Application instituting proceedings

Document Number
165-20170116-APP-01-00-EN
Document Type
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

APPLICATION

INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS

filed in the Registry of the Court

on 16 January 2017

DISPUTE CONCERNING THE PRECISE DEFINITION OF THE
BOUNDARY IN THE AREA OF LOS PORTILLOS/HARBOR

HEAD LAGOON AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A NEW
MILITARY CAMP BY NICARAGUA

(COSTA RICA v. NICARAGUA)

_________________ COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

REQUÊTE

INTRODUCTIVE D’INSTANCE

enregistrée au Greffe de la Cour

le 16 janvier 2017

DIFFÉREND RELATIF À LA DEFINITION PRECISE DE LA
FRONTIERE DANS LA ZONE DE LA LAGUNE LOS

PORTILLOS / HARBOR HEAD ET À L'ETABLISSEMENT D'UN
NOUVEAU CAMPEMENT MILITAIRE PAR LE NICARAGUA

(COSTA RICA c. NICARAGUA) APPLICATION INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS

OF THE REPUBLIC OF COSTA RICA

To the Registrar
International Court of Justice

1. The undersigned, being duly authorized by the Republic of Costa Rica, have the

honour to submit to the International Court of Justice this Application instituting

proceedings on behalf of the Republic of Costa Rica against the Republic of

Nicaragua in the following dispute.

I. Introduction

2. On behalf of the Government of the Republic of Costa Rica and pursuant to

Article 36, paragraphs 1 and 2, and Article 40 of the Statute of the Court and
Article 38 of the Rules of Court, I have the honour to submit for decision of the Court

the present Application instituting proceedings against the Government of the

Republic of Nicaragua.

3. The dispute between Costa Rica and Nicaragua concerns the precise location of the

land boundary separating the Los Portillos/Harbor Head Lagoon sandbar from Isla

Portillos. It also concerns the illegal establishment of a military camp by Nicaragua

on the beach of Isla Portillos, a territory belonging to Costa Rica, as confirmed by the

Court in its Judgment of 16 December 2015 in the case concerning Certain Activities

carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) (hereinafter
“Certain Activities case”).1

4. The present application does not include the question of sovereignty over the beach of

the northern part of Isla Portillos between Los Portillos/Harbor Head Lagoon and the
mouth of the San Juan River. This question was settled by the Court in favour of

Costa Rica and the decision of the Court has the force of res judicata. The only

question that remains disputed and open for a decision is the precise location of the

1 Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa v. Nicaragua), joined
with proceedings in the case concerning Construction of a Road in Costa Rica Along the San Juan River
(Nicaragua v. Costa Rica), Judgment, 16 December 2015, paras. 69-70 and 229(1).

1 land boundary separating the Los Portillos/Harbor Head Lagoon sandbar from Isla

Portillos.

5. At the same time, Costa Rica also requests that the Court join the proceedings in the

present case with the proceedings in the case concerning Maritime Delimitation in the

Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) (hereinafter

“Maritime Delimitation case”), pursuant to Article 47 of the Rules of Court.

II. The Court’s jurisdiction

6. The Court has jurisdiction over the present dispute in accordance with the provisions

of Article 36, paragraph 2, of its Statute, by virtue of the operation of the declarations

of acceptance made by Costa Rica, dated 20 February 1973, and by Nicaragua, dated

24 September 1929.

7. The Court also has jurisdiction over the present dispute in accordance with the

provisions of Article 36, paragraph 1, of its Statute, by virtue of the operation of the

American Treaty on Pacific Settlement of Disputes, Bogotá, 30 April 1948,

Article XXXI (the Pact of Bogotá). The parties have expressed their commitment to

the Pact of Bogotá through the Pact of Amity, Washington, 21 February 1949,
3
Article III.

III. The facts of the dispute

8. In November 2010, Nicaragua invaded and occupied Costa Rican territory adjacent to
the Caribbean Sea, in the northern area of Isla Portillos. Nicaragua subsequently

claimed sovereignty over that area, which had previously been undisputed Costa

Rican territory. The Court rejected Nicaragua’s claim of sovereignty over that area in

its Judgment of 16 December 2015 in the Certain Activities case. The Court

confirmed that Costa Rica has sovereignty over the “disputed territory”. The 4

“disputed territory” was defined by the Court in its Order of 8 March 2011 on

provisional measures as “the northern part of Isla Portillos, that is to say, the area of

2 30 United Nations Treaty Series 55. Both Costa Rica and Nicaragua are parties to the Pact of Bogotá.
3
1465 United Nations Treaty Series 221.
4 Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) and
Construction of a Road in Costa Rica Along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica), Judgment,
16 December 2015, paras . 69-70, and 229(1).

2 wetland of some 3 square kilometres between the right bank of the disputed caño, the

right bank of the San Juan River up to its mouth at the Caribbean Sea and the Harbor
5
Head Lagoon”.

9. During that proceeding, Nicaragua established a military camp on the beach of Isla

Portillos. Nicaragua’s conduct in doing so, as well as its construction of two new

artificial caños on the disputed territory, led Costa Rica to seek and obtain a second

Order on provisional measures, dated 22 November 2013. In that Order, the Court

declared that the beach formed part of the “disputed territory” and ordered Nicaragua

to remove the camp. In its Judgment on the merits of 16 December 2015, the Court

recalled that the beach where the Nicaraguan encampment was established was
7
situated in the “disputed territory”. The relevant paragraphs of the Court’s Judgment

of 16 December 2015 provide as follows:

“69. Since it is uncontested that Nicaragua conducted certain activities in the
disputed territory, it is necessary, in order to establish whether there was a
breach of Costa Rica’s territorial sovereignty, to determine which State has

sovereignty over that territory. The ‘disputed territory’ was defined by the
Court in its Order of 8 March 2011 on provisional measures as ‘the northern

part of Isla Portillos, that is to say, the area of wetland of some 3 square
kilometres between the right bank of the disputed caño, the right bank of the

San Juan River up to its mouth at the Caribbean Sea and the Harbor Head
Lagoon’ (I.C.J. Reports 2011(I), p. 19, para. 55). The caño referred to is the

one which was dredged by Nicaragua in 2010. Nicaragua did not contest this
definition of the ‘disputed territory’, while Costa Rica expressly endorsed it in

its final submissions (para. 2 (a)). The Court will maintain the definition of
‘disputed territory’ given in the 2011 Order. It recalls that its Order of 22

November 2013 indicating provisional measures specified that a Nicaraguan
military encampment ‘located on the beach and close to the line of vegetation’

near one of the caños dredged in 2013 was ‘situated in the disputed territory
as defined by the Court in its Order of 8 March 2011’ (I.C.J. Reports 2013, p.

365, para. 46).

5
Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Ricv. Nicaragua), Request
for the Indication of Provisional Measures, Order of 8 March 2011, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 19, para. 55.
6
Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua),
Provisional Measures, Order of 22 November 2013, I.C.J. Reports 2013, p. 365, para. 46.
7 Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) and
Construction of a Road in Costa Rica Along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica), Judgment,
16 December 2015, para. 69.

3 70. The above definition of the ‘disputed territory’ does not specifically refer
to the stretch of coast abutting the Caribbean Sea which lies between the

Harbor Head Lagoon, which lagoon both Parties agree is Nicaraguan, and
the mouth of the San Juan River. In their oral arguments the Parties expressed

different views on this issue. However, they did not address the question of the
precise location of the mouth of the river nor did they provide detailed

information concerning the coast. Neither Party requested the Court to define
the boundary more precisely with regard to this coast. Accordingly, the Court
8
will refrain from doing so.”

10. Sometime after the Order of the Court of 22 November 2013, Nicaragua placed a

military encampment on the sandbar separating Los Portillos/Harbor Head Lagoon

from the Caribbean Sea. Remarkably, Nicaragua has recently relocated this military

camp to the beach of Isla Portillos, which is Costa Rican territory. Image 1 opposite

shows:

a. the location of the military camp established sometime in August/September
2013 on the beach of Isla Portillos, the removal of which was ordered by the

Court in its Order of 22 November 2013 (shown as “A” in the image); 9

b. the location of the military camp established by Nicaragua sometime after the

Order of the Court of 22 November 2013, on the sandbar separating Los

Portillos/Harbor Head Lagoon from the Caribbean Sea (shown as “B” in the

image); and

c. the new current location of the Nicaraguan military camp on Costa Rica’s
beach of Isla Portillos (shown as “C” in the image).

11. Image 2 opposite is a close-up of Image 1 showing locations “B” and “C” in closer

detail.

8
Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) and
Construction of a Road in Costa Rica Along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica), Judgment,
16 December 2015, para. 70.
9 Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua);
Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica), Provisional
Measures, Order of 22 November 2013, I.C.J. Reports 2013, p. 369, para. 59(1)(C).

4 Image 1

Satellite Image, 3 October 2016 (reproduced as Attachment 5)

Image 2

Close-up of Satellite Image, 3 October 2016 (reproduced as Attachment 6)

5 12. Nicaragua does not deny these facts. On 14 November 2016, Costa Rica wrote to

Nicaragua to protest the establishment of this camp on Costa Rican territory. 10 In a

response of 17 November 2016, Nicaragua not only refused to remove its camp, but it

also made a new claim of sovereignty over “the entire stretch of coast abutting the
11
Caribbean Sea between Harbor Head and the river’s mouth”. That claim is

radically inconsistent with the Court’s Judgment of 16 December 2015, where it was

declared - and is now a matter of res judicata - that the “disputed territory” (which

includes the beach between Harbor Head Lagoon and the mouth of the San Juan

River) is Costa Rican territory.

13. In its response of 17 November 2016, Nicaragua also asserted that the questions

raised by the Costa Rican note are not part of the Maritime Delimitation case. 12

14. On 24 November 2016, Hurricane Otto seriously affected the area of Isla Portillos and

damaged Costa Rica’s police and environmental installations in that area. 13 Costa

Rica understands that Nicaragua removed the military camp before Hurricane Otto

landed.

15. However, following Hurricane Otto, Nicaragua re-established, and continues to

maintain, a military camp on the beach of Isla Portillos, which is located some 100

meters into Costa Rican territory.

16. On 30 November 2016, Costa Rica wrote to Nicaragua, expressing its regret that

Nicaragua had made a new claim to Costa Rican sovereign territory, and asking it to

10
Letter from Costa Rica to Nicaragua of 14 November 2016 (reference DM -AM-584-16), Attachment
1.
11
Letter from Nicaragua to Costa Rica of 17 November 2016 (reference MRE/DMC/250/11/16 ),
Attachment 2.
12 Letter from Nicaragua to Costa Rica of 17 November 2016 (reference MRE/DMC/250/11/16 ),

Attachment 2.
13 Letter from Costa Rica to the Court of 28 November 2016 (reference ECRPB -132-16), Attachment 3.

6 reconsider its position. Costa Rica reiterated its request for Nicaragua to remove its

military camp from Costa Rican territory. Nicaragua has not responded.

17. The re-established military camp was observable to those participating in the site visit
by the experts appointed by the Court in the Maritime Delimitation case on 5 to 9

December 2016.

18. Nicaragua’s establishment and maintenance of the military camp on the beach of Isla
Portillos constitutes a further violation of Costa Rica’s sovereignty and territorial

integrity, and a further violation of the Court’s Judgment of 16 December 2015.

Nicaragua has not withdrawn its claim of sovereignty made in its letter of 17

November 2016 over “the entire stretch of coast abutting the Caribbean Sea between

Harbor Head [Lagoon] and the [San Juan] river’s mouth”.

19. Given the factual and legal positions adopted by Nicaragua, the futility of further

negotiations is apparent.

IV. The grounds upon which Costa Rica bases its claim

20. The 1858 Treaty of Limits, the Cleveland Award, and the two Alexander Awards

establish the course of the land boundary between Costa Rica and Nicaragua. In its

Judgment of 16 December 2015 in the Certain Activities case, the Court described the

land boundary between the two States as established by these instruments as follows:

“59. … The 1858 Treaty fixed the course of the boundary between Costa Rica

and Nicaragua from the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. … According

to Article II of the Treaty … part of the boundary between the two States runs
along the right (Costa Rican) bank of the San Juan River from a point three

English miles below Castillo Viejo, a small town in Nicaragua, to ‘the end of

Punta Castilla, at the mouth of the San Juan’ on the Caribbean coast. …

60. … The Cleveland Award of 1888 confirmed, in its paragraph 1, the

validity of the 1858 Treaty and found, in its paragraph 3 (1), that the

14 Letter from Costa Rica to Nicaragua of 30 November 2016 (reference DM -AM-628-16),
Attachment 4.

7 boundary line between the two States on the Atlantic side ‘begins at the

extremity of Punta de Castilla at the mouth of the San Juan de Nicaragua
River, as they both existed on the 15th day of April 1858’. …

73. … In [General Alexander’s] first Award he stated that the boundary line:

‘must follow the … branch … called the Lower San Juan, through its

harbor and into the sea.

The natural terminus of that line is the right-hand headland of the
harbor mouth’ (RIAA, Vol. XXVIII, p. 217.) …

He then defined the initial part of the boundary starting from the Caribbean
Sea in the following terms:

‘The exact spot which was the extremity of the headland of Punta de
Castillo [on] April 15, 1858, has long been swept over by the

Caribbean Sea, and there is too little concurrence in the shore outline

of the old maps to permit any certainty of statement of distance or
exact direction to it from the present headland. It was somewhere to

the northeastward, and probably between 600 and 1,600 feet distant,

but it can not now be certainly located. Under these circumstances it

best fulfills the demands of the treaty and of President Cleveland’s
award to adopt what it practically the headland of to-day, or the

northwestern extremity of what seems to be the solid land, on the east

side of Harbor Head Lagoon.

I have accordingly made personal inspection of this ground, and

declare that initial line of the boundary to run as follows, to wit:

Its direction shall be due northeast and southwest, across the bank of

sand, from the Caribbean Sea into the waters of Harbor Head Lagoon.
It shall pass, at its nearest point, 300 feet on the northwest side from

the small hut standing in that vicinity. On reaching the waters of

8 Harbor Head Lagoon the boundary line shall turn to the left, or

southeastward, and shall follow the water’s edge around the harbor

until it reaches the river proper by the first channel met. Up this
channel, and up the river proper, the line shall continue to ascend as

directed in the treaty.’ (Ibid., p. 220.) …

74. The second Alexander Award envisaged the possibility that the banks of

the San Juan River would ‘not gradually expand or contract but that there

[would] be wholesale changes in its channels’. The Arbitrator observed that:

‘Today’s boundary line must necessarily be affected in future by all

these gradual or sudden changes. But the impact in each case can only

be determined by the circumstances of the case itself, on a case-by-
case basis in accordance with such principles of international law as

may be applicable.

The proposed measurement and demarcation of the boundary line will

not have any effect on the application of those principles.’ (RIAA, Vol.

XXVIII, p. 224).”

21. In its Judgment of 16 December 2015 in the Certain Activities case, the Court found

that Costa Rica has sovereignty over the “disputed territory”, as defined by the Court

in paragraphs 69-70 of its Judgment. The “disputed territory” includes the beach of
Isla Portillos. Costa Rican sovereignty over the beach of Isla Portillos is therefore a

matter of res judicata. Any Nicaraguan territory existing seaward of Isla Portillos

disappeared some time ago. Today, the only Nicaraguan territory in the area of Isla
Portillos is an enclave comprising the Los Portillos/Harbor Head Lagoon and the

sandbar separating Los Portillos/Harbor Head Lagoon from the Caribbean Sea,

insofar as this sandbar remains above water at all times and thus this enclave is

capable of constituting territory appertaining to a State. Paragraph 70 of the Court’s
December 2015 Judgment in the Certain Activities case indicated that the Court

refrained from defining the land boundary more precisely with regard to this coast

because the parties did not request it to do so. The present application requests the

9 Court to define precisely the land boundary separating Costa Rica’s coastal territory

from Nicaragua’s coastal territory as it exists today, as indicated above.

V. Decision requested
22. Accordingly, the Court is asked:

a. To determine the precise location of the land boundary separating both ends of

the Los Portillos/Harbor Head Lagoon sandbar from Isla Portillos, and in
doing so to determine that the only Nicaraguan territory existing today in the

area of Isla Portillos is limited to the enclave consisting of Los

Portillos/Harbor Head Lagoon and the sandbar separating the Lagoon from the

Caribbean Sea, insofar as this sandbar remains above water at all times and

thus this enclave is capable of constituting territory appertaining to a State.

Consequently, that the land boundary runs today from the northeastern corner
of the Lagoon by the shortest line to the Caribbean Sea and from the

northwestern corner of the Lagoon by the shortest line to the Caribbean Sea.

b. to adjudge and declare that, by establishing and maintaining a new military
camp on the beach of Isla Portillos, Nicaragua has violated the sovereignty

and territorial integrity of Costa Rica, and is in breach of the Judgment of the

Court of 16 December 2015 in the Certain Activities case. Consequently,

Costa Rica further requests the Court to declare that Nicaragua must withdraw

its military camp situated in Costa Rican territory and fully comply with the
Court’s 2015 Judgment. Costa Rica reserves it rights to seek any further

remedies with respect to any damage that Nicaragua has or may cause to its

territory.

VI. Application for joinder

23. Under Article 47 of the Rules of Court, “[t]he Court may at any time direct that the

proceedings in two or more cases be joined”. As the Court has noted, it has a broad
15
margin of discretion.

15 Construction of a Road in Costa Rica Along the San Juan River (Nicarv. Costa Rica), Joinder of
Proceedings, Order of 17 April 2013, para . 12.

10 24. The close relationship between this case and the case concerning Maritime

Delimitation in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua)

will be readily apparent. It is manifest that the two cases should be joined. The two
cases concern the same parties. They both concern the same geographic area where

the two countries meet the Caribbean Sea. Moreover, the question of the present

proceeding is closely related to the dispute in the Maritime Delimitation case, in that

the two parties express different views as to the starting point of the maritime

boundary in the Caribbean Sea. As the Court has stated several times, “land

dominates the sea”. In order to proceed to the delimitation of maritime areas of the

Parties in the Caribbean Sea, the prior settlement of this dispute is necessary.

25. Further, given that the issue that is the subject of the present proceeding is a confined
one, the facts are not contested, and the written phase can be very short, Costa Rica

considers that joinder of the two cases would not result in any undue delay in the

Court rendering a Judgment.

26. Costa Rica further considers that, given the inter-relationship between the issues at

play in the two cases, joinder is consistent with the principle of the sound
17
administration of justice and with the need for judicial economy. Moreover, joinder

will save both time and costs of two separate hearings.

VII. Reservation of rights

27. Costa Rica reserves its rights to supplement or amend the present Application.

VIII. Designation of ad hoc judge

28. Costa Rica designates as Judge ad hoc Professor Bruno Simma.

29. The Minister of Foreign Affairs of Costa Rica has appointed as Agent for these

proceedings Mr. Edgar Ugalde Alvarez, and as Co-Agent Mr. Sergio Ugalde Godínez

16
See, e.g., Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea (Romania v. Ukraine), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
2009, p. 89, para. 77; and Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
2012, p. 674, para. 140.
17
See Construction of a Road in Costa Rica Along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica),
Joinder of Proceedings, Order of 17 April 2013, para . 18.

11 (Ambassador of Costa Rica to the Kingdom of the Netherlands). Please send all

communications concerning this case to the following address:

Embassy of the Republic of Costa Rica
Laan Copes van Cattenburch 46

2585 GB, The Hague
The Netherlands
E-mail: [email protected]

Yours Sincerely,

Amb. Sergio Ugalde
Co-Agent

12 Certification

The undersigned, Co-Agent of the Republic of Costa Rica, certifies that the documents
hereunder listed as attachments to this Application, are true and accurate copies and conform

to the original of documents and that the translations into English made by Costa Rica are

accurate translations.

Amb. Sergio Ugalde
Co-Agent
16 January 2017

13 List of Attachments

Attachment 1. Letter from Costa Rica to Nicaragua of 14 November 2016 (reference

DM-AM-584-16) (Spanish original, English translation)

Attachment 2. Letter from Nicaragua to Costa Rica of 17 November 2016 (reference
MRE/DMC/250/11/16) (Spanish original, English translation)

Attachment 3. Letter from Costa Rica to the Court of 28 November 2016 (reference

ECRPB-132-16) (English original)

Attachment 4. Letter from Costa Rica to Nicaragua of 30 November 2016 (reference

DM-AM-628-16) (Spanish original, English translation)

Attachment 5. Satellite Image, 3 October 2016 (indicating locations of Nicaraguan

camp)

Attachment 6. Satellite Image (close-up), 3 October 2016 (showing relocation of
Nicaraguan camp in 2016)

14ATTACHMENTS Attachment 1

Letter from Costa Rica to Nicaragua of 14 November 2016 (reference DM-AM-584-16)

(Spanish original, English translation)

2456789 The Minister of Foreign Affairs and Worship

San José, 14 November 2016
DM-AM-584-16

Excellency,

I address you regarding the cases concerning “Certain Activities carried out by
Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua)” and “Maritime Delimitation in
the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua)”.

Costa Rica has recently become aware of the new positioning of a Nicaraguan
military camp from its previous location on the beach separating Los Portillos Lagoon
from the Caribbean Sea, to a new location on the beach of Isla Portillos to the northeast
of Los Portillos Lagoon, situated on Costa Rican territory as determined by the Court in
its Judgment of 16 December 2015 in the Certain Activities case.

Costa Rica annexes the following images to this note:

1. Annex 1, a satellite image of 5 July 2016 which shows the previous
location of the Nicaraguan military camp, circled in red;

2. Annex 2, an aerial photograph of 8 March 2016 which shows the
previous location of the Nicaraguan military camp;

3. Annex 3, a satellite image of 14 September 2016 which shows the new
location of the Nicaraguan military camp, circled in red;

4. Annex 4, a photograph of 7 November 2016 which shows the new
location of the Nicaraguan camp;

5. Annex 5, a superimposition of two satellite images of 8 March [sic][5
July] and 14 September 2016, on which a red line shows the change of
location of the Nicaraguan military camp.

His Excellency
Samuel Santos López

Minister of Foreign Affairs

Republic of Nicaragua

10 Costa Rica recalls that in its Judgment of 16 December 2015, at paragraph

229(1), the Court found that Costa Rica has sovereignty over the “disputed territory”
defined by the Court at paragraph 69 of the same Judgment as comprising “the northern
part of Isla Portillos, that is to say, the area of wetland of some 3 square kilometres
between the right bank of the disputed caño, the right bank of the San Juan River up to
its mouth at the Caribbean Sea and the Harbor Head Lagoon”, including “the beach”.

In light of the above, Costa Rica vigorously protests this most recent Nicaraguan

violation of its sovereignty and territorial integrity. Nicaragua’s actions further
constitute a violation of the Court’s Judgment of 16 December 2015 in the Certain
Activities case, which remains an active case whilst compensation from Nicaragua is
pending.

Costa Rica requests Nicaragua to remove its military camp from the Costa Rican
territory in question, and to abstain from taking any action that may aggravate the

dispute that is the subject of the Maritime Delimitation proceedings pending before the
Court, or which may make those proceedings more difficult to resolve.

Accept, Sir, the assurances of my highest consideration,

Manuel A.González Sanz
Minister

11 Annex 1

Satellite Image, 5 July 2016

12 Annex 2

Aerial photograph, 8 March 2016

13 Annex 3

Satellite image, 14 September 2016

14 Annex 4

Aerial photograph, 7 November 2016

15 Annex 5

Superimposition of satellite images 5 July and 14 September 2016

16 Attachment 2

Letter from Nicaragua to Costa Rica of 17 November 2016 (reference
MRE/DMC/250/11/16) (Spanish original, English translation)

1718 MINISTRY
OF
FOREIGN AFFAIRS
Managua, Nicaragua

Managua, 17 November 2016.
MRE/DMC/250/11/16

Mr. Manuel A. González Sanz
Minister of Foreign Affairs and Worship

Republic of Costa Rica

Dear Minister:

I address you in reference to your note DM-AM-584-16, in which you express your
protest regarding the presence of a Nicaraguan military camp which, according to your
note, is located on Costa Rican territory and request its removal from said territory

which, as further indicated in your note, was allegedly awarded to your country as a
result of the judgment issued by the International Court of Justice on 16 December
2015.

Allow me to point out that Costa Rica knows first-hand that Nicaragua has always
exercised sovereignty over the sandbar that separates Harbor Head Lagoon from the
Caribbean Sea, and both the International Court of Justice and Costa Rica have had

knowledge of the presence of a Nicaraguan military camp on that sandbar for a number
of years, regardless of its exact location.

In this regard I must remind you that, contrary to what is alleged in your note, Costa
Rica has recognized Nicaragua’s sovereignty over that sandbar in front of the lagoon on
numerous occasions, most recently during the Oral Hearings held in April 2015. At that
time, Costa Rica noted that “the sandbar which separates the sea from Harbor Head

Lagoon [...] can only be considered as land capable of appertaining to a State in so far as
it remains permanently above water at high tide and, if it does, it appertains to
Nicaragua.” This was confirmed by the Judgment of 16 December 2015.

Consequently, this new claim by Costa Rica is unfounded and contradicts all actions
and official statements made by your country.

On the other hand, as you are aware of, and as recorded in the official maps of
Nicaragua and Costa Rica for a number of years now, both countries have always
considered as part of Nicaraguan territory not only the sandbar in front of Harbor Head
Lagoon but also the entire stretch of coast abutting the Caribbean Sea which lies

between Harbor Head Lagoon and the mouth of the river.

19Nicaragua cannot help but notice the particular moment in which Costa Rica has

decided to make this new claim, especially taking into account the next on-site visit of
the experts appointed by the International Court of Justice within the context of the case
“Maritime Delimitation in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean,”, a case which
does not address this topic and for which the stage for submission of written pleadings

has ended.
Thus, the Government of Reconciliation and National Unity of Nicaragua rejects Costa

Rica’s gratuitous protest and new claims, as well as any legal sense intended for them.
I take this opportunity to reiterate the assurances of my consideration and appreciation.

Denis Moncada Colindres
Minister Advisor to the President of the Republic
on International Policies and Affairs

CC: File

20 Attachment 3

Letter from Costa Rica to the Court of 28 November 2016 (reference ECRPB-135-16)
(English original)

2122 Attachment 4

Letter from Costa Rica to Nicaragua of 30 November 2016 (reference DM-AM-628-16)
(Spanish original, English translation)

2324 The Minister of Foreign Affairs and Worship

San José, 14 November 2016
DM-AM-628-16

Excellency,

I refer to Nicaragua’s note MRE/DMC/250/11/16 of 17 November 2016
concerning the military camp placed and maintained on the beach of Isla Portillos west
of Harbor Head Lagoon, responding to Costa Rica’s note DM-AM-584-16 dated 14
November 2016.

Costa Rica regrets that Nicaragua has now made a new claim to Costa Rican

sovereign territory, as determined by the International Court of Justice in its judgment
of 16 December 2015. Costa Rica rejects in their entirety the arguments invoked by
Nicaragua in its note. Nicaragua’s attitude constitutes a rejection and a breach of said
judgment.

Should Nicaragua persist in its claim to and occupation of Costa Rican territory,

Costa Rica reserves all its rights in terms of the legal avenues available to it.

Accept, Sir, the assurances of my highest consideration.

Mario Alexander Montero Campos
Acting Minister

His Excellency
Samuel Santos López
Minister of Foreign Affairs

Republic of Nicaragua

25 Attachment 5

Satellite Image, 3 October 2016 (indicating locations of Nicaraguan camp)

2627 Attachment 6

Satellite Image, 3 October 2016 (showing relocation of Nicaraguan camp)

2829

Bilingual Content

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
APPLICATION
INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS
filed in the Registry of the Court
on 16 January 2017
LAND BOUNDARY IN THE NORTHERN PART
OF ISLA PORTILLOS
(COSTA RICA v. NICARAGUA)
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
REQUÊTE
INTRODUCTIVE D’INSTANCE
enregistrée au Greffe de la Cour
le 16 janvier 2017
FRONTIÈRE TERRESTRE DANS LA PARTIE
SEPTENTRIONALE D’ISLA PORTILLOS
(COSTA RICA c. NICARAGUA)
I. LETTER FROM THE CO‑AGENT OF THE REPUBLIC
OF COSTA RICA TO THE REGISTRAR
OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
16 January 2017.
I have the honour to inform the Court that the Republic of Costa Rica hereby
initiates proceedings against the Republic of Nicaragua, in the dispute concerning
the precise definition on the boundary in the area of Los Portillos/Harbor Head
Lagoon and the establishment of a new military camp by Nicaragua.
Under cover of this letter Costa Rica attaches a signed original of the Application,
filed pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Court, and
Rule 38 of the Rules of Court, together with a letter from the acting Minister of
Foreign Affairs and Worship of the Republic of Costa Rica, Mr. Alejandro Solano
Ortiz, appointing Mr. Edgar Ugalde Alvarez as Agent, and the undersigned as
Co‑Agent.
Costa Rica remains at the disposal of the Court.
(Signed) Sergio Ugalde.
2
2017
General List
No. 165
I. LETTRE DU COAGENT DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE
DU COSTA RICA AU GREFFIER
DE LA COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
[Traduction]
Le 16 janvier 2017.
J’ai l’honneur d’informer la Cour que la République du Costa Rica introduit
par la présente une instance contre la République du Nicaragua au sujet d’un différend
relatif à la définition précise de la frontière dans la zone de la lagune de Los
Portillos/Harbor Head et à l’établissement par le Nicaragua d’un nouveau camp
militaire.
Sous le couvert de la présente lettre, le Costa Rica fait tenir un exemplaire original
signé de la requête, déposée conformément au paragraphe 1 de l’article 40 du
Statut de la Cour et à l’article 38 de son Règlement, ainsi qu’une lettre par laquelle
M. Alejandro Solano Ortiz, ministre par intérim des affaires étrangères et des
cultes de la République du Costa Rica, désigne M. Edgar Ugalde Alvarez en tant
qu’agent et le soussigné en tant que coagent en la présente affaire.
Le Costa Rica demeure à la disposition de la Cour.
(Signé) Sergio Ugalde.
3
2017
Rôle général
no 165
4
II. LETTER FROM THE ACTING MINISTER
OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND WORSHIP
OF THE REPUBLIC OF COSTA RICA TO THE REGISTRAR
OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
10 January 2017.
I have the honour to refer to the Application that is being presented by Costa
Rica, in the dispute concerning the precise definition of the boundary in the area of
Los Portillos/Harbor Head Lagoon and the establishment of a new military camp
by Nicaragua.
In this connection, I wish to inform the Court that my Government has decided
to name Mr. Edgar Ugalde Alvarez, as Agent, and the Ambassador of Costa Rica
to the Netherlands, Mr. Sergio Ugalde Godínez, as Co‑Agent.
(Signed) Alejandro Solano Ortiz.
5
II. LETTRE DU MINISTRE PAR INTÉRIM
DES AFFAIRES ÉTRANGÈRES ET DES CULTES
DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE DU COSTA RICA AU GREFFIER
DE LA COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
[Traduction]
Le 10 janvier 2017.
J’ai l’honneur de me référer à la requête présentée par le Costa Rica au sujet d’un
différend relatif à la définition précise de la frontière dans la zone de la lagune de
Los Portillos/Harbor Head et à l’établissement par le Nicaragua d’un nouveau
camp militaire.
Je souhaite à cet égard informer la Cour que mon gouvernement a décidé de
désigner M. Edgar Ugalde Alvarez en tant qu’agent et l’ambassadeur du Costa Rica
aux Pays‑Bas, M. Sergio Ugalde Godínez, en tant que coagent.
(Signé) Alejandro Solano Ortiz.
6
III. APPLICATION INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS
1. The undersigned, being duly authorized by the Republic of Costa Rica, have
the honour to submit to the International Court of Justice this Application instituting
proceedings on behalf of the Republic of Costa Rica against the Republic of
Nicaragua in the following dispute.
I. Introduction
2. On behalf of the Government of the Republic of Costa Rica and pursuant to
Article 36, paragraphs 1 and 2, and Article 40 of the Statute of the Court and Article
38 of the Rules of Court, I have the honour to submit for decision of the Court
the present Application instituting proceedings against the Government of the
Republic of Nicaragua.
3. The dispute between Costa Rica and Nicaragua concerns the precise location
of the land boundary separating the Los Portillos/Harbor Head Lagoon sandbar
from Isla Portillos. It also concerns the illegal establishment of a military camp by
Nicaragua on the beach of Isla Portillos, a territory belonging to Costa Rica, as
confirmed by the Court in its Judgment of 16 December 2015 in the case concerning
Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v.
Nicaragua) (hereinafter “Certain Activities case”) 1.
4. The present Application does not include the question of sovereignty over the
beach of the northern part of Isla Portillos between Los Portillos/Harbor Head
Lagoon and the mouth of the San Juan River. This question was settled by the
Court in favour of Costa Rica and the decision of the Court has the force of res
judicata. The only question that remains disputed and open for a decision is the
precise location of the land boundary separating the Los Portillos/Harbor Head
Lagoon sandbar from Isla Portillos.
5. At the same time, Costa Rica also requests that the Court join the proceedings
in the present case with the proceedings in the case concerning Maritime
Delimitation in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua)
(hereinafter “Maritime Delimitation case”), pursuant to Article 47 of the Rules of
Court.
II. The Court’s Jurisdiction
6. The Court has jurisdiction over the present dispute in accordance with the
provisions of Article 36, paragraph 2, of its Statute, by virtue of the operation of
the declarations of acceptance made by Costa Rica, dated 20 February 1973, and
by Nicaragua, dated 24 September 1929.
1 Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua),
joined with proceedings in the case concerning Construction of a Road in Costa Rica
along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2015 (II),
pp. 696‑697, paras. 69-70 and p. 740, para. 229 (1).
7
III. REQUÊTE INTRODUCTIVE D’INSTANCE
[Traduction]
1. Le soussigné, dûment autorisé par la République du Costa Rica, a l’honneur
de soumettre au nom de celle‑ci à la Cour internationale de Justice la présente
requête introductive d’instance contre la République du Nicaragua au sujet du
différend dont la teneur est exposée ci‑dessous.
I. Introduction
2. Au nom du Gouvernement de la République du Costa Rica, j’ai l’honneur de
soumettre à la Cour, conformément aux paragraphes 1 et 2 de l’article 36 et à
l’article
40 de son Statut ainsi qu’à l’article 38 de son Règlement, la présente
requête introductive d’instance contre le Gouvernement de la République du
Nicaragua.
3. Le différend entre le Costa Rica et le Nicaragua concerne l’emplacement précis
de la frontière terrestre séparant Isla Portillos du banc de sable de la lagune de
Los Portillos/Harbor Head. Il concerne également l’établissement illicite, par le
Nicaragua, d’un campement militaire sur la plage d’Isla Portillos, un territoire qui
appartient au Costa Rica, ainsi que la Cour l’a confirmé dans son arrêt du
16 décembre 2015 en l’affaire relative à Certaines activités menées par le Nicaragua
dans la région frontalière (Costa Rica c. Nicaragua) (ci‑après, « l’affaire relative à
Certaines activités ») 1.
4. La présente requête n’a pas trait à la question de la souveraineté sur la plage
située dans la partie septentrionale d’Isla Portillos, entre la lagune de Los Portillos/
Harbor Head et l’embouchure du fleuve San Juan. Cette question a été réglée en
faveur du Costa Rica par la Cour, et la décision de celle‑ci est revêtue de l’autorité
de la chose jugée (res judicata). La seule question qui demeure en litige et reste à
trancher est celle de l’emplacement précis de la frontière terrestre séparant Isla Portillos
du banc de sable de la lagune de Los Portillos/Harbor Head.
5. Le Costa Rica demande en outre à la Cour de procéder, conformément à
l’article 47 de son Règlement, à la jonction des instances en la présente affaire et en
l’affaire relative à la Délimitation maritime dans la mer des Caraïbes et l’océan Pacifique
(Costa Rica c. Nicaragua) (ci‑après, « l’affaire relative à la Délimitation maritime
»).
II. La compétence de la Cour
6. La Cour a compétence à l’égard du présent différend en application des dispositions
du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 de son Statut, par le jeu de la déclaration
d’acceptation du Costa Rica datée du 20 février 1973 et de celle du Nicaragua
datée du 24 septembre 1929.
1 Certaines activités menées par le Nicaragua dans la région frontalière (Costa Rica
c. Nicaragua) et Construction d’une route au Costa Rica le long du fleuve San Juan
(Nicaragua
c. Costa Rica), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2015 (II), p. 696‑697, par. 69‑70, et p. 740,
par. 229 1).
8
7. The Court also has jurisdiction over the present dispute in accordance with
the provisions of Article 36, paragraph 1, of its Statute, by virtue of the operation
of the American Treaty on Pacific Settlement of Disputes, Bogotá, 30 April 1948,
Article XXXI (the Pact of Bogotá) 2. The parties have expressed their commitment
to the Pact of Bogotá through the Pact of Amity, Washington, 21 February 1949,
Article III 3.
III. The Facts of the Dispute
8. In November 2010, Nicaragua invaded and occupied Costa Rican territory
adjacent to the Caribbean Sea, in the northern area of Isla Portillos. Nicaragua
subsequently claimed sovereignty over that area, which had previously been undisputed
Costa Rican territory. The Court rejected Nicaragua’s claim of sovereignty
over that area in its Judgment of 16 December 2015 in the Certain Activities case.
The Court confirmed that Costa Rica has sovereignty over the “disputed
territory” 4. The “disputed territory” was defined by the Court in its Order of
8 March 2011 on provisional measures as “the northern part of Isla Portillos, that
is to say, the area of wetland of some 3 square kilometres between the right bank
of the disputed caño, the right bank of the San Juan River up to its mouth at the
Caribbean Sea and the Harbor Head Lagoon” 5.
9. During that proceeding, Nicaragua established a military camp on the beach
of Isla Portillos. Nicaragua’s conduct in doing so, as well as its construction of two
new artificial caños on the disputed territory, led Costa Rica to seek and obtain a
second Order on provisional measures, dated 22 November 2013. In that Order,
the Court declared that the beach formed part of the “disputed territory” and
ordered Nicaragua to remove the camp 6. In its Judgment on the merits of
16 December 2015, the Court recalled that the beach where the Nicaraguan
encampment was established was situated in the “disputed territory” 7. The relevant
paragraphs of the Court’s Judgment of 16 December 2015 provide as follows:
“69. Since it is uncontested that Nicaragua conducted certain activities in
the disputed territory, it is necessary, in order to establish whether there was a
breach of Costa Rica’s territorial sovereignty, to determine which State has
sovereignty over that territory. The ‘disputed territory’ was defined by the
2 30 United Nations, Treaty Series (UNTS) 84. Both Costa Rica and Nicaragua are
parties to the Pact of Bogotá.
3 1465 UNTS 221.
4 Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua)
and Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v.
Costa Rica), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2015 (II), pp. 696‑697, paras. 69-70 and p. 740,
para. 229 (1).
5 Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v.
Nicaragua),
Provisional Measures, Order of 8 March 2011, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 19,
para. 55.
6 Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua)
and Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v.
Costa Rica), Provisional Measures, Order of 22 November 2013, I.C.J. Reports 2013, p. 365,
para. 46.
7 Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua)
and Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v.
Costa Rica), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2015 (II), pp. 696‑697, para. 69.
9
7. La Cour a également compétence à l’égard du présent différend en application
des dispositions du paragraphe 1 de l’article 36 de son Statut, par le jeu de
l’article XXXI du traité américain de règlement pacifique des différends signé à
Bogotá le 30 avril 1948 (ci‑après, le « pacte de Bogotá ») 2. Les Parties ont déclaré
souscrire au pacte de Bogotá à l’article III du pacte d’amitié qu’elles ont signé à
Washington le 21 février 1949 3.
III. Les faits en litige
8. Au mois de novembre 2010, le Nicaragua a envahi et occupé un territoire
costa‑ricien adjacent à la mer des Caraïbes, dans la partie septentrionale d’Isla Portillos.
Il a ensuite revendiqué la souveraineté sur ce territoire, dont l’appartenance
au Costa Rica n’avait pourtant pas été contestée auparavant. La Cour a rejeté
cette revendication du Nicaragua dans son arrêt du 16 décembre 2015 en l’affaire
relative à Certaines activités, confirmant que le Costa Rica avait souveraineté sur
le « territoire litigieux » 4. Dans son ordonnance en indication de mesures conservatoires
du 8 mars 2011, la Cour avait défini ce « territoire litigieux » comme « la
partie septentrionale [d’]Isla Portillos, soit la zone humide d’environ trois kilomètres
carrés comprise entre la rive droite du caño litigieux, la rive droite du fleuve
San Juan lui‑même jusqu’à son embouchure dans la mer des Caraïbes et la lagune
de Harbor Head » 5.
9. Alors que cette procédure suivait son cours, le Nicaragua a établi un campement
militaire sur la plage d’Isla Portillos. Ce comportement du Nicaragua ainsi
que la construction par celui‑ci de deux nouveaux caños artificiels dans le territoire
litigieux ont conduit le Costa Rica à demander à la Cour de rendre une deuxième
ordonnance en indication de mesures conservatoires, ce qu’elle a fait le
22 novembre 2013. Dans cette ordonnance, la Cour a déclaré que la plage en question
faisait partie du « territoire litigieux » et a ordonné au Nicaragua d’en retirer
son campement 6. Dans son arrêt sur le fond du 16 décembre 2015, la Cour a rappelé
que la plage sur laquelle le campement nicaraguayen était établi se trouvait
dans le « territoire litigieux » 7. Les paragraphes pertinents de cet arrêt se lisent
comme suit :
« 69. Puisqu’il n’est pas contesté que le Nicaragua a mené certaines activités
dans le territoire litigieux, il y a lieu, pour rechercher si la souveraineté territoriale
du Costa Rica a été violée, de déterminer lequel des deux Etats a souveraineté
sur ce territoire. Dans son ordonnance du 8 mars 2011 portant indica‑
2 Nations Unies, Recueil des traités (RTNU), vol. 30, p. 85. Le Costa Rica et le Nicaragua
sont tous deux parties au pacte de Bogotá.
3 RTNU, vol. 1465, p. 224.
4 Certaines activités menées par le Nicaragua dans la région frontalière (Costa Rica
c. Nicaragua) et Construction d’une route au Costa Rica le long du fleuve San Juan
(Nicaragua
c. Costa Rica), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2015 (II), p. 696‑697, par. 69‑70, et p. 740,
par. 229 1).
5 Certaines activités menées par le Nicaragua dans la région frontalière (Costa Rica
c. Nicaragua), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 8 mars 2011, C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (I),
p. 19, par. 55.
6 Certaines activités menées par le Nicaragua dans la région frontalière (Costa Rica
c. Nicaragua) et Construction d’une route au Costa Rica le long du fleuve San Juan
(Nicaragua
c. Costa Rica), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 22 novembre 2013, C.I.J.
Recueil 2013, p. 365, par. 46.
7 Certaines activités menées par le Nicaragua dans la région frontalière (Costa Rica
c. Nicaragua) et Construction d’une route au Costa Rica le long du fleuve San Juan (Nicaragua
c. Costa Rica), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2015 (II), p. 696‑697, par. 69.
10
Court in its Order of 8 March 2011 on provisional measures as ‘the northern
part of Isla Portillos, that is to say, the area of wetland of some 3 square kilometres
between the right bank of the disputed caño, the right bank of the San
Juan River up to its mouth at the Caribbean Sea and the Harbor Head
Lagoon’ (I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 19, para. 55). The caño referred to is the
one which was dredged by Nicaragua in 2010. Nicaragua did not contest this
definition of the ‘disputed territory’, while Costa Rica expressly endorsed it in
its final submissions (para. 2 (a)). The Court will maintain the definition of
‘disputed territory’ given in the 2011 Order. It recalls that its Order of
22 November 2013 indicating provisional measures specified that a Nicaraguan
military encampment ‘located on the beach and close to the line of vegetation’
near one of the caños dredged in 2013 was ‘situated in the disputed
territory as defined by the Court in its Order of 8 March 2011.” (I.C.J. Reports
2013, p. 365, para. 46.)
70. The above definition of the ‘disputed territory’ does not specifically
refer to the stretch of coast abutting the Caribbean Sea which lies between the
Harbor Head Lagoon, which lagoon both Parties agree is Nicaraguan, and
the mouth of the San Juan River. In their oral arguments the Parties expressed
different views on this issue. However, they did not address the question of the
precise location of the mouth of the river nor did they provide detailed information
concerning the coast. Neither Party requested the Court to define the
boundary more precisely with regard to this coast. Accordingly, the Court
will refrain from doing so.” 8
10. Sometime after the Order of the Court of 22 November 2013, Nicaragua
placed a military encampment on the sandbar separating Los Portillos/Harbor
Head Lagoon from the Caribbean Sea. Remarkably, Nicaragua has recently relocated
this military camp to the beach of Isla Portillos, which is Costa Rican territory.
Image 1 on the following page shows:
(a) the location of the military camp established sometime in August/September
2013 on the beach of Isla Portillos, the removal of which was ordered by the
Court in its Order of 22 November 2013 (shown as “A” in the image) 9;
(b) the location of the military camp established by Nicaragua sometime after the
Order of the Court of 22 November 2013, on the sandbar separating Los Portillos/
Harbor Head Lagoon from the Caribbean Sea (shown as “B” in the
image); and
(c) the new current location of the Nicaraguan military camp on Costa Rica’s
beach of Isla Portillos (shown as “C” in the image).
11. Image 2 on the following page is a close‑up of Image 1 showing locations
“B” and “C” in closer detail.
8 Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua)
and Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v.
Costa Rica), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2015 (II), p. 697, para. 70.
9 Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua)
and Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v.
Costa Rica), Provisional Measures, Order of 22 November 2013, I.C.J. Reports 2013, p. 369,
para. 59 (1) (C).
11
tion de mesures conservatoires, la Cour a défini le « territoire litigieux » comme
« la partie septentrionale [d’]Isla Portillos, soit la zone humide d’environ
trois kilomètres carrés comprise entre la rive droite du caño litigieux, la
rive droite du fleuve San Juan lui‑même jusqu’à son embouchure dans la mer
des Caraïbes et la lagune de Harbor Head » (C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (I), p. 19,
par. 55). Le caño dont il est ici question est celui que le Nicaragua a dragué
en 2010. Ce dernier n’a pas contesté cette définition du « territoire litigieux »
et le Costa Rica l’a expressément adoptée dans ses conclusions finales
(point 2 a)). La Cour s’en tiendra à la définition du « territoire litigieux »
qu’elle a énoncée dans son ordonnance de 2011. Elle rappelle que, dans
son ordonnance en indication de mesures conservatoires du 22 novembre 2013,
elle a précisé qu’un campement militaire nicaraguayen « se trouv[ant] sur
la plage elle‑même à la lisière de la végétation », à proximité d’un des caños
dragués en 2013, était « situé sur le territoire litigieux tel que défini par
elle dans son ordonnance du 8 mars 2011 » (C.I.J. Recueil 2013, p. 365,
par. 46).
70. La définition précitée du « territoire litigieux » ne traite pas spécifiquement
du segment de la côte caraïbe qui s’étend entre la lagune de Harbor Head,
dont les deux Parties admettent qu’elle est nicaraguayenne, et l’embouchure
du San Juan. Les Parties ont bien, dans leurs plaidoiries, exprimé des vues
divergentes sur ce point, mais elles n’ont pas abordé la question de l’emplacement
précis de l’embouchure du fleuve, et n’ont pas davantage présenté d’information
détaillée concernant la côte. Elles n’ont ni l’une ni l’autre demandé
à la Cour de préciser le tracé de la frontière par rapport à cette côte. La Cour
s’abstiendra donc de le faire. » 8
10. Postérieurement au prononcé de l’ordonnance de la Cour du 22 novembre
2013, le Nicaragua a installé un campement militaire sur le banc de sable
séparant la lagune de Los Portillos/Harbor Head de la mer des Caraïbes. Fait
remarquable, il a récemment déplacé ce campement militaire jusqu’à la plage
d’Isla Portillos, qui fait partie du territoire costa‑ricien. La figure no 1 sur la page
suivante montre :
a) l’emplacement du campement militaire établi entre août et septembre 2013 sur
la plage d’Isla Portillos et dont la Cour a ordonné le retrait dans son ordonnance
du 22 novembre 2013 (représenté par la lettre « A » sur l’image) 9 ;
b) l’emplacement du campement militaire établi par le Nicaragua postérieurement
au prononcé de l’ordonnance de la Cour du 22 novembre 2013 sur le banc de
sable séparant la lagune de Los Portillos/Harbor Head de la mer des Caraïbes
(représenté par la lettre « B » sur l’image) ; et
c) l’emplacement actuel du campement militaire nicaraguayen sur la plage
d’Isla Portillos, qui appartient au Costa Rica (ce nouvel emplacement est
représenté
par la lettre « C » sur l’image).
11. La figure no 2 sur la page suivante constitue un agrandissement de la figure
no 1 montrant les emplacements « B » et « C » de plus près.
8 Certaines activités menées par le Nicaragua dans la région frontalière (Costa Rica
c. Nicaragua) et Construction d’une route au Costa Rica le long du fleuve San Juan
(Nicaragua
c. Costa Rica), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2015 (II), p. 697, par. 70.
9 Certaines activités menées par le Nicaragua dans la région frontalière (Costa Rica
c. Nicaragua) et Construction d’une route au Costa Rica le long du fleuve San Juan
(Nicaragua
c. Costa Rica), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 22 novembre 2013, C.I.J.
Recueil 2013, p. 369, par. 59 1) C).
12
Image 1
Satellite Image, 3 October 2016 (reproduced as Annex 5)
Image 2
Close‑up of Satellite Image, 3 October 2016 (reproduced as Annex 6)
A: Camp location
in 2013
C: Current
camp location
C: Current camp
location
B: Camp
location at
the beginning
of 2016
B: Camp
location at
the beginning
of 2016
13
Image 1
Image satellite en date du 3 octobre 2016 (reproduite à l’annexe 5)
Image 2
Agrandissement de l’image satellite du 3 octobre 2016 (reproduit à l’annexe 6)
A : emplacement
du campement
en 2013 C :
emplacement
actuel
C : emplacement
actuel du
campement
B :
emplacement
début 2016
B:
emplacement
début 2016
14
12. Nicaragua does not deny these facts. On 14 November 2016, Costa Rica
wrote to Nicaragua to protest the establishment of this camp on Costa Rican territory
10. In a response of 17 November 2016, Nicaragua not only refused to remove
its camp, but it also made a new claim of sovereignty over “the entire stretch of
coast abutting the Caribbean Sea between Harbor Head and the river’s mouth” 11.
That claim is radically inconsistent with the Court’s Judgment of 16 December
2015, where it was declared — and is now a matter of res judicata — that the “disputed
territory” (which includes the beach between Harbor Head Lagoon and the
mouth of the San Juan River) is Costa Rican territory.
13. In its response of 17 November 2016, Nicaragua also asserted that the questions
raised by the Costa Rican note are not part of the Maritime Delimitation
case 12.
14. On 24 November 2016, Hurricane Otto seriously affected the area of Isla
Portillos and damaged Costa Rica’s police and environmental installations in that
area 13. Costa Rica understands that Nicaragua removed the military camp before
Hurricane Otto landed.
15. However, following Hurricane Otto, Nicaragua re‑established, and continues
to maintain, a military camp on the beach of Isla Portillos, which is located
some 100 metres into Costa Rican territory.
16. On 30 November 2016, Costa Rica wrote to Nicaragua, expressing its regret
that Nicaragua had made a new claim to Costa Rican sovereign territory, and asking
it to reconsider its position. Costa Rica reiterated its request for Nicaragua to
remove its military camp from Costa Rican territory 14. Nicaragua has not
responded.
17. The re‑established military camp was observable to those participating in
the site visit by the experts appointed by the Court in the Maritime Delimitation
case on 5 to 9 December 2016.
18. Nicaragua’s establishment and maintenance of the military camp on
the beach of Isla Portillos constitutes a further violation of Costa Rica’s
sovereignty
and territorial integrity, and a further violation of the Court’s
Judgment
of 16 December 2015. Nicaragua has not withdrawn its claim of sovereignty
made in its letter of 17 November 2016 over “the entire stretch of coast
abutting the Caribbean Sea between Harbor Head [Lagoon] and the [San Juan]
river’s mouth”.
19. Given the factual and legal positions adopted by Nicaragua, the futility of
further negotiations is apparent.
10 Letter from Costa Rica to Nicaragua of 14 November 2016 (Reference DM-AM-584-
16), Annex 1.
11 Letter from Nicaragua to Costa Rica of 17 November 2016 (Reference MRE/
DMC/250/11/16), Annex 2.
12 Ibid.
13 Letter from Costa Rica to the Court of 28 November 2016 (Reference ECRPB-132-
16), Annex 3.
14 Letter from Costa Rica to Nicaragua of 30 November 2016 (Reference DM-AM-628-
16), Annex 4.
15
12. Le Nicaragua ne conteste pas ces faits. Le 14 novembre 2016, le Costa
Rica lui a écrit pour protester contre l’établissement de ce campement en
territoire
costa‑ricien 10. Dans une réponse datée du 17 novembre 2016, le
Nicaragua
a non seulement refusé de lever son campement, mais a en outre
formulé
une nouvelle revendication de souveraineté sur « l’intégralité du
segment
de la côte caraïbe qui s’étend entre la lagune de Harbor Head et
l’embouchure
du fleuve San Juan » 11. Cette revendication va radicalement
à l’encontre
de ce que la Cour a déclaré dans son arrêt du 16 décembre 2015
— déclaration désormais revêtue de l’autorité de la chose jugée —, à savoir
que le Costa Rica a souveraineté sur le « territoire litigieux » (qui inclut
la plage située entre la lagune de Harbor Head et l’embouchure du fleuve San
Juan).
13. Dans sa réponse du 17 novembre 2016, le Nicaragua prétendait également
que les questions soulevées par le Costa Rica dans sa note débordaient le cadre de
l’affaire relative à la Délimitation maritime 12.
14. Le 24 novembre 2016, l’ouragan Otto a durement frappé Isla Portillos et a
endommagé les installations de police et de protection de l’environnement établies
dans la région par le Costa Rica 13. Le Costa Rica croit comprendre que le Nicaragua
a levé son campement militaire avant qu’Otto ne touche terre.
15. Toutefois, après le passage de l’ouragan Otto, le Nicaragua a rétabli, et
maintient depuis lors, un campement militaire sur la plage d’Isla Portillos, à une
centaine de mètres à l’intérieur du territoire costa‑ricien.
16. Le 30 novembre 2016, le Costa Rica a adressé au Nicaragua une lettre dans
laquelle il déplorait la nouvelle revendication formulée par celui‑ci à l’égard d’un
territoire relevant de la souveraineté costa‑ricienne, et l’exhortait à reconsidérer
sa position. Le Costa Rica y demandait une nouvelle fois au Nicaragua de lever
son campement militaire situé en territoire costa‑ricien 14. Le Nicaragua n’a pas
répondu.
17. Le rétablissement de ce campement militaire a pu être constaté par la
délégation
qui s’est rendue sur les lieux du 5 au 9 décembre 2016 dans le cadre de
la visite des experts désignés par la Cour en l’affaire relative à la Délimitation
maritime.
18. L’établissement et le maintien, par le Nicaragua, de ce campement militaire
sur la plage d’Isla Portillos constituent une nouvelle violation de la
souveraineté
et de l’intégrité territoriale du Costa Rica, en même temps que de
l’arrêt rendu par la Cour le 16 décembre 2015. Le Nicaragua n’a, à ce jour, pas
retiré la revendication de souveraineté formulée dans sa lettre du 17 novembre
2016 à l’égard de « l’intégralité du segment de la côte caraïbe
qui s’étend entre la lagune de Harbor Head et l’embouchure du fleuve San
Juan ».
19. Compte tenu de la position adoptée par le Nicaragua en fait et en droit, il est
évident que de nouvelles négociations seraient vaines.
10 Lettre DM-AM-584-16 en date du 14 novembre 2016 adressée au Nicaragua par le
Costa Rica, annexe 1.
11 Lettre MRE/DMC/250/11/16 en date du 17 novembre 2016 adressée au Costa Rica par
le Nicaragua, annexe 2.
12 Ibid.
13 Lettre ECRPB-132-16 en date du 28 novembre 2016 adressée à la Cour par le Costa
Rica, annexe 3.
14 Lettre DM-AM-628-16 en date du 30 novembre 2016 adressée au Nicaragua par le
Costa Rica, annexe 4.
16
IV. The Grounds upon Which Costa Rica Bases Its Claim
20. The 1858 Treaty of Limits, the Cleveland Award, and the two Alexander
Awards establish the course of the land boundary between Costa Rica and Nicaragua.
In its Judgment of 16 December 2015 in the Certain Activities case, the
Court described the land boundary between the two States as established by these
instruments as follows:
“59. The 1858 Treaty fixed the course of the boundary between Costa Rica
and Nicaragua from the Pacific Ocean to the Caribbean Sea . . . According to
Article II of the Treaty . . . part of the boundary between the two States runs
along the right (Costa Rican) bank of the San Juan River from a point three
English miles below Castillo Viejo, a small town in Nicaragua, to ‘the end of
Punta de Castilla, at the mouth of the San Juan’ on the Caribbean coast
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
60. The Cleveland Award of 1888 confirmed, in its paragraph 1, the validity
of the 1858 Treaty and found, in its paragraph 3 (1), that the boundary line
between the two States on the Atlantic side ‘begins at the extremity of Punta
de Castilla at the mouth of the San Juan de Nicaragua River, as they both
existed on the 15th day of April 1858’
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
73. In [General Alexander’s] first Award he stated that the boundary line:
‘must follow the . . . branch . . . called the Lower San Juan, through its harbor
and into the sea.
The natural terminus of that line is the right‑hand headland of the harbor
mouth.’ (RIAA, Vol. XXVIII, p. 217.)
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
He then defined the initial part of the boundary starting from the Caribbean
Sea in the following terms:
‘The exact spot which was the extremity of the headland of Punta de
Castillo [on] April 15, 1858, has long been swept over by the Caribbean Sea,
and there is too little concurrence in the shore outline of the old maps to
permit any certainty of statement of distance or exact direction to it from
the present headland. It was somewhere to the north-eastward,
and probably
between 600 and 1,600 feet distant, but it cannot now be certainly
located. Under these circumstances it best fulfils the demands of the treaty
and of President Cleveland’s award to adopt what it practically the headland
of today, or the north-western
extremity of what seems to be the solid
land, on the east side of Harbor Head Lagoon.
I have accordingly made personal inspection of this ground, and declare
that initial line of the boundary to run as follows, to wit:
Its direction shall be due north-east and south-west, across the bank of
sand, from the Caribbean Sea into the waters of Harbor Head Lagoon. It
shall pass, at its nearest point, 300 feet on the north-west side from the small
hut standing in that vicinity. On reaching the waters of Harbor Head
Lagoon the boundary line shall turn to the left, or south-eastward,
and
shall follow the water’s edge around the harbor until it reaches the river
proper by the first channel met. Up this channel, and up the river proper,
17
IV. Les fondements de la demande du Costa Rica
20. Le traité de limites de 1858, la sentence Cleveland et les deux sentences
Alexander fixent le tracé de la frontière terrestre entre le Costa Rica et le Nicaragua.
Dans son arrêt du 16 décembre 2015 en l’affaire relative à Certaines activités,
la Cour a présenté en ces termes la frontière terrestre établie entre les deux Etats
par ces instruments :
« 59. Le traité de 1858 fixait le tracé de la frontière entre le Costa Rica et le
Nicaragua depuis l’océan Pacifique jusqu’à la mer des Caraïbes. Selon l’article
II du traité …, une partie de la frontière entre les deux Etats longe la rive
droite (c’est‑à‑dire costa‑ricienne) du San Juan, à partir d’un point situé à
trois milles anglais en aval de Castillo Viejo, petite localité nicaraguayenne,
jusqu’à « l’extrémité de Punta de Castilla, à l’embouchure du fleuve San Juan »
sur la côte caraïbe
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
60. En 1888, la sentence Cleveland confirma, en son premier paragraphe, la
validité du traité de 1858 et précisa, au point 1 de son troisième paragraphe,
que, sur la façade atlantique, la ligne frontière entre les deux pays
« commen[çait] à l’extrémité de Punta de Castilla à l’embouchure du fleuve
San Juan de Nicaragua, en leur état respectif au 15 avril 1858 »
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
73. Dans [s]a première [sentence], [le général Alexander] déclara que la
ligne frontière
« d[evait] suivre le bras … appelé le San Juan inférieur, à travers son port et
dans la mer.
L’extrémité naturelle de cette ligne est le promontoire droit de l’embouchure
du port. » (RSA, vol. XXVIII, p. 217.)
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
Il procéda ensuite à la délimitation du premier tronçon de la frontière, à
partir de la mer des Caraïbes, dans les termes suivants :
« [L]’emplacement exact où était l’extrémité du promontoire de
Punta de Castillo le 15 avril 1858 est depuis longtemps recouvert par la
mer des Caraïbes et il n’y a pas assez de convergence dans les cartes
anciennes sur le tracé du rivage pour déterminer avec une certitude suffisante
sa distance ou son orientation par rapport au promontoire actuel. Il
se trouvait quelque part au nord‑est et probablement à une distance de 600
à 1600 pieds, mais il est aujourd’hui impossible de le situer exactement.
Dans ces conditions, la meilleure façon de satisfaire aux exigences du traité
et de la sentence arbitrale du président Cleveland est d’adopter ce qui
constitue en pratique le promontoire aujourd’hui, à savoir l’extrémité
nord‑ouest de ce qui paraît être la terre ferme, sur la rive est de la lagune de
Harbor Head.
J’ai en conséquence personnellement inspecté cette zone et je déclare que
la ligne initiale de la frontière sera la suivante :
Son orientation sera nord‑est sud‑ouest, à travers le banc de sable, de la
mer des Caraïbes aux eaux de la lagune de Harbor Head. Elle passera
au plus près à 300 pieds au nord‑ouest de la petite cabane qui se trouve
actuellement dans les parages. En atteignant les eaux de la lagune de
Harbor
Head, la ligne frontière obliquera vers la gauche, en direction du
sud‑est, et suivra le rivage autour du port jusqu’à atteindre le fleuve proprement
dit par le premier chenal rencontré. Remontant ce chenal et le fleuve
18
the line shall continue to ascend as directed in the treaty.’ (RIAA,
Vol. XXVIII, p. 220.)
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
74. The second Alexander Award envisaged the possibility that the banks
of the San Juan River would ‘not gradually expand or contract but that there
[would] be wholesale changes in its channels’. The Arbitrator observed that:
‘Today’s boundary line must necessarily be affected in future by all these
gradual or sudden changes. But the impact in each case can only be determined
by the circumstances of the case itself, on a case‑by‑case basis
in accordance with such principles of international law as may be applicable.
The proposed measurement and demarcation of the boundary line will
not have any effect on the application of those principles.’ (Ibid., p. 224.)”
21. In its Judgment of 16 December 2015 in the Certain Activities case, the
Court found that Costa Rica has sovereignty over the “disputed territory”, as
defined by the Court in paragraphs 69‑70 of its Judgment. The “disputed territory”
includes the beach of Isla Portillos. Costa Rican sovereignty over the beach of Isla
Portillos is therefore a matter of res judicata. Any Nicaraguan territory existing
seaward of Isla Portillos disappeared some time ago. Today, the only Nicaraguan
territory in the area of Isla Portillos is an enclave comprising the Los Portillos/
Harbor Head Lagoon and the sandbar separating Los Portillos/Harbor Head
Lagoon from the Caribbean Sea, insofar as this sandbar remains above water at all
times and thus this enclave is capable of constituting territory appertaining to a
State. Paragraph 70 of the Court’s December 2015 Judgment in the Certain Activities
case indicated that the Court refrained from defining the land boundary more
precisely with regard to this coast because the Parties did not request it to do so.
The present Application requests the Court to define precisely the land boundary
separating Costa Rica’s coastal territory from Nicaragua’s coastal territory as it
exists today, as indicated above.
V. Decision Requested
22. Accordingly, the Court is asked:
(a) To determine the precise location of the land boundary separating both ends
of the Los Portillos/Harbor Head Lagoon sandbar from Isla Portillos, and in
doing so to determine that the only Nicaraguan territory existing today in the
area of Isla Portillos is limited to the enclave consisting of Los Portillos/Harbor
Head Lagoon and the sandbar separating the Lagoon from the Caribbean
Sea, insofar as this sandbar remains above water at all times and thus this
enclave is capable of constituting territory appertaining to a State. Consequently,
that the land boundary runs today from the north-eastern
corner of
the Lagoon by the shortest line to the Caribbean Sea and from the north-western
corner of the Lagoon by the shortest line to the Caribbean Sea.
(b) To adjudge and declare that, by establishing and maintaining a new military
camp on the beach of Isla Portillos, Nicaragua has violated the sovereignty
and territorial integrity of Costa Rica, and is in breach of the Judgment of the
Court of 16 December 2015 in the Certain Activities case. Consequently, Costa
Rica further requests the Court to declare that Nicaragua must withdraw its
military camp situated in Costa Rican territory and fully comply with the
19
proprement dit, la ligne se poursuivra comme prescrit dans le traité. » (RSA,
vol. XXVIII, p. 220.)
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
74. La deuxième sentence Alexander envisageait la possibilité « non seulement
que [l]es rives [du fleuve San Juan] s’élargissent ou se resserr[assent] de
manière progressive, mais aussi que ses chenaux [fussent] radicalement modifiés
». On y lit l’observation suivante :
« De tels changements, qu’ils soient progressifs ou soudains, auront
nécessairement des incidences sur la ligne frontière actuelle. Mais, concrètement,
les conséquences ne pourront être déterminées qu’en fonction des
circonstances particulières à chaque cas, conformément aux principes du
droit international applicables.
Le mesurage et la démarcation proposés de la ligne frontière seront sans
incidence sur l’application desdits principes. » (Ibid., p. 224.) »
21. Dans son arrêt du 16 décembre 2015 en l’affaire relative à Certaines activités,
la Cour a conclu que le Costa Rica avait souveraineté sur le « territoire litigieux »,
tel que défini aux paragraphes 69 et 70 de son arrêt. La plage d’Isla Portillos fait
partie du « territoire litigieux ». La souveraineté du Costa Rica sur cette plage
relève donc de la chose jugée. Tout territoire nicaraguayen ayant pu exister au
large d’Isla Portillos a disparu il y a un certain temps déjà. A ce jour, le seul territoire
nicaraguayen existant dans la zone d’Isla Portillos est une enclave comprenant
la lagune de Los Portillos/Harbor Head et le banc de sable qui sépare la
lagune de la mer des Caraïbes, pour autant que ce banc de sable soit émergé en
permanence et que cette enclave puisse de ce fait constituer un territoire appartenant
à un Etat. Au paragraphe 70 de son arrêt de décembre 2015 en l’affaire relative
à Certaines activités, la Cour a déclaré qu’elle s’abstenait de préciser le tracé
de la frontière terrestre par rapport à cette côte puisque les Parties ne le lui avaient
pas demandé. Par la présente requête, la Cour est priée de préciser le tracé de la
frontière terrestre séparant le territoire côtier du Costa Rica et celui du Nicaragua,
tel qu’il existe à ce jour, ainsi qu’indiqué plus haut.
V. Décision demandée
22. En conséquence, la Cour est priée :
a) de déterminer l’emplacement précis de la frontière terrestre séparant Isla Portillos
des deux extrémités du banc de sable de la lagune de Los Portillos/Harbor
Head et, ce faisant, de déclarer que le seul territoire nicaraguayen existant à ce
jour dans la zone d’Isla Portillos se limite à l’enclave comprenant la lagune de
Los Portillos/Harbor Head et le banc de sable qui sépare la lagune de la mer des
Caraïbes, pour autant que ce banc de sable soit émergé en permanence et que
cette enclave puisse de ce fait constituer un territoire appartenant à un Etat, et
donc de déclarer que la frontière terrestre court à l’heure actuelle de l’extrémité
nord‑est de la lagune à la mer des Caraïbes par la ligne la plus courte, et de l’extrémité
nord‑ouest de la lagune à la mer des Caraïbes par la ligne la plus courte ;
b) de dire et juger que l’établissement et le maintien, par le Nicaragua, d’un nouveau
campement militaire sur la plage d’Isla Portillos emportent violation de la
souveraineté et de l’intégrité territoriale du Costa Rica, et contreviennent à
l’arrêt rendu le 16 décembre 2015 par la Cour en l’affaire relative à Certaines
activités. En conséquence, le Costa Rica prie également la Cour de déclarer que
le Nicaragua doit retirer son campement militaire situé en territoire costa‑ricien
20
Court’s 2015 Judgment. Costa Rica reserves it rights to seek any further remedies
with respect to any damage that Nicaragua has or may cause to its territory.
VI. Application for Joinder
23. Under Article 47 of the Rules of Court, “[t]he Court may at any time direct
that the proceedings in two or more cases be joined”. As the Court has noted, it has
a broad margin of discretion 15.
24. The close relationship between this case and the case concerning Maritime
Delimitation in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua)
will be readily apparent. It is manifest that the two cases should be joined. The two
cases concern the same Parties. They both concern the same geographic area where
the two countries meet the Caribbean Sea. Moreover, the question of the present
proceeding is closely related to the dispute in the Maritime Delimitation case, in
that the two Parties express different views as to the starting-point of the maritime
boundary in the Caribbean Sea. As the Court has stated several times, “land dominates
the sea” 16. In order to proceed to the delimitation of maritime areas of the
Parties in the Caribbean Sea, the prior settlement of this dispute is necessary.
25. Further, given that the issue that is the subject of the present proceeding is a
confined one, the facts are not contested, and the written phase can be very short,
Costa Rica considers that joinder of the two cases would not result in any undue
delay in the Court rendering a Judgment.
26. Costa Rica further considers that, given the inter-relationship
between the
issues at play in the two cases, joinder is consistent with the principle of the sound
administration of justice and with the need for judicial economy 17. Moreover, joinder
will save both time and costs of two separate hearings.
VII. Reservation of Rights
27. Costa Rica reserves its rights to supplement or amend the present Application.
VIII. Designation of Ad Hoc Judge
28. Costa Rica designates as Judge ad hoc Professor Bruno Simma.
29. The Minister of Foreign Affairs of Costa Rica has appointed as Agent for
these proceedings Mr. Edgar Ugalde Alvarez, and as Co‑Agent Mr. Sergio
Ugalde Godínez (Ambassador of Costa Rica to the Kingdom of the Nether‑
15 Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa
Rica), Joinder of Proceedings, Order of 17 April 2013, I.C.J. Reports 2013, p. 193, para. 12.
16 See, e.g., Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea (Romania v. Ukraine), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 89, para. 77; and Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v.
Colombia), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II), p. 674, para. 140.
17 See Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v.
Costa Rica), Joinder of Proceedings, Order of 17 April 2013, I.C.J. Reports 2013, p. 188,
para. 18.
21
et se conformer pleinement à l’arrêt de 2015. Le Costa Rica se réserve le droit
de demander d’autres réparations pour tout dommage causé ou susceptible
d’être causé à son territoire par le Nicaragua.
VI. Demande de jonction
23. Aux termes de l’article 47 de son Règlement, « [l]a Cour peut à tout moment
ordonner que les instances dans deux ou plusieurs affaires soient jointes ». Ainsi
que la Cour l’a relevé, elle dispose à cet égard d’une large marge d’appréciation 15.
24. Il est évident que la présente affaire est étroitement liée à celle relative à la
Délimitation maritime dans la mer des Caraïbes et l’océan Pacifique (Costa Rica
c. Nicaragua). L’opportunité d’une jonction d’instances est manifeste. Les deux
affaires opposent les mêmes Parties ; elles portent l’une et l’autre sur la même zone
géographique, où le territoire des deux pays rencontre la mer des Caraïbes ; de plus,
la question qui fait l’objet de la présente procédure est étroitement liée au différend
en cause dans l’affaire relative à la Délimitation maritime, en ce sens que les deux
Parties expriment des vues divergentes quant au point de départ de la frontière
maritime dans la mer des Caraïbes. Comme la Cour l’a déclaré à maintes reprises,
« la terre domine la mer » 16. La délimitation des espaces maritimes des Parties dans
la mer des Caraïbes nécessite au préalable le règlement du présent différend.
25. En outre, étant donné que la présente procédure porte sur une question circonscrite,
que les faits ne sont pas contestés et que la phase écrite peut être très
brève, le Costa Rica considère qu’une jonction des deux instances n’aurait pas
pour effet de retarder indûment le prononcé d’un arrêt par la Cour.
26. Le Costa Rica considère au surplus que, compte tenu de l’interaction existant
entre les questions en jeu dans les deux affaires, une jonction serait conforme
au principe de la bonne administration de la justice et aux impératifs d’économie
judiciaire 17. Enfin, une jonction permettrait une économie à la fois de temps et
d’argent, en tant qu’elle éviterait la tenue de deux procédures orales distinctes.
VII. Réserve de droits
27. Le Costa Rica se réserve le droit de compléter ou de modifier la présente
requête.
VIII. Désignation d’un juge ad hoc
28. Le Costa Rica désigne M. Bruno Simma en qualité de juge ad hoc.
29. Aux fins de la présente procédure, le ministre des affaires étrangères
du Costa Rica a désigné M. Edgar Ugalde Alvarez en qualité d’agent, et
M. Sergio
Ugalde Godínez (ambassadeur du Costa Rica auprès du Royaume
15 Construction d’une route au Costa Rica le long du fleuve San Juan (Nicaragua c. Costa Rica),
jonction d’instances, ordonnance du 17 avril 2013, C.I.J. Recueil 2013, p. 193, par. 12.
16 Voir, par exemple, Délimitation maritime en mer Noire (Roumanie c. Ukraine), arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2009, p. 89, par. 77 ; Différend territorial et maritime (Nicaragua c. Colombie),
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2012 (II), p. 674, par. 140.
17 Voir Construction d’une route au Costa Rica le long du fleuve San Juan (Nicaragua
c. Costa Rica), jonction d’instances, ordonnance du 17 avril 2013, C.I.J. Recueil 2013, p. 188,
par. 18.
22
lands). Please send all communications concerning this case to the following
address:
Embassy of the Republic of Costa Rica
Laan Copes van Cattenburch 46
2585 GB, The Hague
The Netherlands
E‑mail: [email protected]
(Signed) Ambassador Sergio Ugalde,
Co‑Agent.
23
des Pays‑Bas) en qualité de coagent. Merci de bien vouloir envoyer toute communication
afférente à la présente instance à l’adresse suivante :
Ambassade de la République du Costa Rica
Laan Copes van Cattenburch 46
2585 GB, La Haye
Pays-Bas
Adresse électronique : [email protected]
Le coagent du Costa Rica, ambassadeur,
(Signé) Sergio Ugalde.
24
CERTIFICATION
16 January 2017.
The undersigned, Co‑Agent of the Republic of Costa Rica, certifies that the
documents hereunder listed as annexes to this Application, are true and accurate
copies and conform to the original of documents and that the translations into
English made by Costa Rica are accurate translations.
(Signed) Ambassador Sergio Ugalde,
Co‑Agent.
List of Annexes
Annex 1. Letter from Costa Rica to Nicaragua of 14 November 2016 (Reference
DM‑AM‑584‑16) (English translation).
Annex 2. Letter from Nicaragua to Costa Rica of 17 November 2016 (Reference
MRE/DMC/250/11/16) (English translation).
Annex 3. Letter from Costa Rica to the Court of 28 November 2016 (Reference
ECRPB‑132‑16) (English original).
Annex 4. Letter from Costa Rica to Nicaragua of 30 November 2016 (Reference
DM‑AM‑628‑16) (English translation).
Annex 5. Satellite image, 3 October 2016 (indicating locations of Nicaraguan
camp).
Annex 6. Satellite image (close‑up), 3 October 2016 (showing relocation of Nicaraguan
camp in 2016).
25
ATTESTATION
[Traduction]
Le 16 janvier 2017.
Le soussigné, coagent de la République du Costa Rica, certifie que les documents
annexés à la présente requête, dont le bordereau figure ci‑dessous, sont des
copies exactes et conformes des documents originaux et que les traductions
anglaises fournies par le Costa Rica sont exactes.
Le coagent du Costa Rica, ambassadeur,
(Signé) Sergio Ugalde.
Bordereau des annexes
Annexe 1. Lettre DM-AM-584-16 en date du 14 novembre 2016 adressée au Nicaragua
par le Costa Rica.
Annexe 2. Lettre MRE/DMC/250/11/16 en date du 17 novembre 2016 adressée au
Costa Rica par le Nicaragua.
Annexe 3. Lettre ECRPB-132-16 en date du 28 novembre 2016 adressée à la Cour
par le Costa Rica.
Annexe 4. Lettre DM-AM-628-16 en date du 30 novembre 2016 adressée au Nicaragua
par le Costa Rica.
Annexe 5. Image satellite en date du 3 octobre 2016 (montrant les emplacements
successifs du campement nicaraguayen).
Annexe 6. Image satellite en date du 3 octobre 2016 (agrandissement montrant le
déplacement du campement nicaraguayen en 2016).
26
Annex 1
Letter from Costa Rica to Nicaragua of 14 November 2016
(Reference DM‑AM‑584‑16) (English Translation)
I address you regarding the cases concerning Certain Activities Carried Out by
Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) and Maritime Delimitation
in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua).
Costa Rica has recently become aware of the new positioning of a Nicaraguan
military camp from its previous location on the beach separating Los Portillos
Lagoon from the Caribbean Sea, to a new location on the beach of Isla Portillos to
the north-east of Los Portillos Lagoon, situated on Costa Rican territory as determined
by the Court in its Judgment of 16 December 2015 in the Certain Activities
case.
Costa Rica annexes the following images to this note:
1. Attachment 1, a satellite image of 5 July 2016 which shows the previous location
of the Nicaraguan military camp, circled in red;
2. Attachment 2, an aerial photograph of 8 March 2016 which shows the previous
location of the Nicaraguan military camp;
3. Attachment 3, a satellite image of 14 September 2016 which shows the new
location of the Nicaraguan military camp, circled in red;
4. Attachment 4, a photograph of 7 November 2016 which shows the new location
of the Nicaraguan camp;
5. Attachment 5, a superimposition of two satellite images of 8 March [sic][5 July]
and 14 September 2016, on which a red line shows the change of location of the
Nicaraguan military camp.
Costa Rica recalls that in its Judgment of 16 December 2015, at paragraph 229(1),
the Court found that Costa Rica has sovereignty over the “disputed territory”
defined by the Court at paragraph 69 of the same Judgment as comprising “the
northern part of Isla Portillos, that is to say, the area of wetland of some 3 square
kilometres between the right bank of the disputed caño, the right bank of the San
Juan River up to its mouth at the Caribbean Sea and the Harbor Head Lagoon”,
including “the beach”.
In light of the above, Costa Rica vigorously protests this most recent Nicaraguan
violation of its sovereignty and territorial integrity. Nicaragua’s actions further
constitute a violation of the Court’s Judgment of 16 December 2015 in the
Certain Activities case, which remains an active case whilst compensation from
Nicaragua is pending.
Costa Rica requests Nicaragua to remove its military camp from the Costa Rican
territory in question, and to abstain from taking any action that may aggravate the
dispute that is the subject of the Maritime Delimitation proceedings pending before
the Court, or which may make those proceedings more difficult to resolve.
(Signed) Manuel A. González Sanz,
Minister of Foreign Affairs and Worship.
27
Annexe 1
Lettre DM‑AM‑584‑16 en date du 14 novembre 2016 adressée
au Nicaragua par le Costa Rica
[Traduction]
La présente a trait à l’affaire relative à Certaines activités menées par le Nicaragua
dans la région frontalière (Costa Rica c. Nicaragua) ainsi qu’à l’affaire relative
à la Délimitation maritime dans la mer des Caraïbes et l’océan Pacifique (Costa Rica
c. Nicaragua).
Le Costa Rica a récemment appris que le campement militaire du Nicaragua
auparavant situé sur la plage séparant la lagune de Los Portillos de la mer des
Caraïbes avait été déplacé pour être installé au nord‑[ouest] de ladite lagune sur
la plage d’Isla Portillos, qui se trouve en territoire costa‑ricien, ainsi que la Cour
l’a déclaré dans son arrêt du 16 décembre 2015 en l’affaire relative à Certaines
activités.
Le Costa Rica joint à la présente les images et photographies suivantes :
1. une image satellite en date du 5 juillet 2016 montrant, par un cercle rouge, le
précédent emplacement du campement militaire du Nicaragua (appendice 1) ;
2. une photographie aérienne en date du 8 mars 2016 montrant le précédent
emplacement du campement militaire du Nicaragua (appendice 2) ;
3. une image satellite en date du 14 septembre 2016 montrant, par un cercle rouge,
le nouvel emplacement du campement militaire du Nicaragua (appendice 3) ;
4. une photographie aérienne en date du 7 novembre 2016 montrant le nouvel
emplacement du campement militaire du Nicaragua (appendice 4) ; et
5. une superposition des images satellite des 8 mars (sic) [5 juillet] et 14 septembre
2016 montrant, par une ligne rouge, le déplacement du campement militaire
du Nicaragua (appendice 5).
Le Costa Rica rappelle que, au point 1) du paragraphe 229 de son arrêt du
16 décembre 2015, la Cour a jugé que le Costa Rica avait souveraineté sur le « territoire
litigieux » qu’elle avait défini au paragraphe 69 de ce même arrêt comme « la
partie septentrionale [d’]Isla Portillos, soit la zone humide d’environ trois kilomètres
carrés comprise entre la rive droite du caño litigieux, la rive droite du fleuve
San Juan lui‑même jusqu’à son embouchure dans la mer des Caraïbes et la lagune
de Harbor Head », « la plage » étant incluse dans ce territoire.
Compte tenu de ce qui précède, le Costa Rica élève les plus vives protestations
contre cette toute nouvelle violation de sa souveraineté et de son intégrité territoriale
par le Nicaragua. Les actes du Nicaragua violent l’arrêt rendu par la Cour le
16 décembre 2015 en l’affaire relative à Certaines activités, qui est toujours inscrite
au rôle, la question de l’indemnisation due par celui-
ci demeurant pendante.
Le Costa Rica demande au Nicaragua de retirer son campement militaire du
territoire costa‑ricien susvisé et de s’abstenir de tout acte qui risquerait d’aggraver
le différend dont la Cour est actuellement saisie en l’affaire relative à la Délimitation
maritime, ou d’en rendre la solution plus difficile.
Le ministre des affaires étrangères et des cultes,
(Signé) Manuel A. González Sanz.
28
Attachment/Appendice 1
Satellite image, 5 July 2016
Image satellite en date du 5 juillet 2016
29
Attachment/Appendice 2
Aerial photograph, 8 March 2016
Photographie aérienne en date du 8 mars 2016
Attachment/Appendice 3
Satellite image, 14 September 2016
Image satellite en date du 14 septembre 2016
30
Attachment/Appendice 4
Aerial photograph, 7 November 2016
Photographie aérienne en date du 7 novembre 2016
31
Attachment/Appendice 5
Superimposition of satellite images, 5 July and 14 September 2016
Superposition des images satellite des 5 juillet et 14 septembre 2016
32
Annex 2
Letter from Nicaragua to Costa Rica of 17 November 2016
(Reference MRE/DMC/250/11/16) (English Translation)
I address you in reference to your note DM-AM-584-16, in which you express
your protest regarding the presence of a Nicaraguan military camp which, according
to your note, is located on Costa Rican territory and request its removal from
said territory which, as further indicated in your note, was allegedly awarded to
your country as a result of the Judgment issued by the International Court of Justice
on 16 December 2015.
Allow me to point out that Costa Rica knows first-hand that Nicaragua has
always exercised sovereignty over the sandbar that separates Harbor Head Lagoon
from the Caribbean Sea, and both the International Court of Justice and Costa
Rica have had knowledge of the presence of a Nicaraguan military camp on that
sandbar for a number of years, regardless of its exact location.
In this regard I must remind you that, contrary to what is alleged in your note,
Costa Rica has recognized Nicaragua’s sovereignty over that sandbar in front of
the lagoon on numerous occasions, most recently during the oral hearings held in
April 2015. At that time, Costa Rica noted that “the sandbar which separates the
sea from Harbor Head Lagoon [. . .] can only be considered as land capable of
appertaining to a State in so far as it remains permanently above water at high tide
and, if it does, it appertains to Nicaragua.” This was confirmed by the Judgment of
16 December 2015.
Consequently, this new claim by Costa Rica is unfounded and contradicts all
actions and official statements made by your country.
On the other hand, as you are aware of, and as recorded in the official maps of
Nicaragua and Costa Rica for a number of years now, both countries have always
considered as part of Nicaraguan territory not only the sandbar in front of Harbor
Head Lagoon but also the entire stretch of coast abutting the Caribbean Sea which
lies between Harbor Head Lagoon and the mouth of the river.
Nicaragua cannot help but notice the particular moment in which Costa Rica
has decided to make this new claim, especially taking into account the next on-site
visit of the experts appointed by the International Court of Justice within the context
of the case Maritime Delimitation in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean,
a case which does not address this topic and for which the stage for submission of
written pleadings has ended.
Thus, the Government of Reconciliation and National Unity of Nicaragua
rejects Costa Rica’s gratuitous protest and new claims, as well as any legal sense
intended for them.
(Signed) Denis Moncada Colindres,
Minister Adviser to the President of the Republic
on International Policies and Affairs.
33
Annexe 2
Lettre MRE/DMC/250/11/16 en date du 17 novembre 2016 adressée
au Costa Rica par le Nicaragua
[Traduction]
La présente fait suite à votre lettre DM‑AM‑584‑16, dans laquelle vous protestez
contre la présence d’un campement militaire nicaraguayen dont vous alléguez
qu’il est situé en territoire costa‑ricien, et dont vous demandez le retrait dudit territoire,
que l’arrêt rendu par la Cour internationale de Justice le 16 décembre 2015
aurait eu pour effet d’attribuer à votre pays.
Permettez‑moi de faire observer que le Costa Rica sait, pour l’avoir lui‑même
constaté, que le Nicaragua a toujours exercé sa souveraineté sur le banc de sable
qui sépare la lagune de Harbor Head de la mer des Caraïbes, et que la présence
d’un campement militaire nicaraguayen sur ce banc de sable, quel qu’en soit l’emplacement
exact, est connue tant de la Cour que de lui-
même depuis de nombreuses
années.
A cet égard, je dois vous rappeler que, contrairement à ce qui est affirmé dans
votre lettre, le Costa Rica a reconnu la souveraineté du Nicaragua sur ce banc de
sable situé en face de la lagune, et ce, à plusieurs occasions, la dernière en date
remontant aux audiences d’avril 2015. Voici ce que le Costa Rica a déclaré à
l’audience
: le « banc de sable séparant la lagune [de Harbor Head] de la mer … ne
peut être considéré comme étant susceptible d’appartenir à un Etat que si, à
marée haute, il demeure émergé en permanence, auquel cas il appartiendrait au
Nicaragua ». La Cour a confirmé ce point dans son arrêt du 16 décembre 2015.
En conséquence, cette nouvelle revendication du Costa Rica est dépourvue de
fondement et contredit tous les actes et déclarations officiels de votre pays.
Par ailleurs, comme vous n’êtes pas sans le savoir, et comme le montrent les
cartes officielles du Nicaragua et du Costa Rica depuis déjà un certain nombre
d’années, les deux pays ont toujours considéré comme nicaraguayens non seulement
le banc de sable situé en face de la lagune de Harbor Head, mais également
l’intégralité du segment de la côte caraïbe qui s’étend entre la lagune de Harbor Head
et l’embouchure du fleuve San Juan.
Le Nicaragua ne peut que s’étonner du moment choisi par le Costa Rica pour
présenter cette nouvelle revendication, compte tenu notamment de la visite
prochaine
sur les lieux des experts désignés par la Cour dans le cadre de l’affaire
relative à la Délimitation maritime dans la mer des Caraïbes et l’océan Pacifique,
affaire sans rapport avec la question et dans laquelle la phase de la procédure écrite
est close.
Partant, le Gouvernement de réconciliation et d’unité nationale du Nicaragua
rejette la protestation injustifiée et les nouvelles prétentions du Costa Rica, ainsi
que tout effet juridique susceptible de leur être prêté.
Le ministre conseiller auprès du Président de la République
pour les questions internationales,
(Signé) Denis Moncada Colindres.
34
Annex 3
Letter from Costa Rica to the Court of 28 November 2016
(Reference ECRPB‑135‑16) (English Original)
I have the honour to refer to the case concerning Maritime Delimitation in the
Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua).
On Thursday, 24 November 2016, Costa Rica suffered damage in the north-west
region of the country as a result of Hurricane Otto. Emergency services and first
response personnel are presently assisting the victims. Thousands have been
affected, and a number of lives have been lost.
Hurricane Otto first entered Nicaraguan territory just north of Isla Portillos,
before continuing onto Costa Rican territory. The Costa Rican support installations
on Isla Portillos were seriously damaged or destroyed as a result.
Costa Rica respectfully requests the Court to consider re-scheduling
the impending
visit of the experts to the region in light of these events. Costa Rica proposes
that the visit of the experts takes place in early January 2017.
In the event that the experts’ mission were to proceed as presently scheduled,
Costa Rica may not be able to make all the logistical arrangements as planned, and
Costa Rica respectfully asks for the Court’s understanding in this respect.
(Signed) Ambassador Sergio Ugalde,
Co-Agent.
35
Annexe 3
Lettre ECRPB‑135‑16 en date du 28 novembre 2016 adressée
à la Cour par le Costa Rica
[Traduction]
J’ai honneur de me référer à l’affaire relative à la Délimitation maritime dans la
mer des Caraïbes et l’océan Pacifique (Costa Rica c. Nicaragua).
Le jeudi 24 novembre 2016, l’ouragan Otto a causé des dommages dans la région
nord‑ouest du Costa Rica. Les services d’urgence et le personnel de premiers
secours viennent actuellement en aide aux victimes. Des milliers de personnes ont
été touchées et plusieurs ont perdu la vie.
L’ouragan Otto a touché terre sur le territoire du Nicaragua juste au nord
d’Isla Portillos avant de poursuivre sa route sur celui du Costa Rica. Les installations
d’Isla Portillos en ont été gravement endommagées et certaines ont même été
détruites.
Le Costa Rica prie respectueusement la Cour d’envisager de reporter la visite
imminente des experts dans la région compte tenu de ces événements et propose
qu’elle ait lieu au début du mois de janvier 2017.
Si la mission des experts devait se dérouler comme cela avait été convenu, il se
pourrait que le Costa Rica ne soit pas en mesure de prendre tous les arrangements
d’ordre logistique tels que ceux‑ci étaient prévus et prie respectueusement la Cour
de faire preuve de compréhension à cet égard.
Le coagent du Costa Rica, ambassadeur,
(Signé) Sergio Ugalde.
36
Annex 4
Letter from Costa Rica to Nicaragua of 30 November 2016
(Reference DM‑AM‑628‑16) (English Translation)
I refer to Nicaragua’s note MRE/DMC/250/11/16 of 17 November 2016 concerning
the military camp placed and maintained on the beach of Isla Portillos
west of Harbor Head Lagoon, responding to Costa Rica’s note DM-AM-584-16
dated 14 November 2016.
Costa Rica regrets that Nicaragua has now made a new claim to Costa Rican
sovereign territory, as determined by the International Court of Justice in its Judgment
of 16 December 2015. Costa Rica rejects in their entirety the arguments
invoked by Nicaragua in its note. Nicaragua’s attitude constitutes a rejection and
a breach of said Judgment.
Should Nicaragua persist in its claim to and occupation of Costa Rican territory,
Costa Rica reserves all its rights in terms of the legal avenues available to it.
(Signed) Mario Alexander Montero Campos,
Acting Minister of Foreign Affairs and Worship.
37
Annexe 4
Lettre DM‑AM‑628‑16 en date du 30 novembre 2016 adressée
au Nicaragua par le Costa Rica
[Traduction]
La présente fait suite à la lettre MRE/DMC/250/11/16 du Nicaragua en date du
17 novembre 2016 concernant le campement militaire situé sur la plage d’Isla
Portillos,
à l’ouest de la lagune de Harbor Head, lettre qui répondait à celle
du Costa Rica en date du 14 novembre 2016 portant la cote DM‑AM‑584‑16.
Le Costa Rica déplore la nouvelle revendication formulée par le Nicaragua à
l’égard d’un territoire qui relève de la souveraineté costa‑ricienne, ainsi que la Cour
internationale de Justice l’a déclaré dans son arrêt du 16 décembre 2015. Le Costa
Rica rejette l’intégralité des arguments avancés par le Nicaragua dans sa lettre. Le
comportement de ce dernier constitue un rejet et une violation dudit arrêt.
A supposer que le Nicaragua persiste dans sa revendication et dans son occupation
du territoire costa‑ricien en question, le Costa Rica se réserve le droit d’utiliser
toute voie de recours à sa disposition sur le plan juridique.
Le ministre par intérim des affaires étrangères et des cultes,
(Signé) Mario Alexander Montero Campos.
38
Annex/Annexe 5
Satellite Image, 3 October 2016
(Indicating Locations of Nicaraguan Camp)
Image satellite en date du 3 octobre 2016 (montrant
les emplacements successifs du campement nicaraguayen)
A: Camp location in 2013
A: emplacement du campement
en 2013
C: Current camp
location
C: emplacement
actuel
B: Camp location at the
beginning of 2016
B: emplacement début
2016
39
Annex/Annexe 6
Satellite Image (Close‑Up), 3 October 2016
(Showing Relocation of Nicaraguan Camp in 2016)
Image satellite en date du 3 octobre 2016 (vue rapprochée
montrant le déplacement du campement nicaraguayen)
C: Current camp location
C : emplacement actuel
du campement
B: Camp location at
the beginning of 2016
B : emplacement début 2016
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