’ambassadeur de la Fédération
de Russie auprès du Royaume des Pays-Bas a indiqué que son gouvernement
avait décidé de ne pas participer à la procédure orale devant s’ouvrir
le 7 mars 2022.
13. Au cours de l’audience publique tenue le 7 mars 2022 sous forme
hybride, des observations orales sur la demande en indication de mesures
conservatoires ont été présentées par :
Au nom de l’Ukraine : M. Anton Korynevych,
M. Jean-Marc Thouvenin,
M. David M. Zionts,
Mme Marney L. Cheek,
M. Jonathan Gimblett,
M. Harold Hongju Koh,
Mme Oksana Zolotaryova.
14. Au terme de ses plaidoiries, l’Ukraine a prié la Cour d’indiquer les
mesures conservatoires suivantes :
« a) La Fédération de Russie doit suspendre immédiatement les opérations
militaires commencées le 24 février 2022 ayant pour but et
objectif déclarés la prévention et la répression d’un prétendu
génocide dans les oblasts ukrainiens de Donetsk et de Louhansk.
b) La Fédération de Russie doit veiller immédiatement à ce qu’aucune
des unités militaires ou unités armées irrégulières qui pourraient
agir sous sa direction ou bénéficier de son appui, ni aucune
organisation ou personne qui pourrait se trouver sous son contrôle,
sa direction ou son influence ne prenne de mesures tendant à la
poursuite des opérations militaires ayant pour but et objectif
déclarés la prévention et la répression d’un génocide que commettrait
l’Ukraine.
c) La Fédération de Russie doit s’abstenir de tout acte susceptible
d’aggraver ou d’étendre le différend qui constitue l’objet de la
requête ou d’en rendre le règlement plus difficile, et donner des
assurances à cet égard.
d) La Fédération de Russie doit rendre compte à la Cour des mesures
prises pour exécuter l’ordonnance en indication de mesures
conservatoires
dans un délai d’une semaine à compter de la date
de celle‑ci, puis à intervalles réguliers, dans les délais qui seront
fixés par la Cour. »
216 allegations of genocide (order 16 III 22)
9
15. Under cover of a letter dated 7 March 2022 received in the Registry
shortly after the closure of the hearing, the Ambassador of the Russian
Federation to the Kingdom of the Netherlands communicated to the
Court a document setting out “the position of the Russian Federation
regarding the lack of jurisdiction of the Court in t[he] case”.
16. Since the Government of the Russian Federation did not appear at
the oral proceedings, no formal request was presented by that Government.
However, in the document communicated to the Court on 7 March
2022, the Russian Federation contends that the Court lacks jurisdiction
to entertain the case and “requests the Court to refrain from indicating
provisional measures and to remove the case from its list”.
* * *
I. Introduction
17. The context in which the present case comes before the Court is
well-known. On 24 February 2022, the President of the Russian Federation,
Mr. Vladimir Putin, declared that he had decided to conduct a “special
military operation” against Ukraine. Since then, there has been
intense fighting on Ukrainian territory, which has claimed many lives, has
caused extensive displacement and has resulted in widespread damage.
The Court is acutely aware of the extent of the human tragedy that is taking
place in Ukraine and is deeply concerned about the continuing loss of
life and human suffering.
18. The Court is profoundly concerned about the use of force by the
Russian Federation in Ukraine, which raises very serious issues of international
law. The Court is mindful of the purposes and principles of the
United Nations Charter and of its own responsibilities in the maintenance
of international peace and security as well as in the peaceful settlement of
disputes under the Charter and the Statute of the Court. It deems it necessary
to emphasize that all States must act in conformity with their obligations
under the United Nations Charter and other rules of international
law, including international humanitarian law.
19. The ongoing conflict between the Parties has been addressed in the
framework of several international institutions. The General Assembly of
the United Nations adopted a resolution referring to many aspects of the
conflict on 2 March 2022 (doc. A/RES/ES-11/1). The present case before
the Court, however, is limited in scope, as Ukraine has instituted these
proceedings only under the Genocide Convention.
*
20. The Court regrets the decision taken by the Russian Federation
not to participate in the oral proceedings on the request for the indication
allégations de génocide (ordonnance 16 III 22) 216
9
15. Sous le couvert d’une lettre en date du 7 mars 2022 reçue au Greffe
peu après la clôture de l’audience, l’ambassadeur de la Fédération de
Russie auprès du Royaume des Pays-Bas a communiqué à la Cour un
document exposant « la position de la Fédération de Russie en ce qui
concerne l’incompétence de la Cour en [l’]affaire ».
16. Le Gouvernement de la Fédération de Russie n’ayant pas comparu
lors de la procédure orale, aucune demande formelle n’a été présentée par
lui. Cependant, dans le document communiqué à la Cour le 7 mars 2022,
la Fédération de Russie soutient que celle-
ci n’a pas compétence pour
connaître de l’affaire et la « prie … de s’abstenir d’indiquer des mesures
conservatoires et de radier l’affaire de son rôle ».
* * *
I. Introduction
17. Le contexte dans lequel la présente affaire est portée devant la Cour
est bien connu. Le 24 février 2022, le président de la Fédération de Russie,
M. Vladimir Poutine, a déclaré qu’il avait pris la décision de mener une
« opération militaire spéciale » contre l’Ukraine. Depuis lors, d’âpres combats
font rage sur le territoire ukrainien, lesquels ont coûté la vie à de nombreuses
personnes, causé d’importants déplacements de populations et provoqué des
dommages étendus. La Cour a bien conscience de l’ampleur de la tragédie
humaine qui se déroule en Ukraine et nourrit de fortes inquiétudes quant aux
victimes et aux souffrances humaines que l’on continue d’y déplorer.
18. La Cour est profondément préoccupée par l’emploi de la force par
la Fédération de Russie en Ukraine, qui soulève des problèmes très graves
de droit international. La Cour garde présents à l’esprit les buts et les
principes de la Charte des Nations Unies, de même que les responsabilités
qui lui incombent, en vertu de ladite Charte et du Statut de la Cour, en ce
qui concerne le maintien de la paix et de la sécurité internationales, ainsi
que le règlement pacifique des différends. Elle estime nécessaire de souligner
que tous les Etats doivent agir conformément à leurs obligations en
vertu de la Charte des Nations Unies et des autres règles du droit international,
y compris du droit international humanitaire.
19. Le conflit en cours entre les Parties a été traité dans le cadre
de plusieurs
institutions internationales. L’Assemblée générale des
Nations Unies a adopté le 2 mars 2022 une résolution faisant référence à
de nombreux aspects du conflit (doc. A/RES/ES-11/1). Toutefois, l’affaire
soumise à la Cour est de portée limitée, l’Ukraine n’ayant introduit la
présente instance qu’au titre de la convention sur le génocide.
*
20. La Cour déplore la décision prise par la Fédération de Russie de ne
pas prendre part à la procédure orale sur la demande en indication de
217 allegations of genocide (order 16 III 22)
10
of provisional measures, as set out in the above‑mentioned letter of
5 March 2022 (see paragraph 12 above).
21. The non-appearance
of a party has a negative impact on the sound
administration of justice, as it deprives the Court of assistance that a
party could have provided to it. Nevertheless, the Court must proceed in
the discharge of its judicial function at any phase of the case (Arbitral
Award of 3 October 1899 (Guyana v. Venezuela), Jurisdiction of the Court,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2020, p. 464, para. 25; Military and Paramilitary
Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America),
Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1986, p. 23, para. 27).
22. Though formally absent from the proceedings, non-appearing
parties
sometimes submit to the Court letters and documents in ways and
by means not contemplated by its Rules (Military and Paramilitary Activities
in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America),
Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1986, p. 25, para. 31). It is valuable
for the Court to know the views of both parties in whatever form those
views may have been expressed (ibid.). The Court will therefore take
account of the document communicated by the Russian Federation on
7 March 2022 to the extent that it finds this appropriate in discharging its
duties.
23. The Court recalls that the non-appearance
of one of the States concerned
cannot by itself constitute an obstacle to the indication of provisional
measures (United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran
(United States of America v. Iran), Provisional Measures, Order of
15 December 1979, I.C.J. Reports 1979, p. 13, para. 13). It emphasizes
that the non-participation
of a party in the proceedings at any stage of
the case cannot, in any circumstances, affect the validity of its decision
(cf. Arbitral Award of 3 October 1899 (Guyana v. Venezuela), Jurisdiction
of the Court, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2020, p. 464, para. 26; Military and
Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United
States of America), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1986, p. 23, para. 27).
Should the present case extend beyond the current phase, the Russian
Federation, which remains a Party to the case, will be able, if it so wishes,
to appear before the Court to present its arguments (Military and
Paramilitary
Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United
States of America), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1986, pp. 142‑143,
para. 284).
II. Prima Facie Jurisdiction
1. General Observations
24. The Court may indicate provisional measures only if the provisions
relied on by the applicant appear, prima facie, to afford a basis on
which its jurisdiction could be founded, but it need not satisfy itself in a
definitive manner that it has jurisdiction as regards the merits of the case
allégations de génocide (ordonnance 16 III 22) 217
10
mesures conservatoires, telle qu’énoncée dans la lettre susmentionnée du
5 mars 2022 (voir le paragraphe 12 ci-
dessus).
21. La non-comparution
d’une partie comporte des conséquences négatives
pour une bonne administration de la justice, en ce qu’elle prive la Cour
de l’aide qu’une partie aurait pu lui apporter. La Cour doit néanmoins
continuer de s’acquitter de sa fonction judiciaire dans n’importe quelle phase
de l’affaire (Sentence arbitrale du 3 octobre 1899 (Guyana c. Venezuela),
compétence de la Cour, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2020, p. 464, par. 25 ; Activités
militaires et paramilitaires au Nicaragua et contre celui-
ci (Nicaragua c. Etats-
Unis d’Amérique), fond, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1986, p. 23, par. 27).
22. Bien qu’officiellement absentes, les parties non comparantes soumettent
parfois des lettres et des documents à la Cour par des voies et
moyens non prévus par son Règlement (Activités militaires et paramilitaires
au Nicaragua et contre celui-
ci (Nicaragua c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique), fond,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1986, p. 25, par. 31). La Cour a avantage à connaître
les vues des deux parties, quelle que soit la manière dont ces vues s’expriment
(ibid.). Aussi prendra-t-elle en considération le document communiqué
par la Fédération de Russie le 7 mars 2022 dans la mesure où elle
estimera approprié de le faire pour s’acquitter de ses obligations.
23. La Cour rappelle que la non-comparution
de l’un des Etats en
cause ne saurait en soi constituer un obstacle à l’indication de mesures
conservatoires (Personnel diplomatique et consulaire des Etats‑Unis à
Téhéran (Etats‑Unis d’Amérique c. Iran), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance
du 15 décembre 1979, C.I.J. Recueil 1979, p. 13, par. 13). Elle souligne
que la non-participation
d’une partie à la procédure ou à une phase
quelconque de celle-
ci ne saurait en aucun cas affecter la validité de sa
décision (cf. Sentence arbitrale du 3 octobre 1899 (Guyana c. Venezuela),
compétence de la Cour, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2020, p. 464, par. 26 ; Activités
militaires et paramilitaires au Nicaragua et contre celui-
ci (Nicaragua
c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique), fond, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1986, p. 23, par. 27).
Si la présente affaire devait se poursuivre au-
delà de la phase actuelle, la
Fédération de Russie, qui y demeure Partie, pourra, si elle le souhaite,
comparaître devant la Cour pour présenter ses arguments (Activités
militaires
et paramilitaires au Nicaragua et contre celui-
ci (Nicaragua
c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique), fond, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1986, p. 142‑143,
par. 284).
II. Compétence prima facie
1. Observations générales
24. La Cour ne peut indiquer des mesures conservatoires que si les dispositions
invoquées par le demandeur semblent prima facie constituer une
base sur laquelle sa compétence pourrait être fondée, mais elle n’a pas
besoin de s’assurer de manière définitive qu’elle a compétence quant au
218 allegations of genocide (order 16 III 22)
11
(see, for example, Application of the Convention on the Prevention and
Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (The Gambia v. Myanmar), Provisional
Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, I.C.J. Reports 2020, p. 9,
para. 16).
25. In the present case, Ukraine seeks to found the jurisdiction of the
Court on Article 36, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Court and on
Article IX of the Genocide Convention (see paragraph 3 above). The
Court must therefore first determine whether those provisions prima facie
confer upon it jurisdiction to rule on the merits of the case, enabling it —
if the other necessary conditions are fulfilled — to indicate provisional
measures.
26. Article IX of the Genocide Convention reads as follows:
“Disputes between the Contracting Parties relating to the interpretation,
application or fulfilment of the present Convention, including
those relating to the responsibility of a State for genocide or for any
of the other acts enumerated in article III, shall be submitted to the
International Court of Justice at the request of any of the parties to
the dispute.”
27. Ukraine and the Russian Federation are both parties to the Genocide
Convention. Ukraine deposited its instrument of ratification on
15 November 1954 with a reservation to Article IX of the Convention; on
20 April 1989, the depositary received notification that this reservation
had been withdrawn. The Russian Federation is a party to the Genocide
Convention as the State continuing the legal personality of the Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics, which deposited its instrument of ratification
on 3 May 1954 with a reservation to Article IX of the Convention; on
8 March 1989, the depositary received notification that this reservation
had been withdrawn.
2. Existence of a Dispute relating to the Interpretation, Application
or Fulfilment of the Genocide Convention
28. Article IX of the Genocide Convention makes the Court’s jurisdiction
conditional on the existence of a dispute relating to the interpretation,
application or fulfilment of the Convention. According to the established
case law of the Court, a dispute is “a disagreement on a point of law or
fact, a conflict of legal views or of interests” between parties (Mavrommatis
Palestine Concessions, Judgment No. 2, 1924, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 2,
p. 11). In order for a dispute to exist, “[i]t must be shown that the claim of
one party is positively opposed by the other” (South West Africa (Ethiopia
v. South Africa; Liberia v. South Africa), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 328). The two sides must “‘hold clearly
opposite views concerning the question of the performance or non-performance
of certain’ international obligations” (Alleged Violations of
Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v.
Colombia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2016 (I),
allégations de génocide (ordonnance 16 III 22) 218
11
fond de l’affaire (voir, par exemple, Application de la convention pour la
prévention et la répression du crime de génocide (Gambie c. Myanmar),
mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 23 janvier 2020, C.I.J. Recueil 2020,
p. 9, par. 16).
25. En la présente espèce, l’Ukraine entend fonder la compétence de la
Cour sur le paragraphe 1 de l’article 36 du Statut de celle‑ci et sur l’article
IX de la convention sur le génocide (voir le paragraphe 3 ci‑dessus).
La Cour doit donc, en premier lieu, déterminer si ces dispositions lui
confèrent prima facie compétence pour statuer au fond de l’affaire, ce qui
lui permettrait — sous réserve que les autres conditions nécessaires soient
réunies — d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires.
26. L’article IX de la convention sur le génocide est ainsi libellé :
« Les différends entre les Parties contractantes relatifs à l’interprétation,
l’application ou l’exécution de la présente Convention, y compris
ceux relatifs à la responsabilité d’un Etat en matière de génocide
ou de l’un quelconque des autres actes énumérés à l’article III, seront
soumis à la Cour internationale de Justice, à la requête d’une partie
au différend. »
27. L’Ukraine et la Fédération de Russie sont toutes deux parties à la
convention sur le génocide. L’Ukraine a déposé son instrument de ratification
le 15 novembre 1954 et formulé une réserve à l’article IX de la
convention ; le 20 avril 1989, le dépositaire a reçu notification du retrait
de cette réserve. La Fédération de Russie est partie à la convention sur le
génocide, en tant qu’Etat continuateur de la personnalité juridique de
l’Union des Républiques socialistes soviétiques, laquelle avait déposé son
instrument de ratification le 3 mai 1954 en y joignant une réserve à l’article
IX de la convention ; le 8 mars 1989, le dépositaire a reçu notification
du retrait de cette réserve.
2. Existence d’un différend relatif à l’interprétation, l’application
ou l’exécution de la convention sur le génocide
28. L’article IX de la convention sur le génocide subordonne la compétence
de la Cour à l’existence d’un différend relatif à l’interprétation, l’application
ou l’exécution dudit instrument. Selon la jurisprudence constante
de la Cour, un différend est « un désaccord sur un point de droit ou de fait,
une contradiction, une opposition de thèses juridiques ou d’intérêts » entre
parties (Concessions Mavrommatis en Palestine, arrêt no 2, 1924,
C.P.J.I. série A no 2, p. 11). Pour qu’un différend existe, « [i]l [doit être]
démontr[é] que la réclamation de l’une des parties se heurte à l’opposition
manifeste de l’autre » (Sud‑Ouest africain (Ethiopie c. Afrique du Sud ;
Libéria c. Afrique du Sud), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J.
Recueil 1962, p. 328). Les « « points de vue des deux parties, quant à l’exécution
ou à la non‑exécution » de certaines obligations internationales,
« [doivent être] nettement opposés » » (Violations alléguées de droits souverains
et d’espaces maritimes dans la mer des Caraïbes (Nicaragua c. Colombie),
219 allegations of genocide (order 16 III 22)
12
p. 26, para. 50, citing Interpretation of Peace Treaties with Bulgaria,
Hungary
and Romania, First Phase, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1950,
p. 74). To determine whether a dispute exists in the present case, the Court
cannot limit itself to noting that one of the Parties maintains that the Convention
applies, while the other denies it (see Application of the International
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
(Qatar v. United Arab Emirates), Provisional Measures, Order of 23 July
2018, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (II), p. 414, para. 18).
29. Since Ukraine has invoked as the basis of the Court’s jurisdiction
the compromissory clause in an international convention, the Court must
ascertain, at the present stage of the proceedings, whether it appears that
the acts complained of by the Applicant are capable of falling within the
scope of that convention ratione materiae (cf. Jadhav (India v. Pakistan),
Provisional Measures, Order of 18 May 2017, I.C.J. Reports 2017, p. 239,
para. 30).
* *
30. Ukraine contends that a dispute exists between it and the Russian
Federation relating to the interpretation, application or fulfilment of the
Genocide Convention. It maintains that the Parties disagree on whether
genocide, as defined in Article II of the Convention, has occurred or is
occurring in the Luhansk and Donetsk oblasts of Ukraine and whether
Ukraine has committed genocide. In this regard, the Applicant submits
that it profoundly disagrees with the unsubstantiated allegation of the
Russian Federation that genocide has taken place in Ukraine and that it
has made this known to the Russian Federation on multiple occasions
since September 2014, including through a statement by the Minister for
Foreign Affairs of Ukraine before the General Assembly of the United
Nations on 23 February 2022.
31. Ukraine further argues that the dispute between the Parties concerns
the question whether, as a consequence of the Russian Federation’s
unilateral assertion that genocide is occurring, the Russian Federation
has a lawful basis to take military action in and against Ukraine to prevent
and punish genocide pursuant to Article I of the Genocide Convention.
Ukraine considers that the Russian Federation “has turned the
Genocide Convention on its head”, making a false claim of genocide as a
basis for actions on its part that constitute grave violations of the human
rights of millions of people across Ukraine. It asserts that, rather than
taking military action to prevent and punish genocide, the Russian Federation
should have seised the organs of the United Nations under Article
VIII of the Convention or seised the Court under Article IX thereof.
Ukraine states that it vehemently disagrees with the Russian Federation’s
interpretation, application and fulfilment of the Convention. Referring,
inter alia, to a statement by the Ukrainian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
of 26 February 2022, Ukraine asserts that the Russian Federation “could
allégations de génocide (ordonnance 16 III 22) 219
12
exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2016 (I), p. 26, par. 50, citant
Interprétation des traités de paix conclus avec la Bulgarie, la Hongrie et la
Roumanie, première phase, avis consultatif, C.I.J. Recueil 1950, p. 74). A
l’effet d’établir si un différend existe dans la présente affaire, la Cour ne
peut se borner à constater que l’une des Parties soutient que la convention
s’applique alors que l’autre le nie (voir Application de la convention internationale
sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale
(Qatar c. Emirats arabes unis), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du
23 juillet 2018, C.I.J. Recueil 2018 (II), p. 414, par. 18).
29. L’Ukraine entendant fonder sa compétence sur la clause compromissoire
d’une convention internationale, la Cour doit rechercher, au présent
stade de la procédure, si les actes dont la demanderesse tire grief
semblent susceptibles d’entrer dans le champ d’application ratione
materiae
de cet instrument (cf. Jadhav (Inde c. Pakistan), mesures
conservatoires,
ordonnance du 18 mai 2017, C.I.J. Recueil 2017, p. 239,
par. 30).
* *
30. L’Ukraine affirme qu’un différend l’oppose à la Fédération de Russie
concernant l’interprétation, l’application ou l’exécution de la convention
sur le génocide. Elle soutient que les Parties divergent sur la question
de savoir si un génocide, tel que défini à l’article II de la convention, a eu
lieu ou se déroule dans les oblasts ukrainiens de Louhansk et de Donetsk
et si l’Ukraine a commis ou non un génocide. A cet égard, la demanderesse
affirme être en profond désaccord avec l’allégation, qu’elle juge
infondée, de la Fédération de Russie quant au fait qu’un génocide aurait
été commis en Ukraine et le lui avoir fait savoir en plusieurs occasions
depuis septembre 2014, y compris par une déclaration que le ministre
ukrainien des affaires étrangères a faite devant l’Assemblée générale des
Nations Unies le 23 février 2022.
31. L’Ukraine soutient en outre que le différend entre les Parties
concerne la question de savoir si, en conséquence de son affirmation unilatérale
selon laquelle un génocide serait en cours, la Fédération de Russie
dispose d’une base juridique valable pour entreprendre une action militaire
en Ukraine et contre celle-
ci afin de prévenir et de punir un génocide
en vertu de l’article premier de la convention sur le génocide. Elle estime
que la Fédération de Russie « a inverti le propos de la convention sur le
génocide », en formulant une allégation mensongère de génocide pour
commettre des actes qui constituent de graves violations des droits humains
de millions de personnes sur l’ensemble du territoire ukrainien. Elle affirme
que, plutôt que d’entreprendre une action militaire pour prévenir et punir
un génocide, la Fédération de Russie aurait dû saisir les organes des
Nations Unies au titre de l’article VIII de la convention ou se fonder sur
l’article IX de celle-
ci pour saisir la Cour. Elle se dit en profond désaccord
avec la façon dont la Fédération de Russie interprète, applique et exécute
la convention. Se référant entre autres à une déclaration du ministère des
220 allegations of genocide (order 16 III 22)
13
not have been unaware, that its views were ‘positively opposed’” by
Ukraine.
*
32. In the document communicated to the Court on 7 March 2022, the
Russian Federation states that the only basis for jurisdiction referred to
by Ukraine is the dispute resolution clause contained in Article IX of the
Genocide Convention. However, according to the Respondent, it is clear
from the plain language of the Convention that it does not regulate the
use of force between States. The Respondent submits that, in order to
“glue” the Convention to the use of force for the purposes of invoking
its dispute resolution clause, Ukraine has claimed that the Russian Federation
commenced its “special military operation” on the basis of
allegations
of genocide committed by Ukraine. The Russian Federation
asserts that, in reality, its “special military operation” on the territory of
Ukraine is based on Article 51 of the United Nations Charter and
customary
international
law and that the Convention cannot provide
a legal basis for a military operation, which is beyond the scope of the
Convention.
33. The Respondent further states that the legal basis for the “special
military operation” was communicated on 24 February 2022 to the
Secretary-General
of the United Nations and the United Nations Security
Council by the Permanent Representative of the Russian Federation to
the United Nations in the form of a notification under Article 51 of the
United Nations Charter (circulated as document S/2022/154 of the Security
Council). The Russian Federation contends that, while the address of
President Putin “to the citizens of Russia” that was appended to the notification
may in certain contexts have referred to genocide, this reference
is not the same as the invocation of the Convention as a legal justification
for its operation, nor does it indicate that the Russian Federation recognizes
the existence of a dispute under the Convention. The Russian Federation
emphasizes that there are no references to the Genocide
Convention in the address made by its President on 24 February 2022.
34. The Russian Federation therefore concludes that Ukraine’s “Application
and Request manifestly fall beyond the scope of the Convention
and thus the jurisdiction of the Court”; it asks the Court to remove the
case from its List.
* *
35. The Court recalls that, for the purposes of deciding whether there
was a dispute between the Parties at the time of the filing of the Application,
it takes into account in particular any statements or documents
exchanged between the Parties, as well as any exchanges made in multilateral
settings. In so doing, it pays special attention to the author of the
allégations de génocide (ordonnance 16 III 22) 220
13
affaires étrangères ukrainien en date du 26 février 2022, elle soutient que la
Fédération de Russie « ne pouvait pas ne pas avoir connaissance de ce que
ses vues se heurtaient à l’« opposition manifeste » » de l’Ukraine.
*
32. Dans le document qu’elle a communiqué à la Cour le 7 mars 2022,
la Fédération de Russie indique que la seule base de compétence invoquée
par l’Ukraine est la clause de règlement des différends énoncée à l’article
IX de la convention sur le génocide. Cependant, selon elle, il ressort
clairement du sens ordinaire des termes de la convention que celle‑ci ne
régit pas l’emploi de la force entre Etats. La défenderesse affirme que,
dans le but d’« accrocher » l’emploi de la force à la convention pour pouvoir
en invoquer la clause de règlement des différends, l’Ukraine a prétendu
que la Fédération de Russie avait lancé l’« opération militaire
spéciale » sur la base d’allégations de génocide commis par l’Ukraine. La
Fédération de Russie soutient que, en réalité, son « opération militaire
spéciale » sur le territoire ukrainien est fondée sur l’article 51 de la Charte
des Nations Unies et le droit international coutumier, et que la convention
ne peut offrir de fondement juridique à une opération militaire, car
celle‑ci n’entre pas dans le champ de la convention.
33. La défenderesse indique en outre que le fondement juridique de
cette « opération militaire spéciale » a été communiqué le 24 février 2022
au Secrétaire général de l’Organisation des Nations Unies et au Conseil
de sécurité par le représentant permanent de la Fédération de Russie
auprès de l’Organisation, sous la forme d’une notification en vertu de l’article
51 de la Charte des Nations Unies (distribuée comme document du
Conseil de sécurité sous la cote S/2022/154). La Fédération de Russie soutient
que, s’il est possible que l’allocution du président Poutine « aux
citoyens de la Fédération de Russie » jointe à ladite notification ait, par
certains aspects, fait référence à un génocide, une telle évocation ne
revient pas à invoquer la convention pour justifier en droit son opération,
ni à indiquer qu’elle reconnaît l’existence d’un différend au regard de la
convention. Elle souligne que l’allocution de son président en date du
24 février 2022 n’évoquait nullement la convention sur le génocide.
34. La Fédération de Russie en conclut que « la requête et la demande
[de l’Ukraine] dépassent manifestement le champ d’application de la
convention et donc la compétence de la Cour » ; elle prie la Cour de radier
l’affaire de son rôle.
* *
35. La Cour rappelle que, aux fins de déterminer s’il existait un différend
entre les Parties au moment du dépôt de la requête, elle tient notamment
compte de toute déclaration ou de tout document échangé entre les
Parties, ainsi que de tout échange ayant eu lieu dans des enceintes multilatérales.
Ce faisant, elle porte une attention particulière aux auteurs des
221 allegations of genocide (order 16 III 22)
14
statement or document, their intended or actual addressee, and their content.
The existence of a dispute is a matter for objective determination by
the Court; it is a matter of substance, and not a question of form or
procedure (see Application of the Convention on the Prevention and
Punishment
of the Crime of Genocide (The Gambia v. Myanmar), Provisional
Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, I.C.J. Reports 2020, p. 12,
para. 26).
36. The Court notes that the Applicant disputes the Russian Federation’s
allegation that Ukraine has committed or is committing genocide in
the Luhansk and Donetsk regions of Ukraine. Ukraine also asserts that
nothing in the Convention authorizes the Russian Federation to use force
against Ukraine as a means to fulfil its obligation under Article I thereof
to prevent and punish genocide.
37. In this regard the Court observes that, since 2014, various State
organs and senior representatives of the Russian Federation have referred,
in official statements, to the commission of acts of genocide by Ukraine in
the Luhansk and Donetsk regions. The Court observes, in particular, that
the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation — an official State
organ — has, since 2014, instituted criminal proceedings against high-ranking
Ukrainian officials regarding the alleged commission of acts of
genocide against the Russian-speaking
population living in the above‑mentioned
regions “in violation of the 1948 Convention on the Prevention
and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide”.
38. The Court recalls that, in an address made on 21 February 2022,
the President of the Russian Federation, Mr. Vladimir Putin, described
the situation in Donbass as a “horror and genocide, which almost 4 million
people are facing”.
39. By a letter dated 24 February 2022 (see paragraph 33 above), the
Permanent Representative of the Russian Federation to the United Nations
requested the Secretary-General
to circulate, as a document of the Security
Council, the
“text of the address of the President of the Russian Federation,
Vladimir Putin, to the citizens of Russia, informing them of the measures
taken in accordance with Article 51 of the Charter of the
United Nations in exercise of the right of self‑defence”.
In his address, pronounced on 24 February 2022, the President of the
Russian Federation explained that he had decided, “in accordance with
Article 51 (Chapter VII) of the Charter of the United Nations . . . to conduct
a special military operation with the approval of the Federation
Council of Russia and pursuant to the treaties on friendship and mutual
assistance with the Donetsk People’s Republic and the Lugansk People’s
Republic”. He specified that the “purpose” of the special operation was
“to protect people who have been subjected to abuse and genocide by the
Kiev regime for eight years”. He stated that the Russian Federation had
to stop “a genocide” against millions of people and that it would seek the
allégations de génocide (ordonnance 16 III 22) 221
14
déclarations ou documents, aux personnes auxquelles ils étaient destinés
ou qui en ont effectivement eu connaissance et à leur contenu. L’existence
d’un différend doit être établie objectivement par la Cour ; c’est une question
de fond, et non de forme ou de procédure (voir Application de la
convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide (Gambie
c. Myanmar), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 23 janvier 2020,
C.I.J. Recueil 2020, p. 12, par. 26).
36. La Cour note que la demanderesse conteste l’allégation de la Fédération
de Russie selon laquelle l’Ukraine commettrait ou aurait commis
un génocide dans les régions ukrainiennes de Louhansk et de Donetsk.
L’Ukraine affirme également que rien dans la convention n’autorise la
Fédération de Russie à recourir à l’emploi de la force contre elle en tant
que moyen de s’acquitter de l’obligation que lui fait l’article premier de
cet instrument de prévenir et punir le génocide.
37. A cet égard, la Cour constate que, depuis 2014, divers organes de
l’Etat et hauts représentants russes ont évoqué, dans des déclarations officielles,
la commission d’actes de génocide par l’Ukraine dans les régions
de Louhansk et de Donetsk. La Cour observe en particulier que le comité
d’investigation de la Fédération de Russie — organe public officiel — a
engagé, depuis 2014, des poursuites pénales contre de hauts fonctionnaires
ukrainiens à raison d’actes allégués de génocide contre la population
russophone habitant les régions susmentionnées « en violation de
la convention de 1948 pour la prévention et la répression du crime de
génocide
».
38. La Cour rappelle que, dans une allocution prononcée le 21 février
2022, le président de la Fédération de Russie, M. Vladimir Poutine, a
qualifié la situation dans le Donbass d’« horreur et [de] génocide, auxquels
sont confrontées près de 4 millions de personnes ».
39. Par lettre en date du 24 février 2022 (voir le paragraphe 33 ci‑dessus),
le représentant permanent de la Fédération de Russie auprès de
l’Organisation des Nations Unies a prié le Secrétaire général de distribuer
comme document du Conseil de sécurité le
« texte de l’allocution adressée aux citoyens russes par le Président de
la Fédération de Russie, Vladimir Poutine, les informant des mesures
prises en application de l’Article 51 de la Charte des Nations Unies
dans l’exercice du droit de légitime défense ».
Dans son allocution, prononcée le 24 février 2022, le président de la Fédération
de Russie indiquait qu’il avait, « en application de l’Article 51 du
Chapitre VII de la Charte des Nations Unies », pris la décision « de mener
une opération militaire spéciale », « avec l’aval du Conseil de la Fédération
de Russie et conformément aux traités d’amitié et d’assistance mutuelle
conclus avec les Républiques Populaires de Donetsk et de Lougansk ». Il
précisait que l’opération spéciale avait pour « objectif » de « protéger ceux
et celles qui, huit années durant, [avaie]nt subi les outrages du régime de
Kiev et le génocide orchestré par lui ». Il ajoutait que la Fédération de
Russie devait mettre fin « au génocide » perpétré contre des millions de
222 allegations of genocide (order 16 III 22)
15
prosecution of those who had committed numerous bloody crimes against
civilians, including citizens of the Russian Federation.
40. The Permanent Representative of the Russian Federation to the
United Nations, referring to the address by the President of the Russian
Federation of 24 February 2022, explained at a meeting of the Security
Council on Ukraine that “the purpose of the special operation [was] to
protect people who ha[d] been subjected to abuse and genocide by the
Kyiv regime for eight years”.
41. Two days later, the Permanent Representative of the Russian Federation
to the European Union stated in an interview that the operation
was a “peace enforcement special military operation” carried out in an
“effort aimed at de-Nazification”,
adding that people had been actually
“exterminated” and that “the official term of genocide as coined in international
law[, if one] read[s] the definition, . . . fits pretty well”.
42. In response to the Russian Federation’s allegations and its military
actions, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine issued a statement on
26 February 2022, saying that Ukraine “strongly denies Russia’s allegations
of genocide” and disputes “any attempt to use such manipulative
allegations as an excuse for Russia’s unlawful aggression”.
43. At the present stage of these proceedings, the Court is not required
to ascertain whether any violations of obligations under the Genocide
Convention have occurred in the context of the present dispute. Such a
finding could be made by the Court only at the stage of the examination
of the merits of the present case. At the stage of making an order on a
request for the indication of provisional measures, the Court’s task is to
establish whether the acts complained of by Ukraine appear to be capable
of falling within the provisions of the Genocide Convention.
44. The Court recalls that, while it is not necessary for a State to refer
expressly to a specific treaty in its exchanges with the other State to enable it
later to invoke the compromissory clause of that instrument to institute proceedings
before the Court (Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against
Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), Jurisdiction and Admissibility,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1984, pp. 428‑429, para. 83), the exchanges
must refer to the subject‑matter of the treaty with sufficient clarity to enable
the State against which a claim is made to ascertain that there is, or may be,
a dispute with regard to that subject‑matter (Application of the International
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia
v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
2011 (I), p. 85, para. 30). The Court considers that, in the present proceedings,
the evidence in the case file demonstrates prima facie that statements
made by the Parties referred to the subject-matter
of the Genocide Convention
in a sufficiently clear way to allow Ukraine to invoke the compromissory
clause in this instrument as a basis for the Court’s jurisdiction.
45. The statements made by the State organs and senior officials of the
Parties indicate a divergence of views as to whether certain acts allegedly
allégations de génocide (ordonnance 16 III 22) 222
15
personnes et qu’elle traduirait en justice les auteurs des nombreux crimes
sanglants perpétrés contre des civils, dont des citoyens russes.
40. Le représentant permanent de la Fédération de Russie auprès de
l’Organisation des Nations Unies, se référant à l’allocution prononcée par
le président Poutine le 24 février 2022, a expliqué, lors d’une réunion du
Conseil de sécurité sur l’Ukraine, que « [l]’objectif de cette opération spéciale
[étai]t de protéger les personnes qui [avaie]nt été soumises à des abus
et à un génocide par le régime de Kiev pendant huit ans ».
41. Deux jours plus tard, le représentant permanent de la Fédération
de Russie auprès de l’Union européenne a quant à lui déclaré, dans une
interview, que l’opération était une « opération militaire spéciale d’imposition
de la paix » mise en oeuvre « dans un but de dénazification », ajoutant
que des personnes avaient, de fait, été « exterminées » et que « [l]e
terme officiel de génocide, tel qu’il a été conçu en droit international[, à]
la lecture de sa définition[,] se rév[élait] bien adapté à la situation ».
42. En réponse aux allégations de la Fédération de Russie et aux
actions militaires entreprises par elle, le ministère ukrainien des affaires
étrangères a, dans une déclaration publiée le 26 février 2022, indiqué que
l’Ukraine « ni[ait] vigoureusement les allégations de génocide formulées
par la Russie » et s’opposait à « toute tentative de recours à de telles allégations
sournoises comme prétexte à l’agression illicite de celle‑ci ».
43. A ce stade de la procédure, la Cour n’a pas à se prononcer sur la
question de savoir si des violations d’obligations découlant de la convention
sur le génocide ont été commises dans le contexte du présent différend,
ce qu’elle ne pourrait faire que dans le cadre de l’examen de l’affaire
au fond. Au stade actuel, celui d’une ordonnance sur une demande en
indication de mesures conservatoires, elle doit établir si les actes dont
l’Ukraine tire grief semblent susceptibles d’entrer dans les prévisions de la
convention sur le génocide.
44. La Cour rappelle que, si un Etat n’a pas à se référer expressément,
dans ses échanges avec un autre Etat, à un traité particulier pour être ensuite
admis à invoquer la clause compromissoire dudit traité aux fins d’introduire
une instance devant elle (Activités militaires et paramilitaires au Nicaragua et
contre celui‑ci (Nicaragua c. Etats‑Unis d’Amérique), compétence et recevabilité,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1984, p. 428‑429, par. 83), l’objet du traité doit
néanmoins être mentionné assez clairement, dans lesdits échanges, pour que
l’Etat contre lequel il formule un grief puisse savoir qu’un différend existe ou
peut exister à cet égard (Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination
de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Géorgie c. Fédération
de Russie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (I), p. 85,
par. 30). La Cour estime que, en la présente espèce, les éléments versés au
dossier démontrent prima facie que les déclarations faites par les Parties
mentionnent l’objet de la convention sur le génocide avec suffisamment de
clarté pour que l’Ukraine soit admise à invoquer la clause compromissoire
de cet instrument pour fonder sa compétence.
45. Les déclarations émanant des organes de l’Etat et de hauts responsables
des deux Parties indiquent l’existence entre elles d’une divergence de
223 allegations of genocide (order 16 III 22)
16
committed by Ukraine in the Luhansk and Donetsk regions amount to
genocide in violation of its obligations under the Genocide Convention,
as well as whether the use of force by the Russian Federation for the
stated purpose of preventing and punishing alleged genocide is a measure
that can be taken in fulfilment of the obligation to prevent and punish
genocide contained in Article I of the Convention. In the Court’s view,
the acts complained of by the Applicant appear to be capable of falling
within the provisions of the Genocide Convention.
46. The Court recalls the Russian Federation’s assertion that its “special
military operation” is based on Article 51 of the United Nations Charter
and customary international law (see paragraphs 32-33). The Court observes
in this respect that certain acts or omissions may give rise to a dispute that
falls within the ambit of more than one treaty (cf. Alleged Violations of the
1955 Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights (Islamic
Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2021, p. 27, para. 56). The above-referenced
assertion
of the Russian Federation does not therefore preclude a prima facie finding
by the Court that the dispute presented in the Application relates to the
interpretation, application or fulfilment of the Genocide Convention.
47. The Court finds therefore that the above-mentioned
elements are
sufficient at this stage to establish prima facie the existence of a dispute
between the Parties relating to the interpretation, application or fulfilment
of the Genocide Convention.
3. Conclusion as to Prima Facie Jurisdiction
48. In light of the foregoing, the Court concludes that, prima facie, it
has jurisdiction pursuant to Article IX of the Genocide Convention to
entertain the case.
49. Given the above conclusion, the Court considers that it cannot
accede to the Russian Federation’s request that the case be removed from
the General List for manifest lack of jurisdiction.
III. The Rights Whose Protection Is Sought and the Link
between such Rights and the Measures Requested
50. The power of the Court to indicate provisional measures under
Article 41 of the Statute has as its object the preservation of the respective
rights claimed by the parties in a case, pending its decision on the merits
thereof. It follows that the Court must be concerned to preserve by such
measures the rights which may subsequently be adjudged by it to belong
to either party. Therefore, the Court may exercise this power only if it is
satisfied that the rights asserted by the party requesting such measures are
at least plausible (see, for example, Application of the Convention on the
Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (The Gambia v.
allégations de génocide (ordonnance 16 III 22) 223
16
vues sur la question de savoir si certains actes qui auraient été commis par
l’Ukraine dans les régions de Donetsk et de Louhansk sont constitutifs de
génocide et emportent donc violation des obligations incombant à cet Etat
au titre de la convention sur le génocide, et si l’emploi de la force par la
Fédération de Russie dans le but affiché de prévenir et de punir un prétendu
génocide est une mesure qui peut être prise en exécution de l’obligation
de prévenir et de punir énoncée à l’article premier de la convention. Du
point de vue de la Cour, les actes dont la demanderesse tire grief semblent
susceptibles d’entrer dans les prévisions de la convention sur le génocide.
46. La Cour rappelle l’affirmation de la Fédération de Russie selon
laquelle son « opération militaire spéciale » se fonde sur l’article 51 de la
Charte des Nations Unies et le droit international coutumier (voir les paragraphes
32‑33). Elle observe à cet égard que certains actes ou omissions
peuvent donner lieu à un différend entrant dans le champ de plusieurs instruments
(cf. Violations alléguées du traité d’amitié, de commerce et de droits
consulaires de 1955 (République islamique d’Iran c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique),
exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2021, p. 27, par. 56). L’affirmation
de la Fédération de Russie susmentionnée n’empêche pas la Cour de
conclure prima facie que le différend exposé dans la requête a trait à l’interprétation,
l’application ou l’exécution de la convention sur le génocide.
47. En conséquence, la Cour conclut que les éléments susmentionnés
sont suffisants à ce stade pour établir prima facie l’existence d’un différend
entre les Parties relatif à l’interprétation, l’application ou l’exécution de la
convention sur le génocide.
3. Conclusion quant à la compétence prima facie
48. A la lumière de ce qui précède, la Cour conclut que, prima facie,
elle a compétence en vertu de l’article IX de la convention sur le génocide
pour connaître de l’affaire.
49. Compte tenu de cette conclusion, la Cour considère qu’elle ne peut
accéder à la demande de la Fédération de Russie tendant à ce qu’elle raye
l’affaire de son rôle pour incompétence manifeste.
III. Les droits dont la protection est recherchée et le lien
entre ces droits et les mesures demandées
50. Le pouvoir d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires que la Cour tient
de l’article 41 de son Statut a pour objet de sauvegarder, dans l’attente de
sa décision sur le fond de l’affaire, les droits revendiqués par chacune des
parties. Il s’ensuit que la Cour doit se préoccuper de sauvegarder par de
telles mesures les droits que l’arrêt qu’elle aura ultérieurement à rendre
pourrait reconnaître à l’une ou à l’autre des parties. Aussi ne peut‑elle
exercer ce pouvoir que si elle estime que les droits allégués par le demandeur
sont au moins plausibles (voir, par exemple, Application de la convention
pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide (Gambie
224 allegations of genocide (order 16 III 22)
17
Myanmar), Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, I.C.J. Reports
2020, p. 18, para. 43).
51. At this stage of the proceedings, however, the Court is not called
upon to determine definitively whether the rights which Ukraine wishes to
see protected exist; it need only decide whether the rights claimed
by Ukraine on the merits, and for which it is seeking protection, are plausible.
Moreover, a link must exist between the rights whose protection is
sought and the provisional measures being requested (ibid., para. 44).
* *
52. In the present proceedings, Ukraine argues that it seeks provisional
measures to protect its rights “not to be subject to a false claim of genocide”,
and “not to be subjected to another State’s military operations on
its territory based on a brazen abuse of Article I of the Genocide Convention”.
It states that the Russian Federation has acted inconsistently
with its obligations and duties, as set out in Articles I and IV of the
Convention.
53. Ukraine contends that it has a right to demand good faith performance
of obligations under the Genocide Convention by the Russian Federation,
in accordance with the object and purpose of the Convention. It
states that the Russian Federation has abused and misused the rights and
duties stipulated in the Convention and that the “special military operation”
of the Respondent is an aggression undertaken “under the guise” of the duty
to prevent and punish genocide, enshrined in Articles I and IV of the Convention,
and that it frustrates the object and purpose of the Convention.
54. The Applicant further submits that it has a right under the Convention
not to be harmed by the Russian Federation’s misuse and abuse
of the Convention. It considers in particular that it has a right not to suffer
grave harm as a result of a military action falsely cloaked as one
undertaken to prevent and punish genocide.
55. Ukraine asserts that the above-mentioned
rights are grounded in a
possible interpretation of the Genocide Convention and are therefore
plausible.
* *
56. The Court observes that, in accordance with Article I of the
Convention,
all States parties thereto have undertaken “to prevent and to
punish” the crime of genocide. Article I does not specify the kinds of
measures that a Contracting Party may take to fulfil this obligation.
However, the Contracting Parties must implement this obligation in good
faith, taking into account other parts of the Convention, in particular
Articles VIII and IX, as well as its preamble.
Pursuant to Article VIII of the Convention, a Contracting Party that
considers that genocide is taking place in the territory of another Con-
allégations de génocide (ordonnance 16 III 22) 224
17
c. Myanmar), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 23 janvier 2020,
C.I.J. Recueil 2020, p. 18, par. 43).
51. A ce stade de la procédure, la Cour n’est cependant pas appelée à se
prononcer définitivement sur le point de savoir si les droits que l’Ukraine
souhaite voir protégés existent ; il lui faut seulement déterminer si les droits
que celle‑ci revendique au fond et dont elle sollicite la protection sont
plausibles. En outre, un lien doit exister entre les droits dont la protection
est recherchée et les mesures conservatoires demandées (ibid., par. 44).
* *
52. En la présente espèce, l’Ukraine soutient qu’elle sollicite des mesures
conservatoires afin de protéger son droit de « ne pas faire l’objet d’une allégation
mensongère de génocide » et celui de « ne pas subir d’opérations militaires
menées sur son territoire par un autre Etat sur le fondement d’un abus
éhonté de l’article premier de la convention sur le génocide ». Elle affirme
que la Fédération de Russie a agi de manière incompatible avec ses obligations
et devoirs, tels qu’énoncés aux articles premier et IV de la convention.
53. L’Ukraine avance qu’elle a le droit d’exiger que la Fédération de Russie
exécute de bonne foi ses obligations au titre de la convention sur le génocide,
conformément à l’objet et au but de ladite convention. Elle affirme que la
Fédération de Russie a appliqué de manière abusive et dévoyée les droits et
obligations énoncés dans la convention et que l’« opération militaire spéciale »
menée par la défenderesse est une agression lancée « sous couvert » de l’obligation
de prévenir et de punir le génocide, consacrée aux articles premier et IV
de la convention, et qu’elle réduit à néant l’objet et le but de la convention.
54. La demanderesse soutient en outre qu’elle a le droit, en vertu de la
convention, de ne pas faire l’objet d’un préjudice résultant d’un usage
abusif et dévoyé que fait la Fédération de Russie de celle‑ci. Elle considère
en particulier qu’elle a le droit de ne pas subir de préjudice grave par
suite d’une action militaire artificiellement déguisée en action visant à prévenir
et punir un génocide.
55. L’Ukraine affirme que les droits susmentionnés sont fondés sur une
interprétation possible de la convention sur le génocide et qu’ils sont donc
plausibles.
* *
56. La Cour fait observer que, conformément à l’article premier de la
convention, tous les Etats parties à celle‑ci se sont engagés « à prévenir et
à punir » le crime de génocide. L’article premier ne précise pas quels types
de mesures une partie contractante peut prendre pour s’acquitter de cette
obligation. Les parties contractantes doivent toutefois exécuter cette obligation
de bonne foi, en tenant compte d’autres parties de la convention,
en particulier ses articles VIII et IX, ainsi que son préambule.
En application de l’article VIII de la convention, une partie contractante
qui estime qu’un génocide a lieu sur le territoire d’une autre partie
225 allegations of genocide (order 16 III 22)
18
tracting Party “may call upon the competent organs of the United Nations
to take such action under the Charter of the United Nations as they consider
appropriate for the prevention and suppression of acts of genocide
or any of the other acts enumerated in article III”. In addition, pursuant
to Article
IX, such a Contracting Party may submit to the Court a dispute
relating to the interpretation, application or fulfilment of the Convention.
57. A Contracting Party may resort to other means of fulfilling its obligation
to prevent and punish genocide that it believes to have been committed
by another Contracting Party, such as bilateral engagement or
exchanges within a regional organization. However, the Court emphasizes
that, in discharging its duty to prevent genocide, “every State may
only act within the limits permitted by international law”, as was stated
in a previous case brought under the Convention (Application of the
Convention
on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
(Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro), Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 2007 (I), p. 221, para. 430).
58. The acts undertaken by the Contracting Parties “to prevent and to
punish” genocide must be in conformity with the spirit and aims of the
United Nations, as set out in Article 1 of the United Nations Charter. In
this regard, the Court recalls that, under Article 1 of the United Nations
Charter, the purposes of the United Nations are, inter alia,
“[t]o maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to
take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of
threats to the peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or
other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means,
and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law,
adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations which
might lead to a breach of the peace”.
59. The Court can only take a decision on the Applicant’s claims if the
case proceeds to the merits. At the present stage of the proceedings, it
suffices to observe that the Court is not in possession of evidence substantiating
the allegation of the Russian Federation that genocide has been
committed on Ukrainian territory. Moreover, it is doubtful that the Convention,
in light of its object and purpose, authorizes a Contracting Party’s
unilateral use of force in the territory of another State for the purpose
of preventing or punishing an alleged genocide.
60. Under these circumstances, the Court considers that Ukraine has a
plausible right not to be subjected to military operations by the Russian
Federation for the purpose of preventing and punishing an alleged genocide
in the territory of Ukraine.
* *
allégations de génocide (ordonnance 16 III 22) 225
18
contractante « peut saisir les organes compétents de l’Organisation des
Nations Unies afin que ceux‑ci prennent, conformément à la Charte des
Nations Unies, les mesures qu’ils jugent appropriées pour la prévention et
la répression des actes de génocide ou de l’un quelconque des autres actes
énumérés à l’article III ». En outre, ladite partie contractante peut, en
application de l’article IX, soumettre à la Cour un différend relatif à l’interprétation,
l’application ou l’exécution de la convention.
57. Une partie contractante peut recourir à d’autres moyens d’exécuter
son obligation de prévenir et de punir un génocide qui, selon elle, aurait
été commis par une autre partie contractante, par exemple en entamant
des discussions bilatérales ou des échanges de vues dans le cadre d’une
organisation régionale. Cependant, la Cour souligne que, en s’acquittant
de l’obligation de prévenir le génocide, « chaque Etat ne peut déployer
son action que dans les limites de ce que lui permet la légalité internationale
», comme cela a été précisé dans une affaire antérieure introduite au
titre de la convention (Application de la convention pour la prévention
et la répression du crime de génocide (Bosnie‑Herzégovine c. Serbie‑et‑Monténégro),
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2007 (I), p. 221, par. 430).
58. Les actes entrepris par les parties contractantes pour « prévenir
et … punir » un génocide doivent être conformes à l’esprit et aux buts des
Nations Unies, tels qu’énoncés à l’article 1 de la Charte des Nations Unies.
A cet égard, la Cour rappelle que, aux termes de cet article de la Charte,
les buts des Nations Unies consistent notamment à
« [m]aintenir la paix et la sécurité internationales et à cette fin :
prendre des mesures collectives efficaces en vue de prévenir et
d’écarter
les menaces à la paix et de réprimer tout acte d’agression ou
autre rupture de la paix, et réaliser, par des moyens pacifiques,
conformément aux principes de la justice et du droit international,
l’ajustement ou le règlement de différends ou de situations, de
caractère
international, susceptibles de mener à une rupture de la
paix ».
59. La Cour ne peut rendre une décision sur les prétentions de la
Partie
demanderesse que si l’affaire vient à être examinée au fond. Au
stade actuel de la procédure, il suffit d’observer que la Cour ne dispose
pas d’éléments de preuve étayant l’allégation, par la Fédération de
Russie,
qu’un génocide aurait été commis sur le territoire ukrainien. En
outre, il est douteux que la convention, au vu de son objet et de son but,
autorise l’emploi unilatéral de la force par une partie contractante sur le
territoire d’un autre Etat, aux fins de prévenir ou de punir un génocide
allégué.
60. Dans ces circonstances, la Cour considère que l’Ukraine a un droit
plausible de ne pas faire l’objet d’opérations militaires par la Fédération
de Russie aux fins de prévenir et de punir un génocide allégué sur le territoire
ukrainien.
* *
226 allegations of genocide (order 16 III 22)
19
61. The Court now turns to the condition of the link between the rights
claimed by Ukraine and the provisional measures requested.
* *
62. Ukraine claims that there is a clear link between the plausible
rights that it seeks to preserve and the first two provisional measures that
it requests. In particular, the first two provisional measures share a direct
link to Ukraine’s right under Article I to good faith performance of the
Convention by any State party.
* *
63. The Court has already found that Ukraine is asserting a right that
is plausible under the Genocide Convention (see paragraphs 50-60 above).
The Court considers that, by their very nature, the first two provisional
measures sought by Ukraine (see paragraph 14 above) are aimed at preserving
the right of Ukraine that the Court has found to be plausible. As
to the third and fourth provisional measures requested by Ukraine, the
question of their link with that plausible right does not arise, in so far as
such measures would be directed at preventing any action which may
aggravate or extend the existing dispute or render it more difficult to
resolve, and at providing information on the compliance with any specific
provisional measure indicated by the Court (see Application of the Convention
on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
(The Gambia v. Myanmar), Provisional Measures, Order of 23 January
2020, I.C.J. Reports 2020, p. 24, para. 61).
64. The Court concludes, therefore, that a link exists between the right
of Ukraine that the Court has found to be plausible and the requested
provisional measures.
IV. Risk of Irreparable Prejudice and Urgency
65. The Court, pursuant to Article 41 of its Statute, has the power to
indicate provisional measures when irreparable prejudice could be caused
to rights which are the subject of judicial proceedings or when the alleged
disregard of such rights may entail irreparable consequences (see, for
example, ibid., para. 64, referring to Alleged Violations of the 1955 Treaty
of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights (Islamic Republic of
Iran v. United States of America), Provisional Measures, Order of 3 October
2018, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (II), p. 645, para. 77).
66. However, the power of the Court to indicate provisional measures
will be exercised only if there is urgency, in the sense that there is a real
and imminent risk that irreparable prejudice will be caused to the rights
claimed before the Court gives its final decision. The condition of urgency
is met when the acts susceptible of causing irreparable prejudice can
allégations de génocide (ordonnance 16 III 22) 226
19
61. La Cour en vient maintenant à la condition du lien entre les droits
revendiqués par l’Ukraine et les mesures conservatoires sollicitées.
* *
62. L’Ukraine affirme qu’il existe un lien clair entre les droits plausibles
qu’elle cherche à préserver et les deux premières mesures conservatoires
qu’elle sollicite. En particulier, ces deux premières mesures sont
directement liées au droit qu’a l’Ukraine, en vertu de l’article premier, à
l’exécution de bonne foi de la convention par tout Etat partie.
* *
63. La Cour a déjà conclu que l’Ukraine revendique un droit plausible
au titre de la convention sur le génocide (voir les paragraphes 50‑60
ci-
dessus).
Elle considère que, par leur nature même, les deux premières
mesures conservatoires sollicitées par l’Ukraine (voir le paragraphe 14
ci‑dessus) visent à sauvegarder le droit de celle‑ci que la Cour a jugé plausible.
S’agissant des troisième et quatrième mesures conservatoires sollicitées
par l’Ukraine, la question de leur lien avec ce droit plausible ne se
pose pas, puisqu’elles viseraient à prévenir tout acte susceptible d’aggraver
ou d’étendre le différend existant ou d’en rendre le règlement plus
difficile, ainsi qu’à obtenir des informations sur la mise en oeuvre de toute
mesure conservatoire spécifique qui pourrait être indiquée par la Cour
(voir Application de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du
crime de génocide (Gambie c. Myanmar), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance
du 23 janvier 2020, C.I.J. Recueil 2020, p. 24, par. 61).
64. La Cour conclut de ce qui précède qu’il existe un lien entre le droit
de l’Ukraine que la Cour a jugé plausible et les mesures conservatoires
sollicitées.
IV. Risque de préjudice irréparable et urgence
65. La Cour tient de l’article 41 de son Statut le pouvoir d’indiquer des
mesures conservatoires lorsqu’un préjudice irréparable risque d’être causé
aux droits en litige dans une procédure judiciaire ou lorsque la méconnaissance
alléguée de ces droits risque d’entraîner des conséquences irréparables
(voir, par exemple, ibid., par. 64, citant Violations alléguées du
traité d’amitié, de commerce et de droits consulaires de 1955 (République
islamique d’Iran c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance
du 3 octobre 2018, C.I.J. Recueil 2018 (II), p. 645, par. 77).
66. Le pouvoir de la Cour d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires n’est
toutefois exercé que s’il y a urgence, c’est‑à‑dire s’il existe un risque réel et
imminent qu’un préjudice irréparable soit causé aux droits revendiqués
avant que la Cour ne rende sa décision définitive. La condition d’urgence
est remplie dès lors que les actes susceptibles de causer un préjudice irré-
227 allegations of genocide (order 16 III 22)
20
“occur at any moment” before the Court makes a final decision on the
case (Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of
the Crime of Genocide (The Gambia v. Myanmar), Provisional Measures,
Order of 23 January 2020, I.C.J. Reports 2020, p. 24, para. 65). The Court
must therefore consider whether such a risk exists at this stage of the
proceedings.
67. The Court is not called upon, for the purposes of its decision on the
request for the indication of provisional measures, to establish the existence
of breaches of obligations under the Genocide Convention, but to determine
whether the circumstances require the indication of provisional measures
for the protection of the right found to be plausible. It cannot at this
stage make definitive findings of fact, and the right of each Party to submit
arguments in respect of the merits remains unaffected by the Court’s decision
on the request for the indication of provisional measures.
* *
68. Ukraine submits that there is an urgent need to protect its people
from the irreparable harm caused by the Russian Federation’s military
measures that have been launched on a pretext of genocide. It emphasizes
that the invasion by the Russian Federation has resulted in numerous
casualties among Ukrainian civilians and military personnel, the bombing
of numerous cities across Ukraine, and the displacement of over one and
a half million Ukrainian civilians both within Ukraine and across its
international borders.
69. Ukraine asserts that, in assessing whether the condition of urgency
is satisfied in cases involving ongoing conflict, the Court typically considers
whether the population at risk is particularly vulnerable, the fragility
of the overall situation, including the likelihood of aggravation of the
dispute, and the risk of reoccurrence of harm. Ukraine submits that the
Court has frequently stated that loss of life constitutes an irreparable
harm.
70. In this regard, Ukraine contends that thousands of people have
already been killed in the conflict and that, with every day that passes,
more lives will be lost and probably at an accelerating rate. It argues that
the refugee crisis is another example of irreparable harm, pointing to the
uncertainty that these displaced individuals will ever be able to return to
their homes and the lasting psychological trauma the conflict will cause
them even if they are resettled. It emphasizes that the population is
extremely vulnerable, with many lacking food, electricity and water; that
the overall situation is extremely fragile; and that the risk of aggravation
of the crisis is acute. Ukraine further asserts that the Russian Federation’s
military action poses grave environmental risks, not only to Ukraine
but also for the wider region, referring in particular to the dangers posed
to Ukraine’s civil nuclear industry and toxic smoke released by attacks on
fuel depots.
allégations de génocide (ordonnance 16 III 22) 227
20
parable peuvent « intervenir à tout moment » avant que la Cour ne se
prononce de manière définitive en l’affaire (Application de la convention
pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide (Gambie c.
Myanmar),
mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 23 janvier 2020, C.I.J.
Recueil 2020, p. 24, par. 65). La Cour doit donc rechercher si pareil risque
existe à ce stade de la procédure.
67. La Cour n’a pas, aux fins de sa décision sur la demande en indication
de mesures conservatoires, à établir l’existence de violations d’obligations
découlant de la convention sur le génocide, mais doit déterminer si
les circonstances exigent l’indication de telles mesures à l’effet de protéger
le droit jugé plausible. Elle n’est pas habilitée, à ce stade, à conclure de
façon définitive sur les faits, et sa décision sur la demande en indication
de mesures conservatoires laisse intact le droit de chacune des Parties de
faire valoir à cet égard ses moyens au fond.
* *
68. L’Ukraine soutient que sa population a de toute urgence besoin
d’être protégée du préjudice irréparable causé par les mesures militaires
que la Fédération de Russie a engagées en prenant prétexte d’un génocide.
Elle souligne que l’invasion militaire menée par la défenderesse a fait
de nombreuses victimes parmi les civils et les militaires ukrainiens,
entraîné le bombardement de nombreuses villes sur l’ensemble du territoire
ukrainien et provoqué le déplacement de plus d’un million et demi
de civils ukrainiens à l’intérieur et à l’extérieur des frontières internationales
de l’Ukraine.
69. L’Ukraine indique que, pour déterminer si la condition d’urgence
est remplie dans les situations où un conflit est en cours, la Cour examine
généralement si la population menacée est particulièrement vulnérable, en
appréciant la fragilité de la situation globale, notamment la probabilité
que le différend ne s’aggrave, et le risque de répétition du préjudice. Elle
fait valoir que la Cour a déclaré à de nombreuses occasions que les pertes
de vies constituaient un préjudice irréparable.
70. A cet égard, l’Ukraine affirme que des milliers de personnes ont déjà
été tuées dans le conflit et que le nombre de morts augmente chaque jour,
à un rythme qui va probablement s’accélérer. Elle invoque la crise des
réfugiés comme un autre exemple de préjudice irréparable, se référant à
l’incertitude, pour les personnes déplacées, d’un hypothétique retour et au
traumatisme psychologique persistant causé par le conflit, même en cas de
réinstallation. Elle souligne la très grande vulnérabilité de sa population,
de nombreux Ukrainiens étant privés de nourriture, d’électricité et d’eau,
la fragilité extrême de la situation globale et le risque élevé d’aggravation
de la crise. L’Ukraine avance en outre que l’action militaire de la Fédération
de Russie pose de graves risques pour l’environnement, non seulement
sur le territoire ukrainien mais également dans l’ensemble de la
région, faisant notamment référence aux dangers courus par l’industrie
nucléaire civile et aux fumées toxiques dégagées par les attaques lancées
contre des entrepôts de carburant.
228 allegations of genocide (order 16 III 22)
21
71. Ukraine submits that the seriousness of the situation unambiguously
satisfies the conditions of irreparable harm and urgency necessary
for the imposition of provisional measures.
*
72. The Russian Federation, for its part, submits that, contrary to
what Ukraine asserts, the urgency must pertain not to the situation in
general but to the protection of rights provided for by the Convention.
* *
73. Having previously determined that Ukraine can plausibly assert a
right under the Genocide Convention and that there is a link between this
right and the provisional measures requested, the Court now considers
whether irreparable prejudice could be caused to this right and whether there
is urgency, in the sense that there is a real and imminent risk that irreparable
prejudice will be caused to this right before the Court gives its final decision.
74. The Court considers that the right of Ukraine that it has found to
be plausible (see paragraph 60 above) is of such a nature that prejudice to
it is capable of causing irreparable harm. Indeed, any military operation,
in particular one on the scale carried out by the Russian Federation on
the territory of Ukraine, inevitably causes loss of life, mental and bodily
harm, and damage to property and to the environment.
75. The Court considers that the civilian population affected by the
present conflict is extremely vulnerable. The “special military operation”
being conducted by the Russian Federation has resulted in numerous
civilian deaths and injuries. It has also caused significant material damage,
including the destruction of buildings and infrastructure. Attacks are
ongoing and are creating increasingly difficult living conditions for the
civilian population. Many persons have no access to the most basic foodstuffs,
potable water, electricity, essential medicines or heating. A very
large number of people are attempting to flee from the most affected cities
under extremely insecure conditions.
76. In this regard, the Court takes note of resolution A/RES/ES-11/1
of 2 March 2022, of the General Assembly of the United Nations, which,
inter alia, “[e]xpress[es] grave concern at reports of attacks on civilian
facilities such as residences, schools and hospitals, and of civilian casualties,
including women, older persons, persons with disabilities, and children”,
“[r]ecogniz[es] that the military operations of the Russian
Federation inside the sovereign territory of Ukraine are on a scale that
the international community has not seen in Europe in decades and that
urgent action is needed to save this generation from the scourge of war”,
“[c]ondemn[s] the decision of the Russian Federation to increase the
readiness of its nuclear forces” and “[e]xpress[es] grave concern at the
deteriorating humanitarian situation in and around Ukraine, with an
allégations de génocide (ordonnance 16 III 22) 228
21
71. L’Ukraine soutient que la gravité de la situation satisfait incontestablement
aux conditions de préjudice irréparable et d’urgence requises
pour que la Cour indique des mesures conservatoires.
*
72. La Fédération de Russie soutient pour sa part que, contrairement à
ce qu’affirme l’Ukraine, l’urgence doit tenir non à la situation de manière
générale, mais à la protection de droits énoncés dans la convention.
* *
73. Ayant déjà conclu que l’Ukraine pouvait tenir de manière plausible
un droit de la convention sur le génocide et qu’il existait un lien entre ce
droit et les mesures conservatoires sollicitées, la Cour recherchera à présent
si un préjudice irréparable pourrait être causé à ce droit et s’il y a urgence,
c’est-à-dire s’il existe un risque réel et imminent qu’un tel préjudice
soit
causé à ce droit avant qu’elle ne rende sa décision définitive.
74. La Cour considère que le droit de l’Ukraine qu’elle a jugé plausible
(voir le paragraphe 60 ci-
dessus)
est d’une nature telle qu’un préjudice qui
lui serait porté pourrait se révéler irréparable. En effet, toute opération
militaire, en particulier de l’envergure de celle menée par la Fédération de
Russie sur le territoire ukrainien, cause inévitablement des pertes en vies
humaines, des atteintes à l’intégrité physique et mentale, et des dommages
aux biens et à l’environnement.
75. La Cour considère que la population civile touchée par le conflit
actuel est extrêmement vulnérable. De nombreux civils ont été tués ou
blessés dans le cadre de l’« opération militaire spéciale » conduite par la
Fédération de Russie, qui a également occasionné d’importants dégâts
matériels, notamment la destruction de bâtiments et d’infrastructures. Les
attaques, qui sont toujours en cours, rendent les conditions de vie de la
population civile de plus en plus difficiles. Nombreux sont ceux qui n’ont
pas accès aux produits alimentaires de première nécessité, à l’eau potable,
à l’électricité, à des médicaments essentiels ou au chauffage. Un très grand
nombre de personnes tentent de fuir les villes le plus durement touchées
dans des conditions extrêmement dangereuses.
76. A cet égard, la Cour prend note de la résolution A/RES/ES-11/1 du
2 mars 2022 adoptée par l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies dans
laquelle, entre autres, cette dernière « [s]e déclar[e] gravement préoccupée
par les informations faisant état d’attaques contre des établissements
civils tels que des logements, des écoles et des hôpitaux, ainsi que de victimes
civiles, dont des femmes, des personnes âgées, des personnes en
situation de handicap et des enfants », « [c]onstat[e] que les opérations
militaires russes menées à l’intérieur du territoire souverain de l’Ukraine
auxquelles la communauté internationale assiste sont d’une ampleur
jamais vue en Europe depuis des décennies et consid[ère] que des mesures
doivent être prises d’urgence pour sauver cette génération du fléau de la
guerre », « [c]ondamn[e] la décision de la Fédération de Russie d’aug-
229 allegations of genocide (order 16 III 22)
22
increasing number of internally displaced persons and refugees in need of
humanitarian assistance”.
77. In light of these circumstances, the Court concludes that disregard
of the right deemed plausible by the Court (see paragraph 60 above)
could cause irreparable prejudice to this right and that there is urgency, in
the sense that there is a real and imminent risk that such prejudice will be
caused before the Court makes a final decision in the case.
V. Conclusion and Measures to Be Adopted
78. The Court concludes from all of the above considerations that the
conditions required by its Statute for it to indicate provisional measures
are met. It is therefore necessary, pending its final decision, for the Court
to indicate certain measures in order to protect the right of Ukraine that
the Court has found to be plausible (see paragraph 60 above).
79. The Court recalls that it has the power, under its Statute, when a
request for provisional measures has been made, to indicate measures that
are, in whole or in part, other than those requested. Article 75, paragraph 2,
of the Rules of Court specifically refers to this power of the Court. The
Court has already exercised this power on several occasions in the past (see,
for example, Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment
of the Crime of Genocide (The Gambia v. Myanmar), Provisional
Measures, Order of 23 January 2020, I.C.J. Reports 2020, p. 28, para. 77).
80. In the present case, having considered the terms of the provisional
measures requested by Ukraine and the circumstances of the case, the
Court finds that the measures to be indicated need not be identical to
those requested.
81. The Court considers that, with regard to the situation described
above, the Russian Federation must, pending the final decision in the
case, suspend the military operations that it commenced on 24 February
2022 in the territory of Ukraine. In addition, recalling the statement of
the Permanent Representative of the Russian Federation to the
United Nations that the “Donetsk People’s Republic” and the “Lugansk
People’s Republic” had turned to the Russian Federation with a request
to grant military support, the Court considers that the Russian Federation
must also ensure that any military or irregular armed units which
may be directed or supported by it, as well as any organizations and persons
which may be subject to its control or direction, take no steps in
furtherance of these military operations.
82. The Court recalls that Ukraine also requested it to indicate measures
aimed at ensuring the non‑aggravation of the dispute with the
Russian
Federation. When it indicates provisional measures for the pur-
allégations de génocide (ordonnance 16 III 22) 229
22
menter le niveau de préparation de ses forces nucléaires » et « [s]e déclar[e]
gravement préoccupée par la détérioration de la situation humanitaire en
Ukraine et aux alentours, qui se traduit par un accroissement du nombre
de déplacés et de réfugiés ayant besoin d’une aide humanitaire ».
77. Dans ces circonstances, la Cour conclut que la méconnaissance du
droit qu’elle a jugé plausible (voir le paragraphe 60 ci‑dessus) risque d’entraîner
un préjudice irréparable à ce droit et qu’il y a urgence, c’est-à-dire
qu’il existe un risque réel et imminent qu’un tel préjudice soit causé avant
qu’elle ne se prononce de manière définitive en l’affaire.
V. Conclusion et mesures à adopter
78. La Cour conclut de l’ensemble des considérations qui précèdent
que les conditions auxquelles son Statut subordonne l’indication de
mesures conservatoires sont réunies. Il y a donc lieu pour elle d’indiquer,
dans l’attente de sa décision définitive, certaines mesures visant à protéger
le droit revendiqué par l’Ukraine qu’elle a jugé plausible (voir le paragraphe
60 ci‑dessus).
79. La Cour rappelle que, lorsqu’une demande en indication de mesures
conservatoires lui est présentée, elle a le pouvoir, en vertu de son Statut,
d’indiquer des mesures totalement ou partiellement différentes de celles qui
sont sollicitées. Le paragraphe 2 de l’article 75 de son Règlement mentionne
expressément ce pouvoir, qu’elle a déjà exercé en plusieurs occasions par le
passé (voir, par exemple, Application de la convention pour la prévention et
la répression du crime de génocide (Gambie c. Myanmar), mesures conservatoires,
ordonnance du 23 janvier 2020, C.I.J. Recueil 2020, p. 28, par. 77).
80. En la présente espèce, ayant examiné le libellé des mesures conservatoires
demandées par l’Ukraine ainsi que les circonstances de l’affaire,
la Cour estime que les mesures à indiquer n’ont pas à être identiques à
celles qui sont sollicitées.
81. La Cour considère que, s’agissant de la situation décrite plus haut,
la Fédération de Russie doit, en attendant qu’elle se prononce dans un
arrêt définitif, suspendre les opérations militaires commencées le 24 février
2022 sur le territoire ukrainien. En outre, rappelant que la Fédération de
Russie a, par la voix de son représentant permanent auprès de l’Organisation
des Nations Unies, déclaré que la « République populaire de
Donetsk » et la « République populaire de Lougansk » s’étaient tournées
vers elle en lui demandant de leur apporter un appui militaire, la Cour
estime que la Fédération de Russie doit également veiller à ce qu’aucune
des unités militaires ou unités armées irrégulières qui pourraient agir sous
sa direction ou bénéficier de son appui, ni aucune organisation ou personne
qui pourrait se trouver sous son contrôle ou sa direction, ne commette
d’actes tendant à la poursuite de ces opérations militaires.
82. La Cour rappelle que l’Ukraine l’a également priée d’indiquer des
mesures destinées à prévenir toute aggravation du différend l’opposant à la
Fédération de Russie. Lorsqu’elle indique des mesures conservatoires à
230 allegations of genocide (order 16 III 22)
23
pose of preserving specific rights, the Court may also indicate provisional
measures with a view to preventing the aggravation or extension of the
dispute if it considers that the circumstances so require (see, for example,
Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms
of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures,
Order of 7 December 2021, I.C.J. Reports 2021, p. 392, para. 94; Application
of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Racial Discrimination (Azerbaijan v. Armenia), Provisional Measures,
Order of 7 December 2021, I.C.J. Reports 2021, pp. 429-430, para. 72). In
the present case, having considered all the circumstances, in addition to
the specific measures it has decided to order, the Court deems it necessary
to indicate an additional measure directed to both Parties and aimed at
ensuring the non-aggravation
of the dispute.
83. The Court further recalls that Ukraine requested it to indicate a
provisional measure directing the Russian Federation to “provide a
report to the Court on measures taken to implement the Court’s Order on
Provisional Measures one week after such Order and then on a regular
basis to be fixed by the Court”. In the circumstances of the present case,
however, the Court declines to indicate this measure.
* * *
84. The Court reaffirms that its “orders on provisional measures under
Article 41 [of the Statute] have binding effect” (LaGrand (Germany v.
United States of America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 506,
para. 109) and thus create international legal obligations for any party to
whom the provisional measures are addressed.
* * *
85. The Court further reaffirms that the decision given in the present
proceedings in no way prejudges the question of the jurisdiction of the
Court to deal with the merits of the case or any questions relating to the
admissibility of the Application or to the merits themselves. It leaves
unaffected the right of the Governments of Ukraine and of the Russian
Federation to submit arguments in respect of those questions.
* * *
86. For these reasons,
The Court,
Indicates the following provisional measures:
(1) By thirteen votes to two,
allégations de génocide (ordonnance 16 III 22) 230
23
l’effet
de sauvegarder des droits particuliers, la Cour peut aussi indiquer des
mesures conservatoires à l’effet d’empêcher l’aggravation ou l’extension du
différend si elle estime que les circonstances l’exigent (voir, par exemple,
Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les
formes de discrimination raciale (Arménie c. Azerbaïdjan), mesures conservatoires,
ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021, C.I.J. Recueil 2021, p. 392,
par. 94 ; Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes
les formes de discrimination raciale (Azerbaïdjan c. Arménie), mesures
conservatoires, ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021, C.I.J. Recueil 2021, p. 429-
430, par. 72). En la présente espèce, ayant examiné l’ensemble des circonstances,
la Cour estime nécessaire d’indiquer, en sus des mesures particulières
précédemment décidées, une mesure supplémentaire adressée aux deux
Parties,
visant à prévenir toute aggravation du différend.
83. La Cour rappelle aussi que l’Ukraine l’a priée d’indiquer une
mesure conservatoire tendant à ce que la Fédération de Russie « rend[e]
compte à la Cour des mesures prises pour exécuter l’ordonnance en indication
de mesures conservatoires dans un délai d’une semaine à compter
de la date de celle‑ci, puis à intervalles réguliers, dans les délais qui seront
fixés par la Cour ». Dans les circonstances de l’espèce, la Cour refuse toutefois
d’indiquer pareille mesure.
* * *
84. La Cour réaffirme que ses « ordonnances indiquant des mesures
conservatoires au titre de l’article 41 [du Statut] ont un caractère obligatoire
» (LaGrand (Allemagne c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique), arrêt, C.I.J.
Recueil 2001, p. 506, par. 109) et créent donc des obligations juridiques
internationales pour toute partie à laquelle ces mesures sont adressées.
* * *
85. La Cour réaffirme en outre que la décision rendue en la présente
procédure ne préjuge en rien la question de sa compétence pour connaître
du fond de l’affaire, ni aucune question relative à la recevabilité de la
requête ou au fond lui‑même. Elle laisse intact le droit des Gouvernements
de l’Ukraine et de la Fédération de Russie de faire valoir leurs
moyens en ces matières.
* * *
86. Par ces motifs,
La Cour,
Indique à titre provisoire les mesures conservatoires suivantes :
1) Par treize voix contre deux,
231 allegations of genocide (order 16 III 22)
24
The Russian Federation shall immediately suspend the military operations
that it commenced on 24 February 2022 in the territory of Ukraine;
in favour: President Donoghue; Judges Tomka, Abraham, Bennouna, Yusuf,
Sebutinde, Bhandari, Robinson, Salam, Iwasawa, Nolte, Charlesworth;
Judge ad hoc Daudet;
against: Vice-President
Gevorgian; Judge Xue;
(2) By thirteen votes to two,
The Russian Federation shall ensure that any military or irregular
armed units which may be directed or supported by it, as well as any
organizations and persons which may be subject to its control or direction,
take no steps in furtherance of the military operations referred to in
point 1 above;
in favour: President Donoghue; Judges Tomka, Abraham, Bennouna, Yusuf,
Sebutinde, Bhandari, Robinson, Salam, Iwasawa, Nolte, Charlesworth;
Judge ad hoc Daudet;
against: Vice-President
Gevorgian; Judge Xue;
(3) Unanimously,
Both Parties shall refrain from any action which might aggravate or
extend the dispute before the Court or make it more difficult to resolve.
Done in English and in French, the English text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this sixteenth day of March, two thousand
and twenty-two, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archives
of the Court and the others transmitted to the Government of Ukraine
and the Government of the Russian Federation, respectively.
(Signed) Joan E. Donoghue,
President.
(Signed) Philippe Gautier,
Registrar.
Vice-President
Gevorgian appends a declaration to the Order of the
Court; Judges Bennouna and Xue append declarations to the Order of
the Court; Judge Robinson appends a separate opinion to the Order of
the Court; Judge Nolte appends a declaration to the Order of the Court;
Judge ad hoc Daudet appends a declaration to the Order of the Court.
(Initialled) J.E.D.
(Initialled) Ph.G.
allégations de génocide (ordonnance 16 III 22) 231
24
La Fédération de Russie doit suspendre immédiatement les opérations militaires
qu’elle a commencées le 24 février 2022 sur le territoire de l’Ukraine ;
pour : Mme Donoghue, présidente ; MM. Tomka, Abraham, Bennouna,
Yusuf, Mme Sebutinde, MM. Bhandari, Robinson, Salam, Iwasawa, Nolte,
Mme Charlesworth, juges ; M. Daudet, juge ad hoc ;
contre : M. Gevorgian, vice-président
; Mme Xue, juge ;
2) Par treize voix contre deux,
La Fédération de Russie doit veiller à ce qu’aucune des unités militaires
ou unités armées irrégulières qui pourraient agir sous sa direction ou
bénéficier de son appui, ni aucune organisation ou personne qui pourrait
se trouver sous son contrôle ou sa direction, ne commette d’actes tendant
à la poursuite des opérations militaires visées au point 1 ci‑dessus ;
pour : Mme Donoghue, présidente ; MM. Tomka, Abraham, Bennouna,
Yusuf, Mme Sebutinde, MM. Bhandari, Robinson, Salam, Iwasawa, Nolte,
Mme Charlesworth, juges ; M. Daudet, juge ad hoc ;
contre : M. Gevorgian, vice-président
; Mme Xue, juge ;
3) A l’unanimité,
Les deux Parties doivent s’abstenir de tout acte qui risquerait d’aggraver
ou d’étendre le différend dont la Cour est saisie ou d’en rendre le
règlement plus difficile.
Fait en anglais et en français, le texte anglais faisant foi, au Palais de la
Paix, à La Haye, le seize mars deux mille vingt-deux, en trois exemplaires,
dont l’un restera déposé aux archives de la Cour et les autres seront transmis
respectivement au Gouvernement de l’Ukraine et au Gouvernement
de la Fédération de Russie.
La présidente,
(Signé) Joan E. Donoghue.
Le greffier,
(Signé) Philippe Gautier.
M. le juge Gevorgian, vice-président,
joint une déclaration à l’ordonnance
; M. le juge Bennouna et Mme la juge Xue joignent des déclarations
à l’ordonnance ; M. le juge Robinson joint à l’ordonnance l’exposé de son
opinion individuelle ; M le juge Nolte joint une déclaration à l’ordonnance
; M. le juge ad hoc Daudet joint une déclaration à l’ordonnance.
(Paraphé) J.E.D.
(Paraphé) Ph.G.

ICJ document subtitle

Request for the indication of provisional measures

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Order of 16 March 2022

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