Order of 15 October 2008

Document Number
140-20081015-ORD-01-00-EN
Document Type
Incidental Proceedings
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES AR|TS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE RELATIVE A v L’APPLICATION

DE LA CONVENTION INTERNATIONALE
SUR L’uLIMINATION DE TOUTES LES FORMES

DE DISCRIMINATION RACIALE
(GuORGIE cuDuRATION DE RUSSIE)

DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES
CONSERVATOIRES

ORDONNANCE DU 15 OCTOBRE 2008

2008

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

CASE CONCERNING APPLICATION
OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS
OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
(GEORGIA v. RUSSIAN FEDERATION)

REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES

ORDER OF 15 OCTOBER 2008 Mode officiel de citation:
Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes
les formes de discrimination raciale (Géorgie c. Fédération de Russie),

mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 15 octobre 2008,
C.I.J. Recueil 2008,p.353

Official citation:

Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of all
Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation),
Provisional Measures, Order of 15 October 2008,
I.C.J. Reports 2008,p.353

N de vente:
ISSN 0074-4441 Sales number 941

ISBN 978-92-1-071050-3 15 OCTOBRE 2008

ORDONNANCE

APPLICATION DE LA CONVENTION INTERNATIONALE
SUR L’uLIMINATION DE TOUTES LES FORMES
DE DISCRIMINATION RACIALE

(GuORGIE c. FuDuRATION DE RUSSIE)

DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES
CONSERVATOIRES

APPLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL
CONVENTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS
OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION

(GEORGIA v. RUSSIAN FEDERATION)

REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES

15 OCTOBER 2008

ORDER INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

YEAR 2008 2008
15 October
General List
15 October 2008 No. 140

CASE CONCERNING APPLICATION

OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS

OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION

(GEORGIA v. RUSSIAN FEDERATION)

REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES

ORDER

Present: PresidentIGGINS; Vice-PresidenL-KHASAWNEH ; Judges ANJEV,

SHI,K OROMA ,B UERGENTHAL,O WADA ,S IMMA,T OMKA ,A BRAHAM,
K EIT,SEPÚLVEDA-AMOR ,BENNOUNA,SKOTNIKOV; Judge ad hocAJA;
Registrar OUVREUR.

The International Court of Justice,

Composed as above,

After deliberation,

Having regard to Articles 41 and 48 of the Statute of the Court and to
Articles 73, 74 and 75 of the Rules of Court,

Makes the following Order:

1. Whereas by an Application filed in the Registry of the Court on
12 August 2008, the Government of Georgia instituted proceedings
against the Russian Federation for alleged violations of the International
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination

(hereinafter “CERD”);

4 2. Whereas Georgia, in order to found the jurisdiction of the Court,
relied in its Application on Article 22 of CERD which provides that:

“any dispute between two or more States Parties with respect to the
interpretation or application of this Convention, which is not settled
by negotiation or by the procedures expressly provided for in this

Convention, shall, at the request of any of the parties to the dispute,
be referred to the International Court of Justice for decision, unless
the disputants agree to another mode of settlement”;

3. Whereas in its Application Georgia states that:

“The Russian Federation, acting through its organs, agents, per-
sons and entities exercising elements of governmental authority, and
through South Ossetian and Abkhaz separatist forces under its
direction and control, has practised, sponsored and supported racial
discrimination through attacks against, and mass-expulsion of, eth-

nic Georgians, as well as other ethnic groups, in the South Ossetia
and Abkhazia regions of the Republic of Georgia”;

and that the Russian Federation seeks to consolidate changes in the eth-
nic composition of South Ossetia and Abkhazia resulting from its actions
“by preventing the return to South Ossetia and Abkhazia of forcibly dis-
placed ethnic Georgian citizens and by undermining Georgia’s capacity
to exercise jurisdiction in this part of its territory”; whereas Georgia con-

tends that “[t]he changed demographic situation in South Ossetia and
Abkhazia is intended to provide the foundation for the unlawful asser-
tion of independence from Georgia by the de facto South Ossetian and
Abkhaz separatist authorities”;
4. Whereas Georgia explains the origin of the conflict in South Ossetia
as follows:

“On 10 November 1989, the Regional Public Council of the South
Ossetian Autonomous District [which formed part of the Georgian

Soviet Socialist Republic] formally requested the Georgian Supreme
Soviet to upgrade the status of the District to ‘Autonomous Repub-
lic’. After the Georgian Supreme Soviet refused, on 28 November
1990, the Regional Public Council of the South Ossetian Autono-
mous District re-named the District the ‘Soviet Republic of South
Ossetia’, and scheduled elections for a new Supreme Council to be

held on 9 December 1990 . . .
On 11 December 1990, the Georgian Supreme Soviet declared the
9 December elections illegitimate . . ., annulled the results, and abol-
ished the Autonomous District of South Ossetia and its Regional
Public Council.

Following these events, violent conflict broke out . . . Throughout
1991, coinciding with Georgia’s Declaration of Independence on
9 April, over 1,000 people were killed in the fighting in South Osse-

5 tia. During this time, some 23,000 ethnic Georgians were forced to
flee South Ossetia and settle in other parts of Georgia”;

5. Whereas, in relation to the beginning of the conflict in Abkhazia,

Georgia contends that following the dissolution of the Soviet Union
in December 1991, “Abkhaz separatists under the leadership of Vladis-
lav Ardzinba sought to secede from the Republic of Georgia, including
by the use of force”;
6. Whereas it is further contended in the Application that the Russian

Federation has “violated its obligations under CERD during three dis-
tinct phases of its interventions in South Ossetia and Abkhazia” in the
period from 1990 to August 2008;
7. Whereas Georgia asserts that the first phase of the intervention in
South Ossetia took place between 1990 and 1992 and in Abkhazia
between 1991 and 1994; whereas Georgia claims that during this first

phase “the Russian Federation provided essential support to South Osse-
tian and Abkhaz separatists in their attacks against, and mass-expulsion
of, virtually the entire ethnic Georgian population of South Ossetia and
Abkhazia” and that support from the Russian Federation included “the
provision of weapons and supplies and the recruitment of mercenaries to

support separatist forces in both regions, and, in the case of Abkhazia,
the deployment of Russian armed forces directly to assist military opera-
tions conducted by the separatists”;
8. Whereas Georgia claims that hostilities formally came to an end in
South Ossetia on 24 June 1992 following the Agreement on the Principles

of the Settlement of the Georgian-Ossetian Conflict signed by Georgia,
the South Ossetian “separatist forces” and the Russian Federation; and
in Abkhazia on 14 May 1994 following the signing of the Moscow Agree-
ment on a Ceasefire and Separation of Forces by Georgia, the Abkhaz
“separatist forces” and the Russian Federation; whereas both agreements

provided for the creation of joint peacekeeping forces which, according
to Georgia, were “dominated by ostensibly neutral Russian peacekeep-
ers”;
9. Whereas Georgia maintains that the signature of these agreements,
which “formalized the Russian Federation’s dual status as a party to
those conflicts and as an ostensible peacekeeper and facilitator of nego-

tiations”, marked the second phase of “the Russian Federation’s inter-
vention” in South Ossetia and Abkhazia respectively;

10. Whereas Georgia contends that:

“By implementing racially discriminatory policies in South Ossetia
and Abkhazia under cover of its peacekeeping mandate, the Russian
Federation has sought to consolidate the forced displacement of the

ethnic Georgian and other populations that resulted from ‘ethnic
cleansing’ from 1991 to 1994”;

6whereas it claims that the Russian Federation “has supported the South
Ossetian and Abkhaz separatists’ quest for independence from Georgia”;

and whereas Georgia concludes that “[a]chieving this goal necessarily
implies the expulsion of ethnic Georgians and other populations from
their homes, and denial of their right to return to their homes and to live
in peace within the sovereign territory of Georgia”;

11. Whereas Georgia asserts that, as part of its policy of racial dis-
crimination, the Russian Federation “has consistently frustrated the
return of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) since the conflicts of 1991-
1994” and that, as a consequence, “demographic changes forced upon
the population by the South Ossetian and Abkhaz separatists with Rus-

sian support are more likely to become permanent”;

12. Whereas, in its Application, Georgia points out that in furtherance
of its policy to support “South Ossetian and Abkhaz separatists”, the
Russian Federation has taken other actions that violate CERD; whereas,
by way of example, Georgia contends that “the Russian Federation has

conferred its citizenship upon almost the entire non-ethnic Georgian
population of South Ossetia and Abkhazia” and that ethnic Georgians
remaining in South Ossetia and Abkhazia “who have refused to renounce
their Georgian citizenship in favour of Russian citizenship, have faced
active intimidation and harassment by soldiers associated with [the]

armed forces of the Russian Federation”;
13. Whereas Georgia asserts that “the de facto separatist authorities of
South Ossetia and Abkhazia enjoy unprecedented and far-reaching sup-
port from the Russian Federation in the implementation of discrimina-
tory policies against the ethnic Georgian population” and that this sup-

port
“has the effect of denying the right of self-determination to the eth-

nic Georgians remaining in South Ossetia and Abkhazia and those
seeking to return to their homes in South Ossetia and Abkhazia
since the ceasefires of 1992 and 1994, respectively”;

and whereas it claims that “by recognizing and supporting South Osse-
tia’s and Abkhazia’s separatist authorities, the Russian Federation is also
preventing Georgia from implementing its obligations under CERD, by
assuming control over its territory”;

14. Whereas in its Application Georgia claims that “the Russian Fed-
eration has also systematically attempted to undermine Georgia’s terri-
torial sovereignty” by taking steps to recognize the independence of
South Ossetia and Abkhazia; and whereas it adds that these acts have

“significantly escalated tensions in South Ossetia and Abkhazia, and
opened the door to further conflict”;
15. Whereas Georgia claims that, as from April 2008, in addition to

7the measures designed to strengthen the legitimacy of the de facto insti-
tutions of the separatist authorities, “the Russian Federation [has] also

increased its military activities in both regions as a prelude to its invasion
of Georgia in August 2008”; and whereas, according to Georgia, “Rus-
sia’s military build-up was accompanied by a campaign of discrimination
against ethnic Georgians and others who might be opposed to the exten-
sion of Russian influence in South Ossetia and Abkhazia”;

16. Whereas Georgia asserts that, “in contrast to Russian attempts to
nurture the creation of ethnically homogeneous States that are politically,
economically, socially and militarily beholden to it”, Georgia has consist-
ently “strived for the integration of multi-ethnic Abkhaz and South Osse-

tian societies into a democratic Georgian State” and offered both regions
“unlimited autonomy”; and whereas Georgia contends that “it has also
steadfastly pressed for the right of all IDPs (regardless of ethnicity) to
return to their homes”;

17. Whereas Georgia contends that the third phase of “the Russian

Federation’s intervention in South Ossetia and Abkhazia began on
8 August 2008, when Russian forces invaded Georgian territory”;
18. Whereas Georgia alleges that,

“in response to the persistent shelling of ethnic Georgian villages in
South Ossetia by separatist forces, Georgian military forces launched
a limited operation into territory held by ethnic separatists on

7 August 2008 for purposes of putting a stop to the attacks”;

whereas it explains that the Russian Federation responded to Georgia’s
actions “with a full-scale invasion” of Georgian territory on 8 August
2008, “occupied more than half of Georgia and attacked civilians and
civilian objects” throughout the country, “resulting in significant casual-

ties and destruction”;
19. Whereas, according to Georgia, at the same time the situation in
Abkhazia quickly began to deteriorate, with attacks against Georgian vil-
lages in the Kodori valley, bombing of Georgia’s Black Sea port of Poti
and deployment of Russian ground troops and armoured vehicles in
Abkhazia;

20. Whereas Georgia claims, “in its own right and as parens patriae of
its citizens”, that the Russian Federation,

“through its State organs, State agents, and other persons and enti-
ties exercising governmental authority, and through the South Osse-
tian and Abkhaz separatist forces and other agents acting on the
instructions of, and under the direction and control of the Russian

Federation, is responsible for serious violations of its fundamental
obligations under CERD, including Articles 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6”;

8 21. Whereas Georgia further claims that these violations include, but
are not limited to:

“(a) widespread and systematic discrimination against South Osse-
tia’s and Abkhazia’s ethnic Georgian population and other
groups during the conflicts of 1991-1994, 1998, 2004 and 2008,
reflected in acts including murder, unlawful attacks against

civilians and civilian objects, torture, rape, deportation and
forcible transfer, imprisonment and hostage-taking, enforced
disappearance, wanton destruction and unlawful appropria-
tion of property not justified by military necessity, and plun-
der;

(b) widespread and systematic denial on discriminatory grounds
of the right of South Ossetia’s and Abkhazia’s ethnic Geor-
gian and other refugees and IDPs to return to their homes;

(c) widespread and systematic unlawful appropriation and sale of
homes and other property belonging to South Ossetia’s and

Abkhazia’s ethnic Georgians and other groups forcibly dis-
placed during the conflicts of 1991-1994, 1998, 2004 and 2008
and denied the right to return to the South Ossetian and Abk-
haz regions;
(d) the continuing discriminatory treatment of ethnic Georgians

in South Ossetia and in the Gali District of Abkhazia, includ-
ing but not limited to pillage, hostage-taking, beatings and
intimidation, denial of the freedom of movement, denial of
their right to education in their mother tongue, pressure to
obtain Russian citizenship and/or Russian passports, and

threats of punitive taxes and expulsions for maintaining Geor-
gian citizenship;
(e) the sponsoring, defending, and supporting of ethnic discrimi-
nation by the de facto South Ossetian and Abkhaz separatist
authorities and the recognition as lawful of a situation created

by a serious breach of Russia’s obligations under CERD and
of its obligations erga omnes, namely recognition in whole or
in part of the South Ossetian and Abkhaz separatist entities
amounting to recognition of a situation created by ‘ethnic
cleansing’ constituting the crime against humanity of persecu-
tion and systematic discrimination on ethnic grounds;

(f) preventing the Republic of Georgia from exercising jurisdiction
over its territory in the regions of South Ossetia [and] Abkhazia
in order to implement its obligations under CERD; and
(g) the launching of a war of aggression against Georgia with the

aims of (i) securing ethnically homogeneous allies in South
Ossetia and Abkhazia free from Georgian political, social and
cultural influence; (ii) permanently denying the right of dis-

9 placed ethnic Georgians to return to their homes in South
Ossetia and Abkhazia; and (iii) permanently denying all the

people of Georgia their right to self-determination in accord-
ance with CERD”;

22. Whereas, at the end of its Application, Georgia asks the Court to
adjudge and declare that:

“the Russian Federation, through its State organs, State agents, and
other persons and entities exercising governmental authority, and
through the South Ossetian and Abkhaz separatist forces and other
agents acting on the instructions of or under the direction and con-
trol of the Russian Federation, has violated its obligations under

CERD by:
(a) engaging in acts and practices of ‘racial discrimination against
persons, groups of persons or institutions’ and failing ‘to ensure
that all public authorities and public institutions, national and

local, shall act in conformity with this obligation’ contrary to
Article 2 (l) (a) of CERD;

(b) ‘sponsoring, defending and supporting racial discrimination’
contrary to Article 2 (l) (b) of CERD;

(c) failing to ‘prohibit and bring to an end, by all appropriate
means, including legislation as required by circumstances, racial
discrimination’ contrary to Article 2 (l) (d) of CERD;

(d) failing to condemn ‘racial segregation’ and failing to ‘eradicate
all practices of this nature’ in South Ossetia and Abkhazia, con-
trary to Article 3 of CERD;
(e) failing to ‘condemn all propaganda and all organizations . . .
which attempt to justify or promote racial hatred and discrimi-
nation in any form’ and failing ‘to adopt immediate and posi-

tive measures designed to eradicate all incitement to, or acts of,
such discrimination’, contrary to Article 4 of CERD;
(f) undermining the enjoyment of the enumerated fundamental
human rights in Article 5 by the ethnic Georgian, Greek and
Jewish populations in South Ossetia and Abkhazia, contrary to

Article 5 of CERD;
(g) failing to provide ‘effective protection and remedies’ against
acts of racial discrimination, contrary to Article 6 of CERD”;

23. Whereas Georgia also asks the Court

“to order the Russian Federation to take all steps necessary to com-
ply with its obligations under CERD, including:

10 (a) immediately ceasing all military activities on the territory of the
Republic of Georgia, including South Ossetia and Abkhazia,

and immediate withdrawing of all Russian military personnel
from the same;
(b) taking all necessary and appropriate measures to ensure the
prompt and effective return of IDPs to South Ossetia and Abk-
hazia in conditions of safety and security;

(c) refraining from the unlawful appropriation of homes and prop-
erty belonging to IDPs;
(d) taking all necessary measures to ensure that the remaining eth-
nic Georgian populations of South Ossetia and the Gali Dis-
trict are not subject to discriminatory treatment including but

not limited to protecting them against pressures to assume Rus-
sian citizenship, and respect for their right to receive education
in their mother tongue;
(e) paying full compensation for its role in supporting and failing
to bring to an end the consequences of the ethnic cleansing that
occurred in the 1991-1994 conflicts, and its subsequent refusal

to allow the return of IDPs;
(f) not to recognize in any manner whatsoever the de facto South
Ossetian and Abkhaz separatist authorities and the fait accom-
pli created by ethnic cleansing;
(g) not to take any measures that would discriminate against per-

sons, whether legal or natural, having Georgian nationality or
ethnicity within its jurisdiction or control;
(h) allow Georgia to fulfil its obligations under CERD by with-
drawing its forces from South Ossetia and Abkhazia and allow-
ing Georgia to restore its authority and jurisdiction over those

regions; and
(i) to pay full compensation to Georgia for all injuries resulting
from its internationally wrongful acts”;

24. Whereas, on 14 August 2008, Georgia, referring to Article 41 of
the Statute of the Court and to Articles 73, 74 and 75 of the Rules of
Court, submitted a Request for the indication of provisional measures,
pending the Court’s judgment in the proceedings instituted by Georgia

against the Russian Federation, in order to preserve its rights under
CERD “to protect its citizens against violent discriminatory acts by Rus-
sian armed forces, acting in concert with separatist militia and foreign
mercenaries”, including

“unlawful attacks against civilians and civilian objects, murder,
forced displacement, denial of humanitarian assistance, and exten-

sive pillage and destruction of towns and villages, in South Ossetia
and neighbouring regions of Georgia, and in Abkhazia and neigh-
bouring regions, under Russian occupation”;

25. Whereas Georgia observes that “[t]he continuation of these violent

11discriminatory acts constitutes an extremely urgent threat of irreparable
harm to [its] rights under CERD in dispute in this case”;

26. Whereas, in its Request for the indication of provisional measures,
Georgia refers to the basis of jurisdiction of the Court invoked in its
Application, and to the facts set out and the submissions made therein;

27. Whereas Georgia reiterates the contention made in its Application
that
“beginning in the early 1990s and acting in concert with separatist

forces and mercenaries in the Georgian regions of South Ossetia and
Abkhazia, the Russian Federation has engaged in a systematic policy
of ethnic discrimination directed against the ethnic Georgian popu-
lation and other groups in those regions”;

and that these actions have “directly or indirectly resulted in the death or
disappearance of thousands of civilians and the internal displacement of
approximately 300,000 persons”, whose right of return is being denied;

28. Whereas Georgia claims that, on 8 August 2008, the Russian Fed-
eration “launched a full-scale military invasion against Georgia in sup-
port of ethnic separatists in South Ossetia and Abkhazia”, which has
resulted in “hundreds of civilian deaths, extensive destruction of civilian

property, and the displacement of virtually the entire ethnic Georgian
population in South Ossetia”; and whereas it further claims that the
withdrawal of the Georgian armed forces and the unilateral declaration
of a ceasefire did not prevent the Russian Federation from continuing its
military operations beyond South Ossetia into territories under the con-

trol of the Georgian Government;

29. Whereas Georgia contends that, on 13 August 2008, the

“Russian armed forces, acting together with South Ossetian separat-
ist militia and foreign mercenaries, have engaged in a campaign of
ethnic cleansing involving murder and forced displacement of ethnic
Georgians, and the pillage and extensive destruction of villages adja-
cent to South Ossetia”;

30. Whereas Georgia alleges that the following facts constitute “dis-
criminatory human rights abuses against Georgian citizens in and around

South Ossetia”:

“— Russian forces and separatist militia have summarily executed

Georgian civilians and persons hors de combat after verifying
their ethnicity in the villages of Nikosi, Kurta, and Armarishili;

12 — Russian forces and separatist militia have engaged in wide-
spread pillage and burning of homes in the villages of Karbi,

Mereti, Disevi, Ksuisi, Kitsnisi, Beloti, Vanati, and Satskheneti
and have executed elderly civilians;
— Russian forces have forcibly transferred the remaining ethnic
Georgians in South Ossetia to Kurta detention camp;

— in Gori, Russian forces bombed the hospital, university, market
place, and post-office, even though this is an undefended town
without any Georgian military presence”;

31. Whereas Georgia observes that “[t]he systematic pillage and destruc-
tion of Georgian villages is clearly intended to prevent the return of civil-
ians displaced as a result of Russia’s aggression commencing August 8”;
32. Whereas Georgia further contends that Russian military opera-

tions have extended to Abkhazia and beyond and have included “attacks
against the Black Sea port of Poti resulting in numerous civilian deaths
and extensive destruction of civilian property” and the occupation of the
town of Zugdidi and the subjection of its population to “widespread pil-
lage and other abuses”; whereas Georgia asserts that Georgian civilians

in the district of Gali have been denied their freedom of movement and
have faced increasing intimidation and pressure to adopt Russian
citizenship;

33. Whereas Georgia claims that “the rights which are the subject of

the dispute are set forth in Articles 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 of CERD”; whereas
Georgia further claims that the rights under CERD that Georgia seeks to
protect with its Request “arise from the obligations of the Russian Fed-
eration to prevent acts of ethnic discrimination”, including:

“(a) the right to ensure that the Russian Federation and separatist
authorities under its direction and control refrain from any

further act or practice of ethnic discrimination against Geor-
gian citizens and that civilians are fully protected against such
acts in territories under the occupation or effective control of
Russian forces, pursuant to Article 2 (1);

(b) the right to ensure that the Russian Federation and separatist

authorities under its direction and control refrain from any
further acts resulting in the recognition of or rendering perma-
nent the ethnic segregation of Georgian citizens through forced
displacement or denial of the right of IDPs to return to their
homes in South Ossetia, Abkhazia, and adjacent territories

under the occupation or effective control of Russian forces,
pursuant to Article 3;

13 (c) the right to ensure that the Russian Federation and separatist
authorities under its direction and control refrain from any

further acts violating the enjoyment by Georgian citizens of
fundamental human rights including in particular the right to
security of the person and protection against violence or bod-
ily harm, the right to freedom of movement and residence
within the borders of Georgia, the right of IDPs to return to

their homes under conditions of safety, and the right to pro-
tection of homes and property against pillage and destruction,
pursuant to Article 5; and

(d) the right to ensure that the Russian Federation and separatist

authorities under its direction and control refrain from any
acts denying to Georgian citizens under their jurisdiction effec-
tive protection and remedies against ethnic discrimination and
violations of human rights pursuant to Article 6”;

34. Whereas Georgia accordingly requests the Court “as a matter of

utmost urgency” and “in order to prevent irreparable prejudice to the
rights of Georgia and its citizens under CERD”, to order the following
measures:

“(a) the Russian Federation shall give full effect to its obligations
under CERD;
(b) the Russian Federation shall immediately cease and desist

from any and all conduct that could result, directly or indi-
rectly, in any form of ethnic discrimination by its armed
forces, or other organs, agents, and persons and entities exer-
cising elements of governmental authority, or through separa-
tist forces in South Ossetia and Abkhazia under its direction

and control, or in territories under the occupation or effective
control of Russian forces;

(c) the Russian Federation shall in particular immediately cease
and desist from discriminatory violations of the human rights
of ethnic Georgians, including attacks against civilians and

civilian objects, murder, forced displacement, denial of
humanitarian assistance, extensive pillage and destruction of
towns and villages, and any measures that would render per-
manent the denial of the right to return of IDPs, in South
Ossetia and adjoining regions of Georgia, and in Abkhazia

and adjoining regions of Georgia, and any other territories
under Russian occupation or effective control”;

35. Whereas on 12 and 14 August 2008, dates on which the Applica-
tion and the Request for the indication of provisional measures were filed

14in the Registry respectively, the Deputy-Registrar advised the Govern-
ment of the Russian Federation of the filing of those documents and

forthwith sent it signed originals of them, in accordance with Article 40,
paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court and with Article 38, para-
graph 4, and Article 73, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court; whereas the
Deputy-Registrar also notified the Secretary-General of the United
Nations of the filing of those documents;

36. Whereas, on 15 August 2008, the Registrar informed the Parties
that the President, acting under Article 74, paragraph 3, of the Rules of
Court, had fixed 8 September 2008 as the date for the opening of the oral
proceedings on the Request for the indication of provisional measures;
37. Whereas, also on 15 August 2008, the President, referring to Arti-

cle 74, paragraph 4, of the Rules of Court, addressed a communication to
the two Parties, urgently calling upon them “to act in such a way as will
enable any order the Court may take on the request for provisional meas-
ures to have its appropriate effects”;
38. Whereas, pending the notification under Article 40, paragraph 3,
of the Statute and Article 42 of the Rules of Court, by transmittal of the

printed bilingual text of the Application to the Members of the United
Nations, the Registrar, on 19 August 2008, informed those States of the
filing of the Application and of its subject-matter, and of the filing of the
Request for the indication of provisional measures;
39. Whereas, since the Court includes upon the Bench no judge of

Georgian nationality, the Georgian Government has availed itself of the
provisions of Article 31 of the Statute of the Court and has chosen
Mr. Giorgio Gaja to sit as judge ad hoc in the case;
40. Whereas, by a Note Verbale of 19 August 2008, received in the
Registry on the same day, the Russian Federation informed the Court of

the appointment of Agents for the purposes of the case;
41. Whereas, on 25 August 2008, Georgia, referring to “the rapidly
changing circumstances in Abkhazia and South Ossetia”, submitted an
“Amended Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures of Protec-
tion” (hereinafter the “Amended Request”);

42. Whereas in the Amended Request Georgia claims that, “following
its invasion commencing on 8 August 2008”, the Russian Federation
assumed control over all of South Ossetia and Abkhazia as well as “adja-
cent areas within the territory of Georgia”; whereas, according to Geor-
gia, in these territories ethnic Georgians have been subjected to system-
atic discriminatory acts, including physical violence and the plunder and

destruction of their homes; and whereas it is stated that “[t]he manifest
objective of this discriminatory campaign is the mass-expulsion of the
ethnic Georgian population from South Ossetia, Abkhazia, and other
neighbouring areas of Georgia”;

43. Whereas Georgia submits that in a number of specific areas of
Georgia allegedly under Russian control, “widespread and systematic

15acts of violent racial discrimination” have been committed against ethnic
Georgians; and whereas it adds that “[a] particular cause for concern is

the Russian occupation of [the] Akhalgori District, outside and to the
east of South Ossetia, and previously under Georgian Government con-
trol”;
44. Whereas it is contended in the Additional Request that the Rus-
sian Federation has consolidated its “effective control” over the occupied

“Georgian regions of South Ossetia and Abkhazia, as well as adjacent
territories” which are situated within “Georgia’s internationally recog-
nized boundaries”; and whereas therefore, for the purposes of the fulfil-
ment by the Russian Federation of its obligations under CERD, “South
Ossetia, Abkhazia, and relevant adjacent regions, fall within the Russian

Federation’s jurisdiction”;
45. Whereas Georgia asserts in its Amended Request that it requests
the Court to indicate provisional measures in order to prevent irreparable
prejudice “to the right of ethnic Georgians to be free from discriminatory
treatment, in particular violent or otherwise coercive acts . . . and other
acts intended to expel them from their homes in South Ossetia, Abk-

hazia, and adjacent regions located within Georgian territory” and “to
the right of return of ethnic Georgians to South Ossetia and Abkhazia”;

46. Whereas Georgia alleges that, owing to the Russian Federation’s

continuing discrimination against ethnic Georgians in Abkhazia, South
Ossetia and neighbouring areas,

“the remaining ethnic Georgians in South Ossetia, Abkhazia, and
adjacent regions, are at imminent risk of violent expulsion, death or
personal injury, hostage-taking and unlawful detention, and damage
to or loss of their homes and other property”;

and whereas it adds that “the prospects for the return of those ethnic
Georgians who have already been forced to flee are rapidly deteriorat-
ing”;

47. Whereas Georgia states that it urgently requests the indication of
provisional measures

“to avert a situation whereby the implementation of a judgment of
the Court upholding the rights of Georgian citizens under Articles 2
and 5 of CERD to remain in South Ossetia, Abkhazia, or adjacent
regions, or to return to their homes in these territories, is rendered
impossible”;

48. Whereas in its Amended Request

“Georgia respectfully requests the Court as a matter of urgency to
order the following provisional measures, pending its determination
of this case on the merits, to prevent irreparable harm to the rights

16of ethnic Georgians under Articles 2 and 5 of CERD to be secure in
their persons and to be protected against violence or bodily harm in

the areas of Georgian territory under the effective control of the
Russian Federation:

(a) the Russian Federation shall take all necessary measures to
ensure that no ethnic Georgians or any other persons are sub-
ject to violent or coercive acts of racial discrimination, includ-
ing but not limited to the threat or infliction of death or bodily
harm, hostage-taking and unlawful detention, the destruction

or pillage of property, and other acts intended to expel them
from their homes or villages in South Ossetia, Abkhazia and/or
adjacent regions within Georgia;

(b) the Russian Federation shall take all necessary measures to pre-

vent groups or individuals from subjecting ethnic Georgians to
coercive acts of racial discrimination, including but not limited
to the threat or infliction of death or bodily harm, hostage-tak-
ing and unlawful detention, the destruction or theft of prop-
erty, and other acts intended to expel them from their homes or

villages in South Ossetia, Abkhazia and/or adjacent regions
within Georgia;

(c) the Russian Federation shall refrain from adopting any meas-

ures that would prejudice the right of ethnic Georgians to par-
ticipate fully and equally in the public affairs of South Ossetia,
Abkhazia and/or adjacent regions of Georgia.

Georgia further requests the Court as a matter of urgency to order
the following provisional measures to prevent irreparable injury to
the right of return of ethnic Georgians under Article 5 of CERD
pending the Court’s determination of this case on the merits:

(d) the Russian Federation shall refrain from taking any actions or
supporting any measures that would have the effect of denying
the exercise by ethnic Georgians and any other persons who

have been expelled from South Ossetia, Abkhazia, and adjacent
regions on the basis of their ethnicity or nationality, their right
of return to their homes of origin;
(e) the Russian Federation shall refrain from taking any actions
or supporting any measures by any group or individual that

obstructs or hinders the exercise of the right of return to
South Ossetia, Abkhazia, and adjacent regions by ethnic
Georgians and any other persons who have been expelled

17 from those regions on the basis of their ethnicity or national-
ity;

(f) the Russian Federation shall refrain from adopting any meas-
ures that would prejudice the right of ethnic Georgians to par-
ticipate fully and equally in public affairs upon their return to
South Ossetia, Abkhazia, and adjacent regions”;

49. Whereas, on 4 September 2008, Georgia communicated to the
Court “Observations on Provisional Measures” consisting of a set of
documents relating to Georgia’s Amended Request for the indication of

provisional measures; and whereas, on 5 September 2008, the Russian
Federation communicated to the Court the “Contribution of the Russian
Federation to the hearings on provisional measures” also consisting of a
set of documents;
50. Whereas, at the public hearings held on 8, 9 and 10 Septem-

ber 2008, in accordance with Article 74, paragraph 3, of the Rules of
Court, oral statements on the Request for the indication of provisional
measures were presented by the following representatives of the Parties:

On behalf of Georgia: H.E. Ms Tina Burjaliani,
Mr. James R. Crawford,
Mr. Payam Akhavan,

Mr. Paul S. Reichler;
On behalf of the Russian Federation: H.E. Mr. Roman Kolodkin,
H.E. Mr. Kirill Gevorgian,
Mr. Alain Pellet,

Mr. Andreas Zimmermann,
Mr. Samuel Wordsworth;

* * *

51. Whereas, in its first round of oral argument, Georgia restated the

position set out in its Application and in its Amended Request for the
indication of provisional measures, and indicated that the requirements
for the indication by the Court of the provisional measures requested
have been met in the present case;
52. Whereas Georgia claimed that “the discrimination against the eth-
nic Georgian communities in Abkhazia, South Ossetia and the Gori dis-

trict gained momentum” following 8 August 2008; and whereas it asserted
that “in the last month, more than 158,000 ethnic Georgians have been
added to the number of internally displaced persons in Georgia” which
meant that “10 per cent of the Georgian population is now living in exile
in their own country”;

53. Whereas Georgia asserted that “there is no sign that the Russian
Federation and the de facto separatist authorities in South Ossetia and

18Abkhazia intend to cease” a campaign of “sustained and violent discrimi-
nation being waged” against ethnic Georgians in Abkhazia, South Osse-

tia and the Gori district before its objective, namely “the creation of two
territories that are cleansed of ethnic Georgians and placed under the
authority of separatists loyal to the Russian Federation”, has been
achieved; and whereas, according to Georgia, “the violent discrimination
has continued since the so-called ‘ceasefire’, since Georgia filed its Appli-

cation, and since the Request for provisional measures was put before the
Court”;

54. Whereas Georgia contended that “the obligations under the Con-
vention are evidently engaged in relation to Russia’s treatment of ethnic

Georgians in Abkhazia, South Ossetia, and other areas of Georgia under
Russian control” and reaffirmed that, for the purposes of its Request for
the indication of provisional measures, the rights at issue before the
Court are the rights of Georgia and ethnic Georgians guaranteed under
Articles 2 and 5 of CERD;

55. Whereas Georgia stressed that its Request for the indication of
provisional measures is directed specifically at the protection of the ethnic
Georgian population who are at grave risk of imminent violence against
their person and property in the Gali district of Abkhazia, the Akhalgori
district of South Ossetia and the adjacent Gori district; and whereas

Georgia claimed that “Russia exercises significant control over the Geor-
gian territories under its occupation, and also controls the separatist
régimes in Abkhazia and South Ossetia” and thus “has the power to stop
ongoing acts of discrimination”;

56. Whereas Georgia stated that the question of attribution would
have to be dealt with on the merits of the case; whereas it contended
however that “the evidence already available indicates on a prima facie
basis that acts and omissions which form the basis of Georgia’s com-
plaint have been committed — and continue to be committed — by per-

sons for whose conduct Russia is responsible”;
57. Whereas at the end of the first round of oral observations Georgia
reiterated its requests made in the Amended Request for the indication of
provisional measures and in addition asked the Court “to order the
respondent State to permit and facilitate, and to refrain from obstructing,
the delivery of urgently needed humanitarian assistance to ethnic Geor-

gians and others remaining in territory that is under the control of Rus-
sian forces”;

*

58. Whereas, in its first round of oral argument the Russian Federa-
tion presented a brief account of the history of the region since the eight-
eenth century; whereas, regarding the first period referred to by Georgia

19in its Application (see paragraphs 7-8 above), the Russian Federation
explained that ethnic tensions in the Georgian autonomous regions, in

particular in Abkhazia and South Ossetia, had been exacerbated in the
late 1980s with the coming to power in Georgia of nationalists seeking
independence, such as Zviad Gamsakhurdia, the first President of Geor-
gia, who launched a political programme with the slogan “Georgia for
Georgians”; whereas the Russian Federation contended that Georgia

took steps to deprive Abkhazia and South Ossetia of their respective
autonomous status, which actions “provoked a reaction on the part of
the Abkhazians and Ossetians”; whereas the Russian Federation claimed
that “Tblisi responded by sending military and paramilitary forces to
Tskhinvali, the capital of South Ossetia, in January 1991” leading to a

state of civil war; whereas, according to the Russian Federation, while on
9 April 1991 Georgia declared its independence, it denied the right of
self-determination to Abkhazia and South Ossetia; and whereas, the
Russian Federation added that a civil war broke out in 1992 in Abk-
hazia, with “the clashes between the Georgian forces and the Abkhaz
militia caus[ing] many deaths on both sides”;

59. Whereas the Russian Federation indicated that “the violent phase
of the conflict in South Ossetia” came to an end by the signing on 24 June
1992 of the Treaty between the Russian Federation and Georgia on the
principles of the settlement of the conflict; whereas the Russian Federa-
tion explained that, under this Treaty, a joint peacekeeping force consist-

ing of three battalions — Russian, Georgian and Ossetian — was deployed
in the region; and whereas, according to the Russian Federation, “in the
Georgian villages, it was the Georgian forces that carried out the peace-
keeping duties”;
60. Whereas the Russian Federation claimed that the hostilities in

Abkhazia were for the most part halted following the deployment of a
Russian contingent acting as the Collective Peacekeeping Force of the
Commonwealth of Independent States set up under the Moscow Agree-
ment on a Ceasefire and Separation of Forces signed between Georgia
and Abkhazia in 1994, “under the aegis of Russia”; whereas it added that

in August 1993, the United Nations Security Council, by its resolu-
tion 858 (1993), had decided to establish the United Nations Observer
Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG), whose task was to verify respect for an
earlier ceasefire agreement of 27 July 1993; and whereas on 4 April 1994
Georgia, Abkhazia, the Russian Federation and the United Nations
High Commissioner for Refugees signed the quadripartite agreement on

the voluntary return of displaced persons;

61. Whereas the Russian Federation contended that “the mechanisms
for peacekeeping and negotiation received the support of international
governmental organizations such as the United Nations and the Organi-

zation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and of Georgia
itself”;
62. Whereas the Russian Federation maintained that “progress was

20made in the peace process until Mr. Saakashvili came to power [in Geor-
gia] at the end of 2003”; whereas it asserted that, from May 2004, troops

and special units of the Georgian Ministry of the Interior were moved
into the Georgian-Ossetian zone of conflict, reserved strictly for the
peacekeeping forces, and that in August 2004 these troops bombarded
Tskhinvali in an attempt to invade it; whereas the Russian Federation
claimed that in February 2005 President Saakashvili formally renounced

the ceasefire “which had been concluded between the parties in Novem-
ber 2004 through the active mediation of Russia”; and whereas, accord-
ing to the Russian Federation, in Abkhazia “progress in the settlement
process was abruptly halted by the deployment of the Georgian contin-
gent in the Kodori gorge in 2006, in violation of all the agreements and of

the decisions of the United Nations”;
63. Whereas the Russian Federation asserted that it “had always acted
in accordance with its role as a mediator in the conflicts” and “ha[d] con-
tinued to recognize the territorial integrity of Georgia, even after the
holding of referendums in the two regions in which the overwhelming
majority of Ossetians and Abkhazians voted for independence”;

64. Whereas the Russian Federation contended that the situation in
the Ossetian-Georgian conflict zone was suddenly aggravated on 1 and 2
August 2008 “when Georgian military forces bombarded residential areas
of Tskhinvali, causing a number of casualties”; whereas it claimed that
on the evening of 2 August and in the night of 3 August 2008, “Georgia

openly manoeuvred its troops in the area of Tskhinvali, moving its forces
and heavy armour towards the zone of conflict, which caused the civilian
population to take flight” and that, on 7 August 2008, Georgian military
units launched a massive attack on Tskhinvali, using heavy weapons in
an indiscriminate way and bombarding “residential areas of Tskhinvali,

the hospital, schools and children’s nurseries”; whereas, according to the
Russian Federation, “much of the South Ossetian capital was destroyed,
and many other villages in South Ossetia virtually razed to the ground”;
whereas the Russian Federation asserted that “the Georgian venture . . .
has caused a real humanitarian disaster”, as a result of which, in just two

days, 34,000 refugees (a figure which represents half the entire Ossetian
population) were forced to flee towards North Ossetia and across the
Russian border;

65. Whereas the Russian Federation added that “the members of the
Georgian contingent of the Collective Peacekeeping Forces deliberately

opened fire on their Russian comrades in arms” and, as a result, the
Russian Federation “lost 15 peacekeeping soldiers, with another 70
wounded”;
66. Whereas the Russian Federation contended that “no one now dis-
putes that the crisis in August was caused by the attack of the Georgian

forces”; whereas the Russian Federation claimed that, “faced with this
situation, [it] made every effort in its power to resolve the crisis by dip-
lomatic means”; whereas the Russian Federation explained that it imme-

21diately requested a meeting of the Security Council to bring the crisis to
the attention of the international community but that this démarche was

“to no avail”; whereas, the Russian Federation claimed that conse-
quently, “Russia had no choice but to send reinforcements to the conflict
zone in order to prevent further casualties among civilians and [Russian]
peacekeeping soldiers”; whereas, the Russian Federation pointed out
that in accordance with Article 51 of the United Nations Charter, it

addressed a notification to this effect to the Security Council; whereas, at
the same time, “Russia took urgent steps to provide humanitarian aid to
the refugees and to other civilians who found themselves in danger”; and
whereas the Russian Federation stressed that “this assistance was distrib-
uted without any discrimination, thus to the Georgian victims as well”;

67. Whereas the Russian Federation stated that, on 12 August 2008, in
Moscow, the Presidents of the Russian Federation and France adopted
six principles for a political agreement “designed to bring about a per-
manent ceasefire in the Ossetian-Georgian zone of conflict”; whereas,
according to the Russian Federation, these six “Medvedev-Sarkozy”

principles “form a sound basis for restoring international peace and secu-
rity in this region”; whereas the Russian Federation recalled that these
six principles are as follows:

“(1) non-use of force; (2) the absolute cessation of hostilities; (3) free
access to humanitarian assistance; (4) withdrawal of the Georgian
armed forces to their permanent positions; (5) withdrawal of the

Russian armed forces to the line where they were stationed prior to
the beginning of hostilities; pending the establishment of interna-
tional mechanisms, the Russian peacekeeping forces will take addi-
tional security measures; (6) an international debate on ways to
ensure security and stability in the region”;

and whereas the Russian Federation stated that “the agreement protocol

laying down these principles was signed in turn by the parties to the con-
flict, namely the leaders of South Ossetia, Abkhazia and Georgia, through
the intermediary of Russia and in the presence of the OSCE and the
European Union”;
68. Whereas the Russian Federation claimed that it “immediately
began to implement these six principles”; whereas it explained that the

ceasefire was announced on 12 August 2008, and that on 16 August 2008,
the Russian forces began their withdrawal which was completed around
2 September 2008; whereas, according to the Russian Federation, at the
current time,

“there is no military presence outside the security zones established
in accordance with the fifth Medvedev-Sarkozy principle, all the

more so because those zones coincide with the areas of responsibility
of the peacekeeping forces as defined before Georgia launched its
offensive”;

22 69. Whereas, during the first round of oral argument, the Russian
Federation stated that, at that time, there were 3,750 Russian peacekeep-

ing soldiers in Abkhazia and 3,700 Russian troops in South Ossetia;
whereas it pointed out that in South Ossetia 272 soldiers were stationed
at observation posts along the perimeter of the security zone and, in addi-
tion, 180 soldiers were divided among ten observation posts along the
border between South Ossetia and Georgia, while the remaining troops

were engaged “in mine clearing, assembling and evacuating military
equipment, rebuilding civilian infrastructure damaged in the hostilities . . .
distributing humanitarian aid and providing medical assistance” in order
“to help South Ossetia to return to normal life, including those Ossetian
villages inhabited by Georgians”; whereas, the Russian Federation indi-

cated that, in accordance with the fifth Medvedev-Sarkozy principle, “the
additional security measures taken by the Russian forces will be ended
when an international mechanism is put in place” and added that “Rus-
sia is involved in intensive negotiations on the creation of such a mechan-
ism”;
70. Whereas the Russian Federation contended that, until the present

crisis, it merely played the role of an impartial mediator in the ethnic con-
flicts in the Caucasus, acting as a guarantor of peace and security in the
region, and had never “practised, encouraged or supported racial dis-
crimination in South Ossetia and Abkhazia”; and whereas it asserted
that “the present dispute between Georgia and Russia has nothing to do

with racial or ethnic discrimination”;
71. Whereas the Russian Federation stressed that, as was apparent
from the factual context of the case, the dispute brought by Georgia
before the Court did not relate to racial discrimination; and whereas the
Russian Federation claimed that, in the absence of a dispute between the

Parties relating to the interpretation or application of CERD, the Court
manifestly lacked jurisdiction to deal with the merits of the proceedings
and thus the Request for the indication of provisional measures should
be rejected;
72. Whereas the Russian Federation argued that Articles 2 and 5 of

CERD did not apply extraterritorially and therefore the alleged acts
invoked by Georgia could not be governed by the Convention; and
whereas the Russian Federation asserted that in any event the precondi-
tions for seisin of the Court laid down in Article 22 of CERD had not
been satisfied;
73. Whereas the Russian Federation contended that Georgia had failed

to demonstrate that the criteria for the grant of provisional measures
under Article 41 of the Statute had been met, namely, “irreparable preju-
dice to the rights of Georgia” under CERD and urgency in the adoption
of such provisional measures;
74. Whereas the Russian Federation submitted that, in any event, the

requested provisional measures would not be justified since the Respond-
ent had not in the past, “does not at present, nor will it in the future,
exercise effective control over South Ossetia or Abkhazia”; whereas it

23explained that the Russian Federation was not an occupying Power in
South Ossetia and Abkhazia, that it had never assumed the role of the

existing Abkhazian and South Ossetian authorities, “recognized as such
by Georgia itself”, which “have always retained their independence and
continue to do so”; and whereas the Russian Federation added that “the
Russian presence, apart from its participation in limited peace-keeping
operations, has been restricted in time and stretches only for a few

weeks”;
75. Whereas the Russian Federation stated that “the conduct of South
Ossetian and Abkhazian authorities is not conduct by organs of the Rus-
sian Federation” and explained that “South Ossetian or Abkhazian enti-
ties can neither be qualified as de facto organs of the Respondent, nor

does the Respondent effectively direct and control them”; whereas it con-
tended that, although the situation had evolved since 7 August 2008,
“there [were] no indications that, as regards effective control, the relation-
ship between the Respondent on the one hand, and South Ossetia and
Abkhazia on the other, had changed in any legally relevant manner”;
76. Whereas, according to the Russian Federation, the Georgian

Request for the indication of provisional measures presupposes “a priori
determinations as to the role of the Russian Federation in the recent con-
flict”; whereas the Russian Federation stated that the requested measures
also presupposed that the Russian Federation “had been and continued
to be involved in the acts enumerated in the Request”; whereas it further

contended that, were the Court to adopt these measures, “it would have
to share the underlying assumption” that the Russian Federation is
indeed committing such acts and is legally responsible for them, “without
the Court previously having had any chance to verify the underlying
alleged facts in an orderly procedure and with a full evidentiary hearing”;

and whereas the Russian Federation added that the requested measures,
if adopted,

“would impose upon the Respondent very ambiguous and unclear
obligations, which, in any case, it [could not] comply with given that
itisnot...exercisingeffectivecontrolwithregardtotheterritoryin
question and besides, is also legally not in a position to enforce the
requested measures vis-à-vis South Ossetia respectively Abkhazia”;

77. Whereas, finally, the Russian Federation argued that the provi-
sional measures requested by Georgia “may not be indicated since they

would necessarily prejudge the final outcome of the case”; whereas it
asserted that, according to the Court’s jurisprudence, “a major purpose
of the proceedings under Article 41 is to avoid prejudging in any manner
whatsoever the outcome of the claim on the merits”; and whereas the
Russian Federation added that “the very purpose of Article 41 is to pre-

serve the respective rights of both parties”;
78. Whereas the Russian Federation requested the Court “to declare
that it has no jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the Application of Georgia,

24to reject the Request for provisional measures and to remove this case
from the General List”;

*

79. Whereas, in its second round of oral argument, Georgia restated

its position that “Georgia’s claims in its Application and the rights it
asserts in both the initial and amended Requests are grounded in the
1965 Convention and in that Convention alone” and that “Georgia
makes no claim here under international humanitarian law or the jus ad
bellum”; and whereas Georgia affirmed its position that “the evidence
that has been submitted is more than sufficient to establish the facts of

ongoing ethnic cleansing for the purposes of a provisional measures hear-
ing” and that “the risk of irreparable harm to the ethnic Georgians who
still remain in the Akhalgori district of South Ossetia, the Gali district of
Abkhazia, and the portion of the Gori district that Russian military
forces still occupy as their so-called ‘buffer zone’”, is real and grave;

80. Whereas at the end of its second round of oral observations Geor-
gia requested the Court

“as a matter of urgency, to order the following provisional measures,
pending its determination of this case on the merits, in order to pre-
vent irreparable harm to the rights of ethnic Georgians under Arti-

cles 2 and 5 of the Convention on Racial Discrimination:

(a) The Russian Federation shall take all necessary measures to

ensure that no ethnic Georgians or any other persons are sub-
ject to violent or coercive acts of racial discrimination, includ-
ing but not limited to the threat or infliction of death or bodily
harm, hostage-taking and unlawful detention, the destruction
or pillage of property, and other acts intended to expel them

from their homes or villages in South Ossetia, Abkhazia and/or
adjacent regions within Georgia;

(b) The Russian Federation shall take all necessary measures to
prevent groups or individuals from subjecting ethnic Georgians

to coercive acts of racial discrimination, including but not lim-
ited to the threat or infliction of death or bodily harm, hostage-
taking and unlawful detention, the destruction or theft of prop-
erty, and other acts intended to expel them from their homes or
villages in South Ossetia, Abkhazia and/or adjacent regions

within Georgia;

25 (c) The Russian Federation shall refrain from adopting any meas-
ures that would prejudice the right of ethnic Georgians to par-

ticipate fully and equally in the public affairs of South Ossetia,
Abkhazia and/or adjacent regions of Georgia.

Georgia further requests the Court as a matter of urgency to order

the following provisional measures to prevent irreparable injury to
the right of return of ethnic Georgians under Article 5 of the Con-
vention on Racial Discrimination pending the Court’s determination
of this case on the merits:

(d) The Russian Federation shall refrain from taking any actions
or supporting any measures that would have the effect of deny-
ing the exercise by ethnic Georgians and any other persons who
have been expelled from South Ossetia, Abkhazia, and adjacent
regions on the basis of their ethnicity or nationality, their right

of return to their homes of origin;
(e) The Russian Federation shall refrain from taking any actions
or supporting any measures by any group or individual that
obstructs or hinders the exercise of the right of return to South
Ossetia, Abkhazia, and adjacent regions by ethnic Georgians

and any other persons who have been expelled from those
regions on the basis of their ethnicity or nationality;

(f) The Russian Federation shall refrain from adopting any meas-
ures that would prejudice the right of ethnic Georgians to par-

ticipate fully and equally in public affairs upon their return to
South Ossetia, Abkhazia, and adjacent regions”;

and whereas Georgia also requested the Court to order that:
“The Russian Federation shall refrain from obstructing, and shall

permit and facilitate, the delivery of humanitarian assistance to all
individuals in the territory under its control, regardless of their eth-
nicity”;

*
81. Whereas, in its second round of oral argument, the Russian Fed-
eration reiterated its position that there is no dispute between the Parties

that falls within the scope of CERD;
82. Whereas it noted a number of recent developments relating to the
situation in the zones of conflict; whereas, in particular, the Russian Fed-
eration mentioned an updated ceasefire plan announced on 8 September
2008 following talks between Presidents Medvedev and Sarkozy in Mos-

cow, and quoted its highlights as contained in an Associated Press release
as follows:

26 “European Union Monitors: 200 European Union monitors to
deploy to regions surrounding South Ossetia and Abkhazia by Octo-

ber 1.
Russian Withdrawal: Russian peacekeeping forces to withdraw
from posts outside the Black Sea port Poti and the area near the
town of Senaki within seven days, on condition Georgia signs a
pledge not to use force against the breakaway province of Abkhazia.

Full withdrawal of Russian peacekeepers from regions surrounding
South Ossetia and Abkhazia will take place within ten days of
deployment of EU monitors.

Georgian pullout: Georgian troops must return to their barracks

by October 1.
International talks: International talks to begin on October 15 in
Geneva; agenda to include security and stability in South Caucasus
and the question of return of refugees”;

whereas the Russian Federation submitted to the Court the full text of
the plan; whereas it contended that the number of Russian troops sta-
tioned at observation posts along the perimeter of the security zone had

been reduced to 195 since 8 September 2008; and whereas it stated that
refugees and displaced persons were returning to their places of resi-
dence;
83. Whereas at the end of its second round of oral observations the
Russian Federation summarized its position as follows:

“First: The dispute that the Applicant has tried to plead before
this Court is evidently not a dispute under the 1965 Convention. If

there were a dispute, it would relate to the use of force, humanitar-
ian law, territorial integrity, but in any case not to racial discrimina-
tion.
Second: Even if this dispute were under the 1965 Convention, the
alleged breaches of the Convention are not capable of falling under

the provisions of the said Convention, not the least because Arti-
cles 2 and 5 of the Convention are not applicable extraterritorially.
Third: Even if such breaches occurred, they could not, even prima
facie, be attributable to Russia that never did and does not now
exercise, in the territories concerned, the extent of control required
to overcome the set threshold.

Fourth: Even if the 1965 Convention could be applicable,
which . . . is not the case, the procedural requirements of Article 22
of the 1965 Convention have not been met. No evidence that the
Applicant proposed to negotiate or employ the mechanisms of the

Committee on Racial Discrimination prior to reference to this Court,
has been nor could have been produced.

27 Fifth: With these arguments in mind, the Court manifestly lacks
jurisdiction to entertain the case.

Sixth: Should the Court, against all odds, find itself prima facie
competent over the dispute, we submit that the Applicant has failed
to demonstrate the criteria essential for provisional measures to be
indicated. No credible evidence has been produced to attest to the
existence of an imminent risk of irreparable harm, and urgency. The

circumstances of the case definitely do not require measures, in par-
ticular, in the light of the ongoing process of post-conflict settlement.
And the measures sought failed to take account of the key factor
going to discretion: the fact that the events of August 2008 were
born out of Georgia’s use of force.

Finally: Provisional measures as they were formulated by the
Applicant in the Requests cannot be granted since they would impose
on Russia obligations that it is not able to fulfil. The Russian Fed-

eration is not exercising effective control vis-à-vis South Ossetia and
Abkhazia or any adjacent parts of Georgia. Acts of organs of South
Ossetia and Abkhazia or private groups and individuals are not
attributable to the Russian Federation. These measures if granted
would prejudge the outcome of the case”;

and whereas the Russian Federation requested the Court “to remove the

case introduced by the Republic of Georgia on 12 September 2008 from
the General List”;

* * *

84. Whereas the Court, under its Statute, does not automatically have
jurisdiction over legal disputes between States parties to that Statute or

between other States entitled to appear before the Court; whereas the
Court has repeatedly stated that one of the fundamental principles of its
Statute is that it cannot decide a dispute between States without the con-
sent of those States to its jurisdiction; and whereas the Court therefore
has jurisdiction only between States parties to a dispute who have accepted
the jurisdiction of the Court, either in general form or for the individual

dispute concerned;
85. Whereas, on a request for the indication of provisional measures,
the Court need not finally satisfy itself, before deciding whether or not to
indicate such measures, that it has jurisdiction on the merits of the case,
yet it may not indicate them unless the provisions invoked by the Appli-

cant appear, prima facie, to afford a basis on which the jurisdiction of the
Court might be founded;

28 86. Whereas Georgia at the present stage of the proceedings seeks to
found the jurisdiction of the Court solely on the compromissory clause

contained in Article 22 of CERD; and whereas the Court must now pro-
ceed to examine whether the jurisdictional clause relied upon does furnish
a basis for prima facie jurisdiction to rule on the merits such as would
allow the Court, should it think that the circumstances so warrant, to
indicate provisional measures;

*

87. Whereas Georgia asserts that, as regards the Court’s jurisdiction
ratione personae, both Georgia and the Russian Federation are Members

of the United Nations and parties to the Statute of the Court; whereas it
further states that both Georgia and the Russian Federation are parties
to CERD, Georgia having deposited its instrument of accession on
2 June 1999 and the Russian Federation “by virtue of its continuation of
the State personality of the USSR” which has been a party to CERD
since 1969; and whereas Georgia adds that “neither party maintains any

reservation to article 22 of the Convention”;

88. Whereas Georgia contends that, as regards the Court’s jurisdiction
ratione materiae, the object and purpose of CERD is to eliminate racial
discrimination in “all its forms and manifestations”; whereas it states

that the principle of non-discrimination on racial, including ethnic,
grounds is

“concerned not merely with discrimination against individuals but
with collective discrimination against communities and with funda-
mental issues relating to the composition of territorial communities,
including the granting and withdrawal of nationality”;

whereas Georgia points out that Article 22 of CERD confers upon the
Court jurisdiction over “any dispute . . . with respect to the interpretation

or application of this Convention”; whereas it stresses that the term “any
dispute” concerns either the “interpretation or application” of the Con-
vention; whereas it concludes that the Court has therefore “jurisdiction
to pronounce on the scope of the rights and responsibilities set out in the
Convention but also upon the consequences of breach of those rights and
responsibilities”;

89. Whereas Georgia argues that ethnic discrimination is and has been
a key aspect in the conflicts in South Ossetia and Abkhazia; whereas it
further argues that this case is, in particular, about the ethnic cleansing,
as a form of racial discrimination, of ethnic Georgians and other minori-
ties from regions within Georgian territory, in particular, for present pur-

poses, the regions of Abkhazia, South Ossetia and the adjacent Gori
district; whereas it alleges that ethnic Georgians have been “targeted, and
forcibly expelled from these regions in great numbers and denied the

29right to return over the course of more than a decade”; whereas it claims
that the discrimination against the ethnic Georgians communities in the

said regions has escalated following 8 August 2008;

90. Whereas Georgia contends in particular that, as a result of the
Russian Federation’s direct involvement in these ethnic conflicts and its

essential support for the separatist de facto authorities and militias in
South Ossetia and Abkhazia, “ethnic Georgians have been denied their
fundamental rights under Article 5 of the Convention” (see paragraph 107
below); whereas, according to Georgia, the ethnic conflicts have esca-
lated since August 2008 and the situation concerning internally displaced

persons in the affected regions has significantly deteriorated; whereas
Georgia contends that it “advances claims against Russia based upon
obligations contained in the Convention on Racial Discrimination” and
in this context “the means by which Russia has apparently breached its
obligations under the Convention are irrelevant to the Court’s jurisdic-
tion”; whereas Georgia states that during the “Third Phase” of Russia’s

intervention, that allegedly commenced on 8 August 2008, “the means by
which Russia has apparently acted in violation of its obligations under
the Convention” have included, inter alia, the use of military force; and
whereas Georgia concludes that, in its Application, it “does not invoke as
a cause of action any claim that that force is unlawful under other instru-

ments; it is pursuing remedies based on claims arising in relation to Rus-
sia’s apparent breaches of this Convention”;

91. Whereas Georgia asserts that, as regards the Court’s jurisdiction

ratione loci under Article 22 of CERD, it is necessary to distinguish
between two categories of claims advanced by Georgia in its Application:
first, “claims founded upon the acts or omissions of Russia’s State organs
within Russia itself”, and second,

“claims founded upon the acts or omissions of persons exercising
Russia’s governmental authority or other persons acting on the

instructions or under the control of Russia within Georgian terri-
tory, particularly in Abkhazia and South Ossetia, as well as other
areas of Georgia under de facto occupation by Russian military
forces”;

whereas, according to Georgia, no question concerning the spatial scope
of the obligations under the Convention arises in respect of the first cat-

egory of claims; and whereas Georgia contends that, in relation to the
second category of claims,

“the Court needs to be satisfied on a prima facie basis that Russia’s
obligations under the Convention extend to acts and omissions

30 attributable to Russia which have their locus within Georgia’s terri-
tory and in particular in Abkhazia and South Ossetia”;

92. Whereas Georgia argues that CERD “does not contain a general
provision imposing a spatial limitation on the obligations it creates”;
whereas Georgia notes, in particular, that no spatial limitation is included

in Articles 2 and 5 which stipulate the “obligations of Russia and the cor-
responding rights of Georgia” that are in issue before the Court for the
purposes of the Request for the indication of provisional measures;
whereas Georgia observes that even if the Convention were to be con-
strued as containing a general limitation limiting the spatial scope of its

obligations, “this would not preclude the claims asserted by Georgia in
this Application and in this Request” because “Abkhazia and South
Ossetia have been within the power or effective control of Russia since
Georgia lost control over those regions following the hostilities”; and
whereas Georgia adds that the Russian invasion and deployment of addi-

tional military forces within Abkhazia and South Ossetia in August 2008
“has only served to consolidate further its effective control over those
regions”;

93. Whereas Georgia claims that, although certain aspects of the

present dispute, as indicated in the Application, predate Georgia’s acces-
sion to CERD, there is no difficulty in establishing “ratione temporis
jurisdiction” in relation to what Georgia has described as the “Third
Phase of Russia’s Intervention in South Ossetia and Abkhazia”, which
allegedly commenced in August 2008; whereas Georgia stresses that

“the rights in issue which form the basis for the present Request for
provisional measures are rights under the Convention that Georgia
submits have been, and continue to be, violated by Russia during

this third temporal phase of the dispute”;

94. Whereas, turning to the question of negotiations or recourse to the

procedures provided for in CERD and referred to in Article 22, Georgia
affirms that the present dispute between the Parties has not been settled
by negotiation and that the procedures provided for in CERD “are not
designed to be exclusive or compulsory in respect of disputes concerning
the subject-matter of the Convention”; whereas, according to Georgia,

“there is no indication in the Convention that all the procedures in Part
II are to be exhausted before recourse is made to this Court” and there-
fore “it is not a condition precedent for the Court’s jurisdiction”; and
whereas Georgia adds that, in any event, there have been extensive bilat-
eral contacts between the Parties and thus that, even if Article 22 of
CERD were considered to lay down a condition precedent for the seisin

of the Court, that condition has been satisfied;

*

31 95. Whereas the Russian Federation, referring to the basis of jurisdic-
tion invoked by Georgia, namely Article 22 of CERD, states that the dis-

pute which Georgia has brought before this Court is not a dispute on
racial discrimination under the said Convention, but rather a dispute
relating to the use of force, the principles of territorial integrity and self-
determination, non-interference in the internal affairs of States, armed
activities and international humanitarian law; and whereas, accordingly,

the Russian Federation is of the view that “the Court manifestly lacks
jurisdiction in the present case”;
96. Whereas the Russian Federation asserts that the object of the dis-
pute which Georgia seeks to have adjudicated by the Court “is not at all
alleged violations by Russia of its obligations under the 1965 Conven-

tion”, but rather solely “allegations of unlawful actions in violation of
international humanitarian law in South Ossetia and Abkhazia”;

97. Whereas the Russian Federation stresses that, in the Applicant’s
presentation of the supposedly relevant facts, the latter deals only with
the various phases “of Russia’s intervention” in South Ossetia and Abk-

hazia and that “it is indeed this ‘intervention’ which Georgia seeks to
have condemned by the Court”; and whereas the Russian Federation
adds that Georgia’s “Observations” concern only armed attacks, indis-
criminate attacks on civilians, the use of cluster bombs, declarations and
recognition of independence and the plight of refugees and displaced per-

sons, but not issues of racial discrimination; and whereas, according to
Russia, the dispute between the Parties relates to “the intervention that
Georgia blames the Russian Federation for undertaking in response to its
own action with respect to Abkhazia and South Ossetia and the alleged
violations of the rules of humanitarian law on that occasion”;

98. Whereas the Russian Federation asserts that, while “there is
unquestionably a dispute (or more than one dispute) between the Parties”,
this dispute does not concern the interpretation or application
of CERD; whereas, according to the Russian Federation, this

follows from “the pleadings submitted by Georgia and the file it has
produced” as well as from “the attitude taken by the Respondent since
the very early 1990s”; whereas the Russian Federation claims that,
despite Georgia’s contention that a dispute relating to CERD has
existed between Georgia and the Russian Federation since 1991, the
Georgian Government has failed to mention this dispute for 18 years

in its relations with Russia, in the Security Council or the OSCE,
in the organ established under the Convention to deal with it (the
Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination) as well as in
its recent request for interim measures, of 11 and 12 August 2008,
to the European Court of Human Rights, “which does not refer to

Article 14 of the Convention”; whereas the Russian Federation
claims that “this failure to act, this silence consistently maintained
over so many years, indisputably attests to the absence in the view of

32Georgia’s leaders . . . of any dispute relating to the interpretation and
application of the Convention”;

99. Whereas the Russian Federation notes that, since Georgia ratified
CERD in 1999 it has submitted three periodic reports to the Committee
but that, in none of these, did Georgia invoke any breaches by the Rus-
sian Federation of its obligations under CERD, nor did it refer to any
dispute with the Russian Federation — “no such dispute being men-

tioned either in the periodic reports or during examination of them in the
discussions between Committee members and Georgia’s representatives”;
whereas the Russian Federation stresses that

“it is particularly telling that no mention whatsoever was made of
any dispute between Georgia and Russia over the application of the
Convention during the CERD’s most recent session, which con-

cluded in Geneva on 15 August 2008, one week after the armed con-
flict broke out — . . . at the very time the Committee was formulat-
ing its concluding observations on the Russian Federation’s eight-
eenth and nineteenth periodic reports”;

and whereas the Russian Federation observes that Georgia could have
seised the Committee pursuant to Article 11 while it was in session and
could have brought “its grievances to the Committee’s attention” in

order to make use of the
“early warning procedure in place in the CERD since 1993, enabling

the Committee to react in urgent situations by seeking explanations
from the State party concerned or by requesting intervention by
other United Nations organs, including the Security Council or Sec-
retary-General”;

100. Whereas the Russian Federation contends that the wording of
Articles 2 and 5 of CERD demonstrates that the different obligations
listed therein “are clearly phrased as obligations to be implemented

within each member State” and that therefore these provisions “do not
apply extraterritorially”; whereas it states that “Articles 2 and 5 of
CERD — upon which Georgia relies — do not bind the Respondent out-
side its own territory”; whereas, the Russian Federation maintains that,
accordingly, “Russia’s extraterritorial conduct is not governed by Arti-
cles 2 and 5 of CERD, hence those provisions cannot form the basis for

the requested interim order either”;

101. Whereas the Russian Federation argues that Article 22 of CERD
lays down procedural preconditions for the seisin of the Court, namely
that only if the dispute in question “is not settled by negotiation or by the

procedures expressly provided for in this Convention” can it be referred
to the Court; whereas the Russian Federation claims that “failing nego-
tiation and/or recourse to the procedures laid down by the Convention”

33the Court cannot be seised of a dispute; and whereas, according to the
Russian Federation, this interpretation is endorsed by the travaux

préparatoires, which show that “referral to the Court was seen by those
who drafted the Convention . . . as a last resort when all other possibili-
ties have proved ineffective”;
102. Whereas the Russian Federation claims that, in the present case,
“there has never been the slightest negotiation between the Parties on the

interpretation or application of the Convention on the elimination of
racial discrimination”, that the procedures laid down by CERD have not
been initiated either by the Russian Federation or by Georgia and that
“even after the start of hostilities, Georgia did not refer the matter to the
[Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination] under Arti-

cle 11 of the Convention”; whereas, according to the Russian Federation,
the question of whether the negotiations and recourse to the Committee
are cumulative or alternative preconditions is irrelevant because “there
has been neither negotiation nor recourse to the procedure in Article 11
(or Article 14)” of CERD; and whereas the Russian Federation asserts
consequently that, as the preconditions in Article 22 have not been met,

Georgia has “no possibility of unilaterally seising the Court” and that the
Court thus has no jurisdiction;
103. Whereas the Russian Federation concludes that, in the absence of
a dispute relating to CERD, the Court manifestly lacks jurisdiction and
that, even if such a dispute existed, in view of the fact that “it has in any

case never given rise to the slightest attempt to reach a settlement
between the Parties” and that “before Georgia filed its Application with
the Court, on 12 August last, the Russian Federation never even sus-
pected its existence”, the lack of jurisdiction would also be manifest since
the preconditions for the seisin of the Court laid down in Article 22 have

not been met;

*

104. Whereas Article 22 of CERD, which Georgia invokes as the basis

of jurisdiction of the Court in the present case, reads as follows:

“Any dispute between two or more States Parties with respect to

the interpretation or application of this Convention, which is not
settled by negotiation or by the procedures expressly provided for in
this Convention, shall, at the request of any of the parties to the dis-
pute, be referred to the International Court of Justice for decision,
unless the disputants agree to another mode of settlement”;

105. Whereas, according to the information available from the Sec-

retary-General of the United Nations as depositary, Georgia and the
Russian Federation are parties to CERD; whereas Georgia deposited its
instrument of accession on 2 June 1999 without reservation; whereas the

34Union of Soviet Socialist Republics deposited its instrument of ratifica-
tion on 4 February 1969 with a reservation to Article 22 of the Conven-

tion; whereas, by a communication received by the depositary on 8 March
1989, the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics notified
the Secretary-General that it had decided to withdraw the reservation
relating to Article 22; and whereas the Russian Federation, as the State
continuing the legal personality of the Union of Soviet Socialist Repub-

lics, is a party to CERD without reservation;

106. Whereas the definition of racial discrimination in Article 1, para-
graph 1, of CERD is as follows:

“any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race,
colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin which has the purpose
or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or
exercise, on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental

freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural or any other field
of public life”;

107. Whereas Articles 2 and 5 of CERD, violations of which are
invoked by Georgia in the current proceedings, are couched in the fol-
lowing terms:

“Article 2
1. States Parties condemn racial discrimination and undertake to

pursue by all appropriate means and without delay a policy of elimi-
nating racial discrimination in all its forms and promoting under-
standing among all races, and, to this end:

(a) Each State Party undertakes to engage in no act or practice of
racial discrimination against persons, groups of persons or
institutions and to ensure that all public authorities and public
institutions, national and local, shall act in conformity with this
obligation;

(b) Each State Party undertakes not to sponsor, defend or support
racial discrimination by any persons or organizations;

(c) Each State Party shall take effective measures to review govern-
mental, national and local policies, and to amend, rescind or
nullify any laws and regulations which have the effect of creat-

ing or perpetuating racial discrimination wherever it exists;

(d) Each State Party shall prohibit and bring to an end, by all
appropriate means, including legislation as required by circum-
stances, racial discrimination by any persons, group or organi-

zation;
(e) Each State Party undertakes to encourage, where appropriate,
integrationist multiracial organizations and movements and

35 other means of eliminating barriers between races, and to dis-
courage anything which tends to strengthen racial division.

2. States Parties shall, when the circumstances so warrant, take, in
the social, economic, cultural and other fields, special and concrete
measures to ensure the adequate development and protection of cer-
tain racial groups or individuals belonging to them, for the purpose

of guaranteeing them the full and equal enjoyment of human rights
and fundamental freedoms. These measures shall in no case entail as
a consequence the maintenance of unequal or separate rights for dif-
ferent racial groups after the objectives for which they were taken
have been achieved”;

“Article 5

In compliance with the fundamental obligations laid down in arti-
cle 2 of this Convention, States Parties undertake to prohibit and to
eliminate racial discrimination in all its forms and to guarantee the
right of everyone, without distinction as to race, colour, or national
or ethnic origin, to equality before the law, notably in the enjoyment

of the following rights:
(a) The right to equal treatment before the tribunals and all other
organs administering justice;
(b) The right to security of person and protection by the State

against violence or bodily harm, whether inflicted by govern-
ment officials or by any individual group or institution;
(c) Political rights, in particular the right to participate in elec-
tions — to vote and to stand for election — on the basis of uni-
versal and equal suffrage, to take part in the Government as

well as in the conduct of public affairs at any level and to have
equal access to public service;

(d) Other civil rights, in particular:

(i) The right to freedom of movement and residence within
the border of the State;
(ii) The right to leave any country, including one’s own, and
to return to one’s country;
(iii) The right to nationality;

(iv) The right to marriage and choice of spouse;
(v) The right to own property alone as well as in association
with others;
(vi) The right to inherit;
(vii) The right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion;

(viii) The right to freedom of opinion and expression;
(ix) The right to freedom of peaceful assembly and associa-
tion;
(e) Economic, social and cultural rights, in particular:

(i) The rights to work, to free choice of employment, to just

36 and favourable conditions of work, to protection against
unemployment, to equal pay for equal work, to just and

favourable remuneration;
(ii) The right to form and join trade unions;
(iii) The right to housing;
(iv) The right to public health, medical care, social security
and social services;

(v) The right to education and training;
(vi) The right to equal participation in cultural activities;

(f) The right of access to any place or service intended for use by
the general public, such as transport hotels, restaurants, cafes,
theatres and parks”;

108. Whereas the Parties disagree on the territorial scope of the appli-
cation of the obligations of a State party under CERD; whereas Georgia
claims that CERD does not include any limitation on its territorial appli-
cation and that accordingly “Russia’s obligations under the Convention

extend to acts and omissions attributable to Russia which have their
locus within Georgia’s territory and in particular in Abkhazia and South
Ossetia”; whereas the Russian Federation claims that the provisions of
CERD cannot be applied extraterritorially and that in particular Arti-
cles 2 and 5 of CERD cannot govern a State’s conduct outside its own

borders;

109. Whereas the Court observes that there is no restriction of a gen-
eral nature in CERD relating to its territorial application; whereas it
further notes that, in particular, neither Article 2 nor Article 5 of CERD,

alleged violations of which are invoked by Georgia, contain a specific ter-
ritorial limitation; and whereas the Court consequently finds that these
provisions of CERD generally appear to apply, like other provisions of
instruments of that nature, to the actions of a State party when it acts
beyond its territory;

110. Whereas Georgia claims that the dispute it brings to the Court
concerns the interpretation and application of CERD; whereas the Rus-
sian Federation contends that the dispute really relates to the use of
force, principles of non-intervention and self-determination and to viola-
tions of humanitarian law; and whereas it is for the Court to determine
prima facie whether a dispute within the meaning of Article 22 of CERD

exists;
111. Whereas the Parties differ on the question of whether the events
which occurred in South Ossetia and Abkhazia, in particular following
8 August 2008, have given rise to issues relating to legal rights and obli-
gations under CERD; whereas Georgia contends that the evidence it has

submitted to the Court demonstrates that events in South Ossetia and in
Abkhazia have involved racial discrimination of ethnic Georgians living
in these regions and therefore fall under the provisions of Articles 2 and

375 of CERD; whereas it alleges that displaced ethnic Georgians, who have
been expelled from South Ossetia and Abkhazia, have not been permitted

to return to their place of residence even though the right of return is
expressly guaranteed by Article 5 of CERD; whereas Georgia claims in
addition that ethnic Georgians have been subject to violent attacks in
South Ossetia since the 10 August 2008 ceasefire even though the right of
security and protection against violence or bodily harm is also guaran-

teed by Article 5 of CERD; whereas the Russian Federation claims that
the facts in issue relate exclusively to the use of force, humanitarian law
and territorial integrity and therefore do not fall within the scope of
CERD;

112. Whereas, in the view of the Court, the Parties disagree with
regard to the applicability of Articles 2 and 5 of CERD in the context of
the events in South Ossetia and Abkhazia; whereas, consequently, there
appears to exist a dispute between the Parties as to the interpretation and
application of CERD; whereas, moreover, the acts alleged by Georgia

appear to be capable of contravening rights provided for by CERD, even
if certain of these alleged acts might also be covered by other rules of
international law, including humanitarian law; whereas this is sufficient
at this stage to establish the existence of a dispute between the Parties
capable of falling within the provisions of CERD, which is a necessary

condition for the Court to have prima facie jurisdiction under Article 22
of CERD;
113. Whereas the Court, having established that such a dispute between
the Parties exists, still needs to ascertain whether the procedural condi-
tions set out in Article 22 of the Convention have been met, before decid-

ing whether or not it has prima facie jurisdiction to deal with the case and
accordingly has also the power to indicate provisional measures if the cir-
cumstances are found so to require; whereas it is recalled that Article 22
provides that a dispute relating to the interpretation or application of
CERD may be referred to the Court if it “is not settled by negotiation or

by the procedure expressly provided for in this Convention”; whereas
Georgia claims that this phrase is descriptive of the fact that a dispute
has not so been settled and does not represent conditions to be exhausted
before the Court can be seized of the dispute; and whereas, according to
Georgia, bilateral discussions and negotiations relating to the issues
which form the subject-matter of the Convention have been held between

the Parties; whereas, for its part, the Russian Federation argues that pur-
suant to Article 22 of CERD, prior negotiations or recourse to the pro-
cedures under CERD constitute an indispensable precondition for the
seisin of the Court; and whereas it stresses that no negotiations have been
held between the Parties on issues relating to CERD nor has Georgia, in

accordance with the procedures envisaged in the Convention, brought
any such issues to the attention of the Committee on the Elimination of
Racial Discrimination;

38 114. Whereas the structure of Article 22 of CERD is not identical to
that in certain other instruments which require that a period of time

should have elapsed or that arbitration should have been attempted
before initiation of any proceedings before the Court; whereas the phrase
“any dispute . . . which is not settled by negotiation or by the procedure
expressly provided for in this Convention” does not, in its plain meaning,
suggest that formal negotiations in the framework of the Convention or

recourse to the procedure referred to in Article 22 thereof constitute pre-
conditions to be fulfilled before the seisin of the Court; whereas however
Article 22 does suggest that some attempt should have been made by the
claimant party to initiate, with the Respondent Party, discussions on
issues that would fall under CERD;

115. Whereas it is apparent from the case file that such issues have
been raised in bilateral contacts between the Parties, and, that these
issues have manifestly not been resolved by negotiation prior to the filing
of the Application; whereas, in several representations to the United
Nations Security Council in the days before the filing of the Application,

those same issues were raised by Georgia and commented upon by the
Russian Federation; whereas therefore the Russian Federation was made
aware of Georgia’s position in that regard; and whereas the fact that
CERD has not been specifically mentioned in a bilateral or multilateral
context is not an obstacle to the seisin of the Court on the basis of Arti-

cle 22 of the Convention;
116. Whereas Article 22 of CERD refers also to “the procedures
expressly provided for” in the Convention; whereas, according to these
procedures, “if a State Party considers that another State Party is not giv-
ing effect to the provisions of this Convention” the matter may properly

be brought to the attention of the Committee on the Elimination of
Racial Discrimination; whereas the Court notes that neither Party claims
that the issues in dispute have been brought to the attention of the Com-
mittee;
117. Whereas the Court, in view of all the foregoing, considers that,

prima facie, it has jurisdiction under Article 22 of CERD to deal with the
case to the extent that the subject-matter of the dispute relates to the
“interpretation or application” of the Convention; and whereas the
Court may accordingly address the present Request for the indication of
provisional measures;

**

118. Whereas the power of the Court to indicate provisional measures
under Article 41 of the Statute of the Court has as its object the preserva-
tion of the respective rights of the parties pending the decision of the

Court, in order to ensure that irreparable prejudice shall not be caused to
rights which are the subject of dispute in judicial proceedings; and
whereas it follows that the Court must be concerned to preserve by such

39measures the rights which may subsequently be adjudged by the Court to
belong either to the Applicant or to the Respondent (Application of the

Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
(Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)), Pro-
visional Measures, Order of 8 April 1993, I.C.J. Reports 1993,p .1,
para. 34; Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria
(Cameroon v. Nigeria), Provisional Measures, Order of 15 March 1996,

I.C.J. Reports 1996 (I), p. 22, para. 35); whereas a link must therefore
be established between the alleged rights, the protection of which is the
subject of the provisional measures being sought, and the subject of the
proceedings before the Court on the merits of the case;
119. Whereas, according to Georgia’s Application, the rights that

Georgia and its nationals may have on the basis of Articles 2, 3, 4, 5
and 6 of CERD constitute the subject of the proceedings pending before
the Court on the merits of the case;
120. Whereas the legal rights which Georgia seeks to have protected
by the indication of provisional measures are enumerated in the Request
of Georgia for the indication of such measures filed on 14 August 2008 as

follows:

“(a) the right to ensure that the Russian Federation and separatist
authorities under its direction and control refrain from any
further act or practice of ethnic discrimination against Geor-

gian citizens and that civilians are fully protected against such
acts in territories under the occupation or effective control of
Russian forces, pursuant to Article 2 (1);

(b) the right to ensure that the Russian Federation and separatist

authorities under its direction and control refrain from any
further acts resulting in the recognition of or rendering perma-
nent the ethnic segregation of Georgian citizens through forced
displacement or denial of the right of IDPs to return to their
homes in South Ossetia, Abkhazia, and adjacent territories

under the occupation or effective control of Russian forces,
pursuant to Article 3;

(c) the right to ensure that the Russian Federation and separatist
authorities under its direction and control refrain from any
further acts violating the enjoyment by Georgian citizens of

fundamental human rights including in particular the right to
security of the person and protection against violence or bod-
ily harm, the right to freedom of movement and residence
within the borders of Georgia, the right of IDPs to return to
their homes under conditions of safety, and the right to pro-

tection of homes and property against pillage and destruction,
pursuant to Article 5; and

40 (d) the right to ensure that the Russian Federation and separatist
authorities under its direction and control refrain from any

acts denying to Georgian citizens under their jurisdiction effec-
tive protection and remedies against ethnic discrimination and
violations of human rights pursuant to Article 6”;

121. Whereas in its Amended Request (see paragraph 41 above), Geor-
gia, referring to Articles 2 and 5 of CERD, states that it seeks to protect

“the right to security of person and protection against violence or bodily
harm” and “the right of return” provided for in the above-mentioned
Articles of the Convention;
122. Whereas, in its Amended Request, Georgia argues with regard to
these rights, in particular, as follows:

“By its Application filed on 12 August 2008, Georgia is seeking,
inter alia, the Court’s order directing the Russian Federation to take

all necessary measures to ensure that the remaining ethnic Georgian
populations of South Ossetia and Abkhazia are not subject to dis-
criminatory treatment contrary to Articles 2 and 5 of CERD. Pend-
ing the Court’s consideration of the merits of Georgia’s claims and
its request for relief, Georgia respectfully requests the Court to indi-

cate provisional measures to prevent irreparable prejudice to the
right of ethnic Georgians to be free from discriminatory treatment,
in particular violent or otherwise coercive acts, including but not
limited to the threat or infliction of death or bodily harm, hostage-
taking and detention based on ethnicity, the destruction and pillage

of property, and other acts intended to expel them from their homes
in South Ossetia, Abkhazia, and adjacent regions located within
Georgian territory.

.............................
In its Application, Georgia seeks, inter alia, the Court’s order to
direct the Russian Federation to take all necessary measures to per-
mit and facilitate the return of displaced ethnic Georgians to South

Ossetia and Abkhazia in conditions of safety and security in recogni-
tion of the right of return guaranteed under Article 5 of CERD.
Pending the Court’s consideration of the merits of Georgia’s claims
under CERD and its request for relief, Georgia respectfully requests
the Court to indicate provisional measures to prevent irreparable

prejudice to the right of return of ethnic Georgians to South Ossetia
and Abkhazia”;

123. Whereas at the hearings Georgia reiterated that the rights for
which it “seeks protection both in its Amended Request for provisional

41measures and in its Application are the specific rights guaranteed by Arti-
cles 2 and 5 of the Convention”; and whereas it referred to these rights as

follows:
“Under Article 2, paragraph 1 (a) and (b), Georgia has a right to

have Russia, as a State party to the Convention, ‘engage in no act or
practice of racial discrimination against persons, groups of persons
or institutions’ and to undertake ‘not to sponsor, defend or support
racial discrimination by any persons or organizations’. Under para-
graph 1 (d) of Article 2, Georgia also has the right to have Russia

‘prohibit and bring to an end, by all appropriate means . . . racial
discrimination by any persons, group or organization’. The specific
rights protected by Article 5 are: first, the right under Article 5 (b)
‘to security of person and protection by the State against violence or
bodily harm, whether inflicted by government officials or by any
individual, group or institution’; second, the right under Arti-

cle 5 (d) (i) ‘to freedom of movement and residence within the bor-
der of the State’; third, the right under Article 5 (d) (ii) ‘to return’;
fourth, the right under Article 5 (d) (iii) ‘to nationality’; and fifth,
the right under Article 5 (d) (v) ‘to own property’”;

124. Whereas the Russian Federation contends that the required con-
nection between the rights which Georgia seeks to protect by its Request
for the indication of provisional measures and the subject of the proceed-

ings on the merits is lacking;
125. Whereas, in particular, it explains that “the measures listed in
subparagraphs (a) and (b) of the Request, if ever adopted, would
require Russia to take active steps to ensure or to prevent certain results
from happening in the areas concerned” thereby presupposing that Arti-

cles 2 and 5 of CERD contain an obligation to prevent racial discrimi-
nation; whereas the Russian Federation argues that, as is apparent from
the wording of Articles 2 and 5 of CERD, nowhere in these provisions
“do States undertake to prevent breaches of the Convention” and that
thus there is “no duty to prevent racial discrimination by other actors”;
whereas, according to the Russian Federation, owing to this fact, a duty

to prevent racial discrimination — or specific, positive measures said to
flow from such duty — cannot form the subject of the proceedings on the
merits; and whereas, therefore, any related right cannot be protected by
the indication of provisional measures;

126. Whereas the Court notes that Articles 2 and 5 of CERD are
intended to protect individuals from racial discrimination by obliging

42States parties to undertake certain measures specified therein; whereas
the Court considers that it is not appropriate, in the present phase, for it

to pronounce on the issue of whether Articles 2 and 5 of CERD imply a
duty to prevent racial discrimination by other actors; whereas States
parties to CERD have the right to demand compliance by a State party
with specific obligations incumbent upon it under Articles 2 and 5 of the
Convention; whereas there is a correlation between respect for individual

rights, the obligations of States parties under CERD and the right of
States parties to seek compliance therewith; whereas in the view of the
Court the rights which Georgia invokes in, and seeks to protect by, its
Request for the indication of provisional measures have a sufficient con-
nection with the merits of the case it brings for the purposes of the cur-

rent proceedings; and whereas it is upon the rights thus claimed that the
Court must focus its attention in its consideration of Georgia’s Request
for the indication of provisional measures;

127. Whereas the Court, having established the existence of a basis on

which its jurisdiction might be founded, ought not to indicate measures
for the protection of any disputed rights other than those which might
ultimately form the basis of a judgment in the exercise of that jurisdic-
tion; whereas accordingly the Court will confine its examination of the
measures requested by Georgia, and of the grounds asserted for the

request for such measures, to those which appear to fall within the scope
of CERD (cf. Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Pun-
ishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia
(Serbia and Montenegro)), Provisional Measures, Order of 8 April 1993,
I.C.J. Reports 1993, p. 19);

**

128. Whereas the power of the Court to indicate provisional measures
under Article 41 of its Statute “presupposes that irreparable prejudice

shall not be caused to rights which are the subject of a dispute in judicial
proceedings” (LaGrand (Germany v. United States of America), Provi-
sional Measures, Order of 3 March 1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (I) ,
pp. 14-15, para. 22);
129. Whereas the power of the Court to indicate provisional measures
will be exercised only if there is urgency in the sense that there is a real

risk that action prejudicial to the rights of either party might be taken
before the Court has given its final decision (see, for example, Passage
through the Great Belt (Finland v. Denmark), Provisional Measures,
Order of 29 July 1991, I.C.J. Reports 1991 , p. 17, para. 23; Certain
Criminal Proceedings in France (Republic of the Congo v. France), Pro-

visional Measure, Order of 17 June 2003, I.C.J. Reports 2003 , p. 107,
para. 22; Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), Pro-
visional Measures, Order of 23 January 2007, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (I) ,

43p. 11, para. 32); and whereas the Court thus has to consider whether in
the current proceedings such urgency exists;

*

130. Whereas Georgia argues that, in view of the conduct of the Rus-

sian Federation in South Ossetia, Abkhazia, and adjacent regions, pro-
visional measures are urgently needed because the ethnic Georgians in
these areas “are at imminent risk of violent expulsion, death or personal
injury, hostage-taking and unlawful detention, and damage to or loss of
their homes and other property” and “in addition, the prospects for the

return of those ethnic Georgians who have already been forced to flee are
rapidly deteriorating”;

131. Whereas Georgia contends that reports of international and non-
governmental organizations and witness statements, which are consistent
with and corroborate these reports, provide evidence of “the ongoing,

widespread and systematic abuses of rights of ethnic Georgians under the
Convention” in South Ossetia, Abkhazia and other parts of Georgia
“presently occupied by Russian forces” and allegedly show that ethnic
Georgians who remain in these areas “are at imminent risk of violent
attack and forced expulsion”; whereas, according to Georgia, there is

evidence of a “real risk of continued ethnic cleansing by Russian military
forces and separatist militias operating behind Russian lines, especially in
those areas that still have significant Georgian populations”; and whereas
Georgia asserts that this evidence also “shows a present failure, and a
risk of continuing failure, on the part of the Russian authorities to ensure

that rights for ethnic Georgians under the Convention are respected”,
particularly the rights of Georgians who still live in South Ossetia, Abk-
hazia and other regions of Georgia “presently occupied by Russian
forces”, and the rights of Georgians who wish to return to their homes in
those regions;

132. Whereas Georgia claims that “the rights in dispute are threatened
with harm that by its very nature is irreparable” because “no satisfaction,
no award of reparations, could ever compensate for the extreme forms of

prejudice” to those rights in the current proceedings; whereas it states
that the risk of irreparable prejudice “is not necessarily removed by a sus-
pension or cessation of the military hostilities that initially provided the
context in which the risk was generated”; and whereas Georgia contends
that “the widespread violations of the rights of ethnic Georgians under

the Convention grew even worse after military engagements ceased, that
they have continued unabated since then, and that they are continuing
still”;

44 133. Whereas Georgia claims that “the risk of irreparable prejudice to
the rights at issue in this case is not only imminent, [but] is already hap-

pening”, which is evidenced by the fact that “the ethnic cleansing and
other forms of prohibited discrimination carried out against Georgians in
Abkhazia, South Ossetia and other regions occupied by Russian forces
are still occurring, and that they are likely to continue to occur and to
recur”;

134. Whereas, for its part, the Russian Federation states that “the cri-
teria of Article 41 are not met in this case”; whereas it submits that
“Georgia has not established that any rights opposable to Russia under
Articles 2 and 5 of CERD — however broadly drawn — are exposed to

‘serious risk’ of irreparable damage”;

135. Whereas, with reference to the period characterized by Georgia as
“the first and second phases of Russia’s intervention in South Ossetia and
Abkhazia”, the Russian Federation draws attention to the documents in
the case file, in particular “statements of Georgian Ministers, decisions

and international agreements to which Georgia is a party, in which Rus-
sia’s role and the role of the peacekeeping forces are consented to and
recognized as wholly beneficial”;

136. Whereas, with reference to the events of August 2008, the Rus-

sian Federation argues that “the facts that can be relied on with reason-
able certitude” go against the existence of a serious risk to the rights
Georgia now claims, for the reasons that, first, armed actions have led to
“deaths of the armed forces of all parties concerned, deaths of civilians of
all ethnicities, and a mass displacement of persons of all ethnicities”, and,

second, that “the armed actions have now ceased, and civilians of all eth-
nicities are returning to some, although not yet all, of the former conflict
zones”; and whereas, so far as concerns the principle of return, the Rus-
sian Federation refers to the fact that “on 15 August, in discussions with
the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, the Russian For-

eign Minister stated his agreement on the principle of the non-discrimi-
natory nature of the right of return for all civilians forced to flee”;

137. Whereas the Russian Federation asserts that “the case on urgency

can only be built on the events subsequent to 7 August 2008” in light of
the fact that before this date there was “evidently no urgency of the req-
uisite degree — as Georgia had never even raised complaints of violations
of the CERD with Russia”; whereas it further argues that any urgency to
be found in the events occurring after 7 August 2008 relates to “the

armed actions and their repercussions since that date”; whereas the Rus-
sian Federation explains that “major developments within the course of
that period . . . tell against the case for urgency”; whereas it refers to the

45ceasefire announced by the Russian Federation on 12 August 2008 and to
the six principles for the peaceful settlement of the conflict adopted by

the Presidents of the Russian Federation and France on the same day
and subsequently signed on 13-16 August 2008 by the President of Geor-
gia and leaders of South Ossetia and Abkhazia, “through the intermedi-
ary of Russia and in the presence of the OSCE and the European
Union”; and whereas the Russian Federation claims that since then “the

armed actions are at an end and large numbers of IDPs have in fact
already returned to Gori and villages nearby”;
138. Whereas the Russian Federation contends that Georgia’s asser-
tions that the Russian Federation is continuing to discriminate against
ethnic Georgians in Abkhazia, South Ossetia and neighbouring areas by

threatening the rights of ethnic Georgians to security and the right of
return, and that Russia is actively supporting groups or individuals that
continue to perpetrate acts of violence against ethnic Georgians, are not
supported by the documents submitted by Georgia itself;

139. Whereas the Russian Federation argues that “the case on urgency
in relation to Abkhazia is built almost exclusively on inference, and that
[this] is not a sound basis for a provisional measures award”;

140. Whereas the Russian Federation claims that its “positive

démarches before the OSCE . . . with the European Union and President
Sarkozy, are addressing precisely the problem that is being put before
[the Court] as the basis for urgent provisional measures”; whereas the
Russian Federation notes that, in accordance with the further principles
announced on 8 September 2008, 200 European Union monitors will be

deployed “into the South Ossetian and Abkhaz buffer zones, and Rus-
sian peacekeeping troops [will] make a full withdrawal ten days later”;
whereas the Russian Federation asserts that “the plan provides that the
United Nations and OSCE observers will also continue to carry out their
mandates”; whereas the Russian Federation states that further security

and stability issues and the question of the return of refugees are to be
addressed in international talks, “which are imminent and are obviously
to be at a very high level”; whereas the Russian Federation contends that
the facts “contradict Georgia’s assertion of an ongoing worsening crisis”;
and whereas it points out that, while “there has been a humanitarian cri-
it ere...ttoftctm doflidsiig

addressed in that context at the highest levels”;

*

141. Whereas the Court is not called upon, for the purpose of its deci-
sion on the Request for the indication of provisional measures, to estab-
lish the existence of breaches of CERD, but to determine whether the

46circumstances require the indication of provisional measures for the pro-
tection of rights under CERD; whereas it cannot at this stage make

definitive findings of fact, nor finding of attribution; and whereas the
right of each Party to submit arguments in respect of the merits remains
unaffected by the Court’s decision on the Request for the indication of
provisional measures;
142. Whereas, nevertheless, the rights in question in these proceedings,

in particular those stipulated in Article 5, paragraphs (b) and (d) (i) of
CERD, are of such a nature that prejudice to them could be irreparable;
whereas the Court considers that violations of the right to security of per-
sons and of the right to protection by the State against violence or bodily
harm (Article 5, paragraph (b)) could involve potential loss of life or

bodily injury and could therefore cause irreparable prejudice; whereas
the Court further considers that violations of the right to freedom of
movement and residence within a State’s borders (ibid., paragraph (d) (i))
could also cause irreparable prejudice in situations where the persons
concerned are exposed to privation, hardship, anguish and even danger
to life and health; and whereas the Court finds that individuals forced to

leave their own place of residence and deprived of their right of return
could, depending on the circumstances, be subject to a serious risk of
irreparable prejudice;

143. Whereas the Court is aware of the exceptional and complex situa-

tion on the ground in South Ossetia, Abkhazia and adjacent areas and
takes note of the continuing uncertainties as to where lines of authority
lie; whereas, based on the information before it in the case file, the Court
is of the opinion that the ethnic Georgian population in the areas affected
by the recent conflict remains vulnerable;

Whereas the situation in South Ossetia, Abkhazia and adjacent areas
in Georgia is unstable and could rapidly change; whereas, given the
ongoing tension and the absence of an overall settlement to the conflict in
this region, the Court considers that the ethnic Ossetian and Abkhazian

populations also remain vulnerable;
Whereas, while the problems of refugees and internally displaced per-
sons in this region are currently being addressed, they have not yet been
resolved in their entirety;
Whereas, in light of the foregoing, with regard to these above-men-
tioned ethnic groups of the population, there exists an imminent risk that

the rights at issue in this case mentioned in the previous paragraph may
suffer irreparable prejudice;
144. Whereas States parties to CERD “condemn racial discrimination
and undertake to pursue by all appropriate means and without delay a
policy of eliminating racial discrimination in all its forms”; whereas in

the view of the Court, in the circumstances brought to its attention in
which there is a serious risk of acts of racial discrimination being com-
mitted, Georgia and the Russian Federation, whether or not any such

47acts in the past may be legally attributable to them, are under a clear
obligation to do all in their power to ensure that any such acts are not

committed in the future;

145. Whereas the Court is satisfied that the indication of measures is
required for the protection of rights under CERD which form the sub-
ject-matter of the dispute; and whereas the Court has the power, under

its Statute, when a request for provisional measures has been made, to
indicate measures that are in whole or in part other than those requested,
or measures that are addressed to the party which has itself made the
request; whereas Article 75, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court specifi-
cally refers to this power of the Court; and whereas the Court has

already exercised this power on several occasions in the past (Armed
Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the
Congo v. Uganda), Provisional Measures, Order of 1 July 2000, I.C.J.
Reports 2000, p. 128, para. 43; Land and Maritime Boundary between
Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Provisional Measures,
Order of 15 March 1996, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (I) , p. 24, para. 48; Appli-

cation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime
of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia (Serbia and Mon-
tenegro)), Provisional Measures, Order of 8 April 1993, I.C.J. Reports
1993, p. 22, para. 46);
146. Whereas the Court, having found that the indication of provi-

sional measures is required in the current proceedings, has considered the
terms of the provisional measures requested by Georgia; whereas the
Court does not find that, in the circumstances of the case, the measures
to be indicated are to be identical to those requested by Georgia; whereas
the Court, having considered the material before it, considers it appro-

priate to indicate measures addressed to both Parties;

*

147. Whereas the Court’s “orders on provisional measures under Arti-
cle 41 [of the Statute] have binding effect” (LaGrand (Germany v. United
States of America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 506, para. 109)
and thus create international legal obligations which both Parties are

required to comply with (Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo
(Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
2005, p. 258, para. 263);

**

148. Whereas the decision given in the present proceedings in no way

prejudges the question of the jurisdiction of the Court to deal with the
merits of the case or any questions relating to the admissibility of the
Application, or relating to the merits themselves; and whereas it leaves

48unaffected the right of the Governments of Georgia and the Russian

Federation to submit arguments in respect of those questions;

* * *

149. For these reasons,

T HE C OURT , reminding the Parties of their duty to comply with their
obligations under the International Convention on the Elimination of All

Forms of Racial Discrimination,

Indicates the following provisional measures:
A. By eight votes to seven,

Both Parties, within South Ossetia and Abkhazia and adjacent areas in
Georgia, shall

(1) refrain from any act of racial discrimination against persons, groups
of persons or institutions;

(2) abstain from sponsoring, defending or supporting racial discrimina-
tion by any persons or organizations;

(3) do all in their power, whenever and wherever possible, to ensure,

without distinction as to national or ethnic origin,

(i) security of persons;

(ii) the right of persons to freedom of movement and residence
within the border of the State;
(iii) the protection of the property of displaced persons and of refu-
gees;

(4) do all in their power to ensure that public authorities and public
institutions under their control or influence do not engage in acts of
racial discrimination against persons, groups of persons or institu-

tions;
IN FAVOUR : President Higgins; Judges Buergenthal, Owada, Simma, Abra-
ham, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Judge ad hoc Gaja;

AGAINST: Vice-President Al-Khasawneh; Judges Ranjeva, Shi, Koroma,
Tomka, Bennouna, Skotnikov;

B. By eight votes to seven,
Both Parties shall facilitate, and refrain from placing any impediment

to, humanitarian assistance in support of the rights to which the local
population are entitled under the International Convention on the Elimi-
nation of All Forms of Racial Discrimination;

IN FAVOUR : President Higgins; Judges Buergenthal, Owada, Simma, Abra-
ham, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor; Judge ad hoc Gaja;
AGAINST: Vice-President Al-Khasawneh; Judges Ranjeva, Shi, Koroma,
Tomka, Bennouna, Skotnikov;

49 C. By eight votes to seven,

Each Party shall refrain from any action which might prejudice the

rights of the other Party in respect of whatever judgment the Court may
render in the case, or which might aggravate or extend the dispute before
the Court or make it more difficult to resolve;

IN FAVOUR: President Higgins; Judges Buergenthal, Owada, Simma, Abra-
ham, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor; Judge ad hoc Gaja;
AGAINST: Vice-President Al-Khasawneh; Judges Ranjeva, Shi, Koroma,

Tomka, Bennouna, Skotnikov;

D. By eight votes to seven,

Each Party shall inform the Court as to its compliance with the above
provisional measures;

IN FAVOUR: President Higgins; Judges Buergenthal, Owada, Simma, Abra-
ham, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor; Judge ad hoc Gaja;
AGAINST: Vice-President Al-Khasawneh; Judges Ranjeva, Shi, Koroma,
Tomka, Bennouna, Skotnikov.

Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative, at

the Peace Palace, The Hague, this fifteenth day of October, two thousand
and eight, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archives of
the Court and the others transmitted to the Government of Georgia and
the Government of the Russian Federation, respectively.

(Signed) Rosalyn H IGGINS,

President.

(Signed) Philippe C OUVREUR ,
Registrar.

Vice-President A L-K HASAWNEH and Judges R ANJEVA ,S HI,K OROMA ,

T OMKA ,B ENNOUNA and S KOTNIKOV append a joint dissenting opinion to
the Order of the Court; Judge ad hoc G AJA appends a declaration to the
Order of the Court.

(Initialled) R.H.
(Initialled) Ph.C.

50

Bilingual Content

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES AR|TS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE RELATIVE A v L’APPLICATION

DE LA CONVENTION INTERNATIONALE
SUR L’uLIMINATION DE TOUTES LES FORMES

DE DISCRIMINATION RACIALE
(GuORGIE cuDuRATION DE RUSSIE)

DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES
CONSERVATOIRES

ORDONNANCE DU 15 OCTOBRE 2008

2008

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

CASE CONCERNING APPLICATION
OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS
OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
(GEORGIA v. RUSSIAN FEDERATION)

REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES

ORDER OF 15 OCTOBER 2008 Mode officiel de citation:
Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes
les formes de discrimination raciale (Géorgie c. Fédération de Russie),

mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 15 octobre 2008,
C.I.J. Recueil 2008,p.353

Official citation:

Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of all
Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation),
Provisional Measures, Order of 15 October 2008,
I.C.J. Reports 2008,p.353

N de vente:
ISSN 0074-4441 Sales number 941

ISBN 978-92-1-071050-3 15 OCTOBRE 2008

ORDONNANCE

APPLICATION DE LA CONVENTION INTERNATIONALE
SUR L’uLIMINATION DE TOUTES LES FORMES
DE DISCRIMINATION RACIALE

(GuORGIE c. FuDuRATION DE RUSSIE)

DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES
CONSERVATOIRES

APPLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL
CONVENTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS
OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION

(GEORGIA v. RUSSIAN FEDERATION)

REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES

15 OCTOBER 2008

ORDER COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

2008 ANNÉE 2008
15 octobre
Rôlo général
n 140 15 octobre 2008

AFFAIRE RELATIVE A v L’APPLICATION DE

LA CONVENTION INTERNATIONALE SUR

L’EuLIMINATION DE TOUTES LES FORMES

DE DISCRIMINATION RACIALE

(GuORGIE c. FE uDEuRATION DE RUSSIE)

DEMANDE EN INDICATION DE MESURES
CONSERVATOIRES

ORDONNANCE

Présents: Mme HIGGIN, président.AM L-KHASAWNEH, vice-président ;
MM. R ANJEVA,SH,K OROMA,BUERGENTHAL,OWADA ,SIMMA,TOMKA,
A BRAHAM,K EIT,SEPÚLVEDA-AMOR,B ENNOUNA,SKOTNIKOV, juges;
M. G AJ, juge ad hoc; MOUVREUR, greffier.

La Cour internationale de Justice,

Ainsi composée,
Après délibéré en chambre du conseil,

Vu les articles 41 et 48 du Statut de la Cour et les articles 73, 74 et 75
du Règlement,

Rend l’ordonnance suivante:

1. Considérant que, par une requête déposée au Greffe de la Cour le
12 août 2008, le Gouvernement de la Géorgie a introduit une instance
contre la Fédération de Russie pour violations de la convention interna-

tionale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (ci-
après la «CIEDR»);

4 INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

YEAR 2008 2008
15 October
General List
15 October 2008 No. 140

CASE CONCERNING APPLICATION

OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS

OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION

(GEORGIA v. RUSSIAN FEDERATION)

REQUEST FOR THE INDICATION OF PROVISIONAL
MEASURES

ORDER

Present: PresidentIGGINS; Vice-PresidenL-KHASAWNEH ; Judges ANJEV,

SHI,K OROMA ,B UERGENTHAL,O WADA ,S IMMA,T OMKA ,A BRAHAM,
K EIT,SEPÚLVEDA-AMOR ,BENNOUNA,SKOTNIKOV; Judge ad hocAJA;
Registrar OUVREUR.

The International Court of Justice,

Composed as above,

After deliberation,

Having regard to Articles 41 and 48 of the Statute of the Court and to
Articles 73, 74 and 75 of the Rules of Court,

Makes the following Order:

1. Whereas by an Application filed in the Registry of the Court on
12 August 2008, the Government of Georgia instituted proceedings
against the Russian Federation for alleged violations of the International
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination

(hereinafter “CERD”);

4 2. Considérant que, dans sa requête, la Géorgie invoque, pour fonder
la compétence de la Cour, l’article 22 de la CIEDR, qui dispose que

«[t]out différend entre deux ou plusieurs Etats parties touchant
l’interprétation ou l’application de la présente Convention qui n’aura
pas été réglé par voie de négociation ou au moyen des procédures

expressément prévues par ladite Convention sera porté, à la requête
de toute partie au différend, devant la Cour internationale de Justice
pour qu’elle statue à son sujet, à moins que les parties au différend
ne conviennent d’un autre mode de règlement»;

3. Considérant que, dans sa requête, la Géorgie indique que

«La Fédération de Russie, par l’intermédiaire de ses organes et
agents ainsi que d’autres personnes et entités exerçant une autorité
gouvernementale, et par l’intermédiaire des forces séparatistes d’Ossé-
tie du Sud et d’Abkhazie agissant sous sa direction et son contrôle, a
pratiqué, encouragé et appuyé la discrimination raciale dans les régions

géorgiennes d’Ossétie du Sud et d’Abkhazie en lançant des attaques
contre des personnes de souche géorgienne et d’autres groupes ethni-
ques et en se livrant à des expulsions massives de ces populations»;

et que la Fédération de Russie cherche à consolider les changements de la
composition ethnique de l’Ossétie du Sud et de l’Abkhazie découlant de
ses actes «en empêchant le retour en Ossétie du Sud et en Abkhazie des
citoyens de souche géorgienne déplacés par la force et en entravant l’exer-
cice par la Géorgie de sa juridiction sur cette partie de son territoire»; et

qu’elle soutient que «[c]ette modification de la composition démographi-
que de l’Ossétie du Sud et de l’Abkhazie est destinée à asseoir les bases
d’une affirmation illicite d’indépendance vis-à-vis de la Géorgie par les
autorités séparatistes de facto sud-ossètes et abkhazes»;
4. Considérant que la Géorgie présente ainsi l’origine du conflit en
Ossétie du Sud:

«Le 10 novembre 1989, le soviet régional du district autonome
d’Ossétie du Sud [qui faisait partie de la République socialiste sovié-

tique de Géorgie] demanda officiellement au soviet suprême de Géor-
gie de modifier le statut du district et de lui accorder celui de «Répu-
blique autonome». Après le refus [du soviet suprême de Géorgie], le
28 novembre 1990, le soviet régional rebaptisa le district en «Répu-
blique soviétique d’Ossétie du Sud» et fixa la date des élections en
vue de la constitution d’un nouveau soviet suprême au 9 décembre

1990...
Le 11 décembre 1990, le soviet suprême de Géorgie déclara les
élections du 9 décembre illégitimes ..., annula les résultats et abolit le
district autonome d’Ossétie du Sud ainsi que son soviet régional.

A la suite de ces événements, un violent conflit éclata... Au cours de
l’année 1991, coïncidant avec la déclaration d’indépendance de la
Géorgie le 9 avril, plus de 1000 personnes furent tuées durant les com-

5 2. Whereas Georgia, in order to found the jurisdiction of the Court,
relied in its Application on Article 22 of CERD which provides that:

“any dispute between two or more States Parties with respect to the
interpretation or application of this Convention, which is not settled
by negotiation or by the procedures expressly provided for in this

Convention, shall, at the request of any of the parties to the dispute,
be referred to the International Court of Justice for decision, unless
the disputants agree to another mode of settlement”;

3. Whereas in its Application Georgia states that:

“The Russian Federation, acting through its organs, agents, per-
sons and entities exercising elements of governmental authority, and
through South Ossetian and Abkhaz separatist forces under its
direction and control, has practised, sponsored and supported racial
discrimination through attacks against, and mass-expulsion of, eth-

nic Georgians, as well as other ethnic groups, in the South Ossetia
and Abkhazia regions of the Republic of Georgia”;

and that the Russian Federation seeks to consolidate changes in the eth-
nic composition of South Ossetia and Abkhazia resulting from its actions
“by preventing the return to South Ossetia and Abkhazia of forcibly dis-
placed ethnic Georgian citizens and by undermining Georgia’s capacity
to exercise jurisdiction in this part of its territory”; whereas Georgia con-

tends that “[t]he changed demographic situation in South Ossetia and
Abkhazia is intended to provide the foundation for the unlawful asser-
tion of independence from Georgia by the de facto South Ossetian and
Abkhaz separatist authorities”;
4. Whereas Georgia explains the origin of the conflict in South Ossetia
as follows:

“On 10 November 1989, the Regional Public Council of the South
Ossetian Autonomous District [which formed part of the Georgian

Soviet Socialist Republic] formally requested the Georgian Supreme
Soviet to upgrade the status of the District to ‘Autonomous Repub-
lic’. After the Georgian Supreme Soviet refused, on 28 November
1990, the Regional Public Council of the South Ossetian Autono-
mous District re-named the District the ‘Soviet Republic of South
Ossetia’, and scheduled elections for a new Supreme Council to be

held on 9 December 1990 . . .
On 11 December 1990, the Georgian Supreme Soviet declared the
9 December elections illegitimate . . ., annulled the results, and abol-
ished the Autonomous District of South Ossetia and its Regional
Public Council.

Following these events, violent conflict broke out . . . Throughout
1991, coinciding with Georgia’s Declaration of Independence on
9 April, over 1,000 people were killed in the fighting in South Osse-

5 bats qui se déroulèrent en Ossétie du Sud. Pendant cette période, quel-
que 23 000 personnes de souche géorgienne furent contraintes de fuir

l’Ossétie du Sud et de s’installer dans d’autres régions de Géorgie»;
5. Considérant que, en ce qui concerne le début du conflit en Abkha-

zie, la Géorgie soutient que, à la suite de la dissolution de l’Union sovié-
tique en décembre 1991, «les séparatistes abkhazes dirigés par Vladislav
Ardzinba cherchèrent à faire sécession de la République de Géorgie,
notamment en recourant à la force»;
6. Considérant qu’il est en outre soutenu dans la requête que la Fédé-

ration de Russie a «violé les obligations que lui impose la CIEDR au
cours de trois phases distinctes de ses interventions en Ossétie du Sud et
en Abkhazie» dans la période allant de 1990 au mois d’août 2008;
7. Considérant que la Géorgie affirme que la première phase d’inter-
vention s’est déroulée, en Ossétie du Sud, entre 1990 et 1992 et, en
Abkhazie, entre 1991 et 1994; qu’elle avance que, pendant cette première

phase, «la Fédération de Russie a apporté un appui vital aux séparatistes
d’Ossétie du Sud et d’Abkhazie dans le cadre d’attaques et d’expulsions
massives visant la quasi-totalité de la population de souche géorgienne de
ces deux régions», cet appui consistant notamment «à assurer la fourni-
ture d’armes et de matériel et le recrutement de mercenaires pour soutenir

les forces séparatistes dans les deux régions, et, dans le cas de l’Abkhazie,
à déployer ses propres forces armées pour assister directement les sépa-
ratistes dans leurs opérations militaires»;
8. Considérant que la Géorgie avance que les hostilités ont officielle-
ment pris fin le 24 juin 1992 en Ossétie du Sud, avec la signature, par la

Géorgie, les «forces séparatistes» sud-ossètes et la Fédération de Russie,
de l’accord sur les principes du règlement du conflit entre la Géorgie et
l’Ossétie du Sud, et le 14 mai 1994 en Abkhazie, avec la signature à Mos-
cou, par la Géorgie, les «forces séparatistes» abkhazes et la Fédération
de Russie, d’un accord de cessez-le-feu et de séparation des forces; et que

l’un et l’autre de ces accords prévoyaient la création d’une force collective
de maintien de la paix qui, selon la Géorgie, était «essentiellement com-
posée de soldats de la paix russes prétendument neutres»;
9. Considérant que la Géorgie soutient que la signature de ces accords,
qui «ont formalisé le double statut de la Fédération de Russie en tant que
partie à ces conflits, d’une part, et soi-disant garant du maintien de la

paix et facilitateur des négociations, de l’autre», marque la deuxième
phase de «l’intervention de la Fédération de Russie» en Ossétie du Sud et
en Abkhazie, respectivement;
10. Considérant que la Géorgie soutient que:

«En mettant en Œuvre des politiques de discrimination raciale en
Ossétie du Sud et en Abkhazie sous le couvert de sa mission de main-
tien de la paix, la Fédération de Russie s’est employée à pérenniser le

déplacement forcé de diverses populations, notamment de souche
géorgienne, auquel avait abouti le «nettoyage ethnique» pratiqué
entre 1991 et 1994»;

6 tia. During this time, some 23,000 ethnic Georgians were forced to
flee South Ossetia and settle in other parts of Georgia”;

5. Whereas, in relation to the beginning of the conflict in Abkhazia,

Georgia contends that following the dissolution of the Soviet Union
in December 1991, “Abkhaz separatists under the leadership of Vladis-
lav Ardzinba sought to secede from the Republic of Georgia, including
by the use of force”;
6. Whereas it is further contended in the Application that the Russian

Federation has “violated its obligations under CERD during three dis-
tinct phases of its interventions in South Ossetia and Abkhazia” in the
period from 1990 to August 2008;
7. Whereas Georgia asserts that the first phase of the intervention in
South Ossetia took place between 1990 and 1992 and in Abkhazia
between 1991 and 1994; whereas Georgia claims that during this first

phase “the Russian Federation provided essential support to South Osse-
tian and Abkhaz separatists in their attacks against, and mass-expulsion
of, virtually the entire ethnic Georgian population of South Ossetia and
Abkhazia” and that support from the Russian Federation included “the
provision of weapons and supplies and the recruitment of mercenaries to

support separatist forces in both regions, and, in the case of Abkhazia,
the deployment of Russian armed forces directly to assist military opera-
tions conducted by the separatists”;
8. Whereas Georgia claims that hostilities formally came to an end in
South Ossetia on 24 June 1992 following the Agreement on the Principles

of the Settlement of the Georgian-Ossetian Conflict signed by Georgia,
the South Ossetian “separatist forces” and the Russian Federation; and
in Abkhazia on 14 May 1994 following the signing of the Moscow Agree-
ment on a Ceasefire and Separation of Forces by Georgia, the Abkhaz
“separatist forces” and the Russian Federation; whereas both agreements

provided for the creation of joint peacekeeping forces which, according
to Georgia, were “dominated by ostensibly neutral Russian peacekeep-
ers”;
9. Whereas Georgia maintains that the signature of these agreements,
which “formalized the Russian Federation’s dual status as a party to
those conflicts and as an ostensible peacekeeper and facilitator of nego-

tiations”, marked the second phase of “the Russian Federation’s inter-
vention” in South Ossetia and Abkhazia respectively;

10. Whereas Georgia contends that:

“By implementing racially discriminatory policies in South Ossetia
and Abkhazia under cover of its peacekeeping mandate, the Russian
Federation has sought to consolidate the forced displacement of the

ethnic Georgian and other populations that resulted from ‘ethnic
cleansing’ from 1991 to 1994”;

6qu’elle avance que la Fédération de Russie a «soutenu les revendications
indépendantistes des séparatistes de l’Ossétie du Sud et de l’Abkhazie à

l’égard de la Géorgie»; et qu’elle ajoute que «la réalisation de cet objectif
suppose nécessairement l’expulsion de leurs foyers des personnes de
souche géorgienne et d’autres populations, et le déni de leur droit de re-
tourner dans leurs foyers et de vivre en paix sur le territoire souverain
de la Géorgie»;

11. Considérant que la Géorgie affirme que, dans le cadre de sa poli-
tique de discrimination raciale, la Fédération de Russie, «depuis les
conflits de 1991-1994, a systématiquement fait obstacle au retour des per-
sonnes déplacées» et que, en conséquence, «les changements démogra-
phiques imposés à la population par les séparatistes sud-ossètes et ab-

khazes avec le soutien de la Russie» risquaient davantage de devenir
permanents;
12. Considérant que, dans sa requête, la Géorgie relève que la Fédé-
ration de Russie a pris d’autres mesures contraires à la CIEDR dans
le cadre de sa politique de soutien «aux séparatistes sud-ossètes et ab-
khazes»; et qu’elle soutient qu’ainsi la Fédération de Russie a «accordé

la nationalité russe à la quasi-totalité des habitants de souche non géor-
gienne d’Ossétie du Sud et d’Abkhazie», et que les personnes de souche
géorgienne demeurées dans ces régions ayant «refusé de renoncer à leur
nationalité géorgienne en faveur de la nationalité russe ont été victimes
d’actes d’intimidation et de harcèlement de soldats liés aux forces armées

de la Fédération de Russie»;
13. Considérant que la Géorgie affirme que «[l]es autorités séparatistes
contrôlant de facto l’Ossétie du Sud et l’Abkhazie bénéficient, dans la
mise en Œuvre de mesures discriminatoires à l’encontre de la population
de souche géorgienne, d’un soutien massif et sans précédent de la Fédéra-

tion de Russie» et que ce soutien
«prive de leur droit à l’autodétermination les personnes de souche

géorgienne demeurées en Ossétie du Sud et en Abkhazie et celles qui
s’efforcent de retourner dans leurs foyers en Ossétie du Sud et en
Abkhazie depuis les cessez-le-feu intervenus respectivement en 1992
et en 1994»;

et qu’elle avance que, «[e]n reconnaissant et en soutenant les autorités
séparatistes d’Ossétie du Sud et d’Abkhazie, la Fédération de Russie
empêche également la Géorgie de s’acquitter des obligations qui lui
incombent aux termes de la CIEDR en exerçant son autorité sur son ter-

ritoire»;
14. Considérant que, dans sa requête, la Géorgie soutient que «[l]a
Fédération de Russie a aussi tenté systématiquement de porter atteinte à
[son] intégrité territoriale» en prenant des dispositions pour reconnaître
l’indépendance de l’Ossétie du Sud et de l’Abkhazie; et qu’elle ajoute que

ces actes ont «considérablement attisé les tensions en Ossétie du Sud et en
Abkhazie et ouvert la voie à un nouveau conflit»;
15. Considérant que la Géorgie avance que, depuis le mois d’avril 2008,

7whereas it claims that the Russian Federation “has supported the South
Ossetian and Abkhaz separatists’ quest for independence from Georgia”;

and whereas Georgia concludes that “[a]chieving this goal necessarily
implies the expulsion of ethnic Georgians and other populations from
their homes, and denial of their right to return to their homes and to live
in peace within the sovereign territory of Georgia”;

11. Whereas Georgia asserts that, as part of its policy of racial dis-
crimination, the Russian Federation “has consistently frustrated the
return of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) since the conflicts of 1991-
1994” and that, as a consequence, “demographic changes forced upon
the population by the South Ossetian and Abkhaz separatists with Rus-

sian support are more likely to become permanent”;

12. Whereas, in its Application, Georgia points out that in furtherance
of its policy to support “South Ossetian and Abkhaz separatists”, the
Russian Federation has taken other actions that violate CERD; whereas,
by way of example, Georgia contends that “the Russian Federation has

conferred its citizenship upon almost the entire non-ethnic Georgian
population of South Ossetia and Abkhazia” and that ethnic Georgians
remaining in South Ossetia and Abkhazia “who have refused to renounce
their Georgian citizenship in favour of Russian citizenship, have faced
active intimidation and harassment by soldiers associated with [the]

armed forces of the Russian Federation”;
13. Whereas Georgia asserts that “the de facto separatist authorities of
South Ossetia and Abkhazia enjoy unprecedented and far-reaching sup-
port from the Russian Federation in the implementation of discrimina-
tory policies against the ethnic Georgian population” and that this sup-

port
“has the effect of denying the right of self-determination to the eth-

nic Georgians remaining in South Ossetia and Abkhazia and those
seeking to return to their homes in South Ossetia and Abkhazia
since the ceasefires of 1992 and 1994, respectively”;

and whereas it claims that “by recognizing and supporting South Osse-
tia’s and Abkhazia’s separatist authorities, the Russian Federation is also
preventing Georgia from implementing its obligations under CERD, by
assuming control over its territory”;

14. Whereas in its Application Georgia claims that “the Russian Fed-
eration has also systematically attempted to undermine Georgia’s terri-
torial sovereignty” by taking steps to recognize the independence of
South Ossetia and Abkhazia; and whereas it adds that these acts have

“significantly escalated tensions in South Ossetia and Abkhazia, and
opened the door to further conflict”;
15. Whereas Georgia claims that, as from April 2008, in addition to

7en sus des mesures qu’elle a prises pendant cette période pour renforcer la
légitimité des institutions de facto des autorités séparatistes, «la Fédéra-

tion de Russie ... a multiplié ses activités militaires [dans les deux régions]
en prélude à son invasion de la Géorgie, au mois d’août 2008»; et que,
selon elle, «[l]e renforcement du dispositif militaire russe s’est accom-
pagné d’une campagne de discrimination à l’encontre des personnes de
souche géorgienne et de toute autre personne susceptible de s’opposer à

l’expansion de l’influence russe en Ossétie du Sud et en Abkhazie»;
16. Considérant que la Géorgie affirme que, «[à] rebours des tentatives
faites par la Russie pour fomenter la création d’Etats ethniquement
homogènes qui soient tributaires d’elle sur les plans politique, écono-
mique, social et militaire», la Géorgie a toujours «lutté pour intégrer les

communautés abkhaze et sud-ossète dans un Etat géorgien démocratique
et multiethnique» et offert aux deux régions une «autonomie illimitée»;
et qu’elle soutient qu’«[e]lle n’a en outre cessé d’insister pour que soit res-
pecté le droit de toutes les personnes déplacées (quelle que soit leur ori-
gine ethnique) de retourner dans leurs foyers»;
17. Considérant que la Géorgie soutient que la troisième phase de

«l’intervention russe en Ossétie du Sud et en Abkhazie a débuté le
8 août 2008, avec l’invasion par les forces russes» de son territoire;
18. Considérant que la Géorgie allègue que,

«[e]n réaction aux bombardements persistants par les forces sépara-
tistes de villages abritant des personnes de souche géorgienne en
Ossétie du Sud, les forces militaires géorgiennes ont lancé le 7 août

2008 une opération d’ampleur limitée dans un territoire tenu par les
séparatistes afin de mettre un terme à ces attaques»;

et qu’elle expose que la Fédération de Russie a riposté à ses actions «par
une invasion à grande échelle» du territoire géorgien le 8 août 2008,
«occup[ant] plus de la moitié de la Géorgie et ... attaqu[ant] des civils et
des biens de caractère civil» dans tout le pays, au prix «de nombreuses

victimes et d’importants dégâts»;
19. Considérant que, selon la Géorgie, la situation en Abkhazie a,
dans le même temps, vite commencé à se détériorer, avec des attaques
lancées contre des villages géorgiens de la vallée de Kodori, le bombar-
dement de Poti, port géorgien sur la mer Noire, et le déploiement de
l’infanterie et de véhicules blindés russes en Abkhazie;

20. Considérant que la Géorgie prétend, «en son nom propre et en
qualité de parens patriae », que la Fédération de Russie,

«par l’intermédiaire de ses organes et agents et d’autres personnes et
entités exerçant une autorité gouvernementale, ainsi que par l’inter-
médiaire des forces séparatistes sud-ossètes et abkhazes et d’autres
agents opérant sur ses instructions et sous sa direction et son contrôle,

s’est rendue responsable de violations graves des obligations fonda-
mentales que lui impose la CIEDR, notamment en ses articles 2, 3,
4,5et6»;

8the measures designed to strengthen the legitimacy of the de facto insti-
tutions of the separatist authorities, “the Russian Federation [has] also

increased its military activities in both regions as a prelude to its invasion
of Georgia in August 2008”; and whereas, according to Georgia, “Rus-
sia’s military build-up was accompanied by a campaign of discrimination
against ethnic Georgians and others who might be opposed to the exten-
sion of Russian influence in South Ossetia and Abkhazia”;

16. Whereas Georgia asserts that, “in contrast to Russian attempts to
nurture the creation of ethnically homogeneous States that are politically,
economically, socially and militarily beholden to it”, Georgia has consist-
ently “strived for the integration of multi-ethnic Abkhaz and South Osse-

tian societies into a democratic Georgian State” and offered both regions
“unlimited autonomy”; and whereas Georgia contends that “it has also
steadfastly pressed for the right of all IDPs (regardless of ethnicity) to
return to their homes”;

17. Whereas Georgia contends that the third phase of “the Russian

Federation’s intervention in South Ossetia and Abkhazia began on
8 August 2008, when Russian forces invaded Georgian territory”;
18. Whereas Georgia alleges that,

“in response to the persistent shelling of ethnic Georgian villages in
South Ossetia by separatist forces, Georgian military forces launched
a limited operation into territory held by ethnic separatists on

7 August 2008 for purposes of putting a stop to the attacks”;

whereas it explains that the Russian Federation responded to Georgia’s
actions “with a full-scale invasion” of Georgian territory on 8 August
2008, “occupied more than half of Georgia and attacked civilians and
civilian objects” throughout the country, “resulting in significant casual-

ties and destruction”;
19. Whereas, according to Georgia, at the same time the situation in
Abkhazia quickly began to deteriorate, with attacks against Georgian vil-
lages in the Kodori valley, bombing of Georgia’s Black Sea port of Poti
and deployment of Russian ground troops and armoured vehicles in
Abkhazia;

20. Whereas Georgia claims, “in its own right and as parens patriae of
its citizens”, that the Russian Federation,

“through its State organs, State agents, and other persons and enti-
ties exercising governmental authority, and through the South Osse-
tian and Abkhaz separatist forces and other agents acting on the
instructions of, and under the direction and control of the Russian

Federation, is responsible for serious violations of its fundamental
obligations under CERD, including Articles 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6”;

8 21. Considérant que la Géorgie avance en outre que la liste, non
exhaustive, de ces violations est la suivante:

«a) une discrimination systématique et généralisée à l’encontre des
populations de souche géorgienne et d’autres groupes d’Ossétie
du Sud et d’Abkhazie au cours des conflits de 1991-1994, 1998,
2004 et 2008, notamment sous la forme de meurtres, actes

d’agression illicites contre des civils et biens de caractère civil,
actes de torture, viols, déportations et déplacements forcés,
emprisonnements et prises d’otages, disparitions forcées, des-
tructions arbitraires et appropriations illicites de biens non jus-
tifiées par des nécessités militaires, et pillages;

b) le déni systématique et généralisé, sur des bases discrimina-
toires, opposé aux réfugiés et aux personnes déplacées, notam-
ment de souche géorgienne, de leur droit de retourner dans
leurs foyers en Ossétie du Sud et en Abkhazie;
c) l’appropriation et la vente illicites, systématiques et généralisées
d’habitations et d’autres biens appartenant aux personnes de

souche géorgienne et d’autres groupes déplacées de force durant
les conflits de 1991-1994, 1998, 2004 et 2008, et le déni de leur
droit de retourner en Ossétie du Sud et en Abkhazie;

d) la discrimination permanente à l’encontre des personnes de

souche géorgienne en Ossétie du Sud et dans le district de Gali en
Abkhazie, notamment sous la forme de pillages, prises d’otages,
brutalités et actes d’intimidation, privation du droit de cir-
culer librement, déni du droit à l’éducation dans leur langue
maternelle, pressions visant à les contraindre à accepter la

citoyenneté ou un passeport russes, menaces d’impôts punitifs
et expulsion de ceux conservant la nationalité géorgienne;
e) la promotion, la défense et le soutien de la discrimination eth-
nique pratiquée par les autorités séparatistes de facto d’Ossétie
du Sud et d’Abkhazie et la reconnaissance comme licite d’une

situation créée par un manquement grave de la Russie aux obli-
gations que lui impose la CIEDR et à ses obligations erga
omnes, à savoir la reconnaissance totale ou partielle des entités
séparatistes abkhaze et sud-ossète assimilable à la recon-
naissance d’une situation créée par un «nettoyage ethnique»
constitutif du crime contre l’humanité de persécution et dis-

crimination systématique fondées sur l’origine ethnique;
f) le fait d’empêcher la République de Géorgie d’exercer sa juri-
diction territoriale dans les régions d’Ossétie du Sud et d’Abkha-
zie pour y exécuter les obligations que lui impose la CIEDR;
g) le déclenchement d’une guerre d’agression contre la Géorgie

avec pour objectifs: i) de s’assurer, en Ossétie du Sud et en
Abkhazie, des alliés ethniquement homogènes et échappant à
toute influence politique, sociale et culturelle géorgienne; ii) de

9 21. Whereas Georgia further claims that these violations include, but
are not limited to:

“(a) widespread and systematic discrimination against South Osse-
tia’s and Abkhazia’s ethnic Georgian population and other
groups during the conflicts of 1991-1994, 1998, 2004 and 2008,
reflected in acts including murder, unlawful attacks against

civilians and civilian objects, torture, rape, deportation and
forcible transfer, imprisonment and hostage-taking, enforced
disappearance, wanton destruction and unlawful appropria-
tion of property not justified by military necessity, and plun-
der;

(b) widespread and systematic denial on discriminatory grounds
of the right of South Ossetia’s and Abkhazia’s ethnic Geor-
gian and other refugees and IDPs to return to their homes;

(c) widespread and systematic unlawful appropriation and sale of
homes and other property belonging to South Ossetia’s and

Abkhazia’s ethnic Georgians and other groups forcibly dis-
placed during the conflicts of 1991-1994, 1998, 2004 and 2008
and denied the right to return to the South Ossetian and Abk-
haz regions;
(d) the continuing discriminatory treatment of ethnic Georgians

in South Ossetia and in the Gali District of Abkhazia, includ-
ing but not limited to pillage, hostage-taking, beatings and
intimidation, denial of the freedom of movement, denial of
their right to education in their mother tongue, pressure to
obtain Russian citizenship and/or Russian passports, and

threats of punitive taxes and expulsions for maintaining Geor-
gian citizenship;
(e) the sponsoring, defending, and supporting of ethnic discrimi-
nation by the de facto South Ossetian and Abkhaz separatist
authorities and the recognition as lawful of a situation created

by a serious breach of Russia’s obligations under CERD and
of its obligations erga omnes, namely recognition in whole or
in part of the South Ossetian and Abkhaz separatist entities
amounting to recognition of a situation created by ‘ethnic
cleansing’ constituting the crime against humanity of persecu-
tion and systematic discrimination on ethnic grounds;

(f) preventing the Republic of Georgia from exercising jurisdiction
over its territory in the regions of South Ossetia [and] Abkhazia
in order to implement its obligations under CERD; and
(g) the launching of a war of aggression against Georgia with the

aims of (i) securing ethnically homogeneous allies in South
Ossetia and Abkhazia free from Georgian political, social and
cultural influence; (ii) permanently denying the right of dis-

9 priver de manière permanente les personnes de souche géor-
gienne déplacées du droit de retourner dans leurs foyers en

Ossétie du Sud et en Abkhazie; iii) de priver de manière per-
manente l’ensemble du peuple de Géorgie du droit à l’auto-
détermination que lui garantit la CIEDR»;

22. Considérant que, au terme de sa requête, la Géorgie prie la Cour
de dire et juger que

«la Fédération de Russie, par l’intermédiaire de ses organes et
agents et d’autres personnes et entités exerçant une autorité gouver-
nementale, ainsi que par l’intermédiaire des forces séparatistes sud-
ossètes et abkhazes et d’autres agents opérant sur ses instructions ou
sous sa direction et son contrôle, a violé les obligations que lui

impose la CIEDR:
a) en se livrant à des actes et pratiques de «discrimination raciale
contre des personnes, groupes de personnes ou institutions» et
en ne faisant pas «en sorte que toutes les autorités publiques et

institutions publiques, nationales et locales, se conforment à
cette obligation», en violation de l’alinéa a) du paragraphe 1 de
l’article 2 de la CIEDR;
b) en «encourageant, défendant ou appuyant la discrimination
raciale», en violation de l’alinéa b) du paragraphe 1 de l’article 2

de la CIEDR;
c) en n’«interdisant pas, par tous les moyens appropriés, y compris,
si les circonstances l’exigent, des mesures législatives, ... la discri-
mination raciale ... et en n’y mettant pas fin», en violation de
l’alinéa d) du paragraphe 1 de l’article 2 de la CIEDR;

d) en ne condamnant pas la «ségrégation raciale» et en n’«élimi-
nant pas ... toutes les pratiques de cette nature» en Ossétie du
Sud et en Abkhazie, en violation de l’article 3 de la CIEDR;
e) en ne «condamnant pas toute propagande et toutes organisa-
tions ... qui prétendent justifier ou encourager toute forme de haine
et de discrimination raciales» et en n’«adoptant pas immédiate-

ment des mesures positives destinées à éliminer toute incitation à
une telle discrimination», en violation de l’article 4 de la CIEDR;
f) en portant atteinte à la jouissance, par les populations de souches
géorgienne, grecque et juive d’Ossétie du Sud et d’Abkhazie, des
droits de l’homme fondamentaux énumérés à l’article 5 de la

CIEDR, en violation de cet article 5;
g) en n’assurant pas «une protection et une voie de recours effec-
tives» contre les actes de discrimination raciale, en violation de
l’article 6 de la CIEDR»;

23. Considérant que la Géorgie prie également la Cour

«d’ordonner à la Fédération de Russie de prendre toutes les mesures
nécessaires pour s’acquitter des obligations que lui impose la CIEDR,
notamment:

10 placed ethnic Georgians to return to their homes in South
Ossetia and Abkhazia; and (iii) permanently denying all the

people of Georgia their right to self-determination in accord-
ance with CERD”;

22. Whereas, at the end of its Application, Georgia asks the Court to
adjudge and declare that:

“the Russian Federation, through its State organs, State agents, and
other persons and entities exercising governmental authority, and
through the South Ossetian and Abkhaz separatist forces and other
agents acting on the instructions of or under the direction and con-
trol of the Russian Federation, has violated its obligations under

CERD by:
(a) engaging in acts and practices of ‘racial discrimination against
persons, groups of persons or institutions’ and failing ‘to ensure
that all public authorities and public institutions, national and

local, shall act in conformity with this obligation’ contrary to
Article 2 (l) (a) of CERD;

(b) ‘sponsoring, defending and supporting racial discrimination’
contrary to Article 2 (l) (b) of CERD;

(c) failing to ‘prohibit and bring to an end, by all appropriate
means, including legislation as required by circumstances, racial
discrimination’ contrary to Article 2 (l) (d) of CERD;

(d) failing to condemn ‘racial segregation’ and failing to ‘eradicate
all practices of this nature’ in South Ossetia and Abkhazia, con-
trary to Article 3 of CERD;
(e) failing to ‘condemn all propaganda and all organizations . . .
which attempt to justify or promote racial hatred and discrimi-
nation in any form’ and failing ‘to adopt immediate and posi-

tive measures designed to eradicate all incitement to, or acts of,
such discrimination’, contrary to Article 4 of CERD;
(f) undermining the enjoyment of the enumerated fundamental
human rights in Article 5 by the ethnic Georgian, Greek and
Jewish populations in South Ossetia and Abkhazia, contrary to

Article 5 of CERD;
(g) failing to provide ‘effective protection and remedies’ against
acts of racial discrimination, contrary to Article 6 of CERD”;

23. Whereas Georgia also asks the Court

“to order the Russian Federation to take all steps necessary to com-
ply with its obligations under CERD, including:

10 a) de cesser immédiatement toutes ses activités militaires sur le ter-
ritoire de la République de Géorgie, y compris en Ossétie du Sud

et en Abkhazie, et d’en retirer immédiatement tout son personnel
militaire;
b) de prendre toutes les mesures nécessaires et appropriées pour
assurer le retour rapide, effectif et en toute sécurité en Ossétie du
Sud et en Abkhazie des personnes déplacées;

c) de s’abstenir de toute appropriation illicite d’habitations et de
biens appartenant à des personnes déplacées;
d) de prendre toutes les mesures nécessaires pour que les popula-
tions de souche géorgienne restées en Ossétie du Sud et dans le
district de Gali ne soient pas victimes de discrimination et,

notamment, pour qu’elles soient protégées des pressions visant à
leur faire prendre la nationalité russe et que leur droit à recevoir
une éducation dans leur langue maternelle soit respecté;
e) de réparer intégralement le préjudice qu’elle a causé en appuyant
le nettoyage ethnique pratiqué lors des conflits de 1991-1994 et
en ne mettant pas fin à ses conséquences, et en refusant ultérieu-

rement d’autoriser le retour des personnes déplacées;
f) de ne pas reconnaître, de quelque façon que ce soit, les autorités
séparatistes de facto sud-ossètes et abkhazes ni le fait accompli
créé par le nettoyage ethnique;
g) de ne prendre aucune mesure discriminatoire contre les per-

sonnes, physiques ou morales, de nationalité ou de souche
géorgiennes se trouvant sous sa juridiction ou son contrôle;
h) de permettre à la Géorgie d’exécuter les obligations que lui
impose la CIEDR en retirant ses forces d’Ossétie du Sud et
d’Abkhazie, et de permettre à la Géorgie de rétablir son autorité

et sa juridiction sur ces régions;
i) d’indemniser intégralement la Géorgie pour tous les préjudices
découlant de ses faits internationalement illicites»;

24. Considérant que, le 14 août 2008, la Géorgie, invoquant l’article 41
du Statut de la Cour et les articles 73, 74 et 75 du Règlement, a présenté
une demande en indication de mesures conservatoires, dans l’attente de
l’arrêt de la Cour sur l’instance introduite par elle contre la Fédération de

Russie, à l’effet de sauvegarder les droits qu’elle tient de la CIEDR
«s’agissant de protéger ses ressortissants des violences à caractère discri-
minatoire que leur infligent les forces armées russes opérant de concert
avec des milices séparatistes et des mercenaires étrangers», à savoir des

«attaques contre les civils et les biens de caractère civil, meurtres,
déplacements forcés, déni d’aide humanitaire, pillages et destruc-

tions généralisés de villes et villages, entre autres, en Ossétie du Sud
et dans les régions voisines de Géorgie, en Abkhazie et dans les
régions voisines, sous occupation russe»;

25. Considérant que la Géorgie fait observer que «[l]a poursuite de ces

11 (a) immediately ceasing all military activities on the territory of the
Republic of Georgia, including South Ossetia and Abkhazia,

and immediate withdrawing of all Russian military personnel
from the same;
(b) taking all necessary and appropriate measures to ensure the
prompt and effective return of IDPs to South Ossetia and Abk-
hazia in conditions of safety and security;

(c) refraining from the unlawful appropriation of homes and prop-
erty belonging to IDPs;
(d) taking all necessary measures to ensure that the remaining eth-
nic Georgian populations of South Ossetia and the Gali Dis-
trict are not subject to discriminatory treatment including but

not limited to protecting them against pressures to assume Rus-
sian citizenship, and respect for their right to receive education
in their mother tongue;
(e) paying full compensation for its role in supporting and failing
to bring to an end the consequences of the ethnic cleansing that
occurred in the 1991-1994 conflicts, and its subsequent refusal

to allow the return of IDPs;
(f) not to recognize in any manner whatsoever the de facto South
Ossetian and Abkhaz separatist authorities and the fait accom-
pli created by ethnic cleansing;
(g) not to take any measures that would discriminate against per-

sons, whether legal or natural, having Georgian nationality or
ethnicity within its jurisdiction or control;
(h) allow Georgia to fulfil its obligations under CERD by with-
drawing its forces from South Ossetia and Abkhazia and allow-
ing Georgia to restore its authority and jurisdiction over those

regions; and
(i) to pay full compensation to Georgia for all injuries resulting
from its internationally wrongful acts”;

24. Whereas, on 14 August 2008, Georgia, referring to Article 41 of
the Statute of the Court and to Articles 73, 74 and 75 of the Rules of
Court, submitted a Request for the indication of provisional measures,
pending the Court’s judgment in the proceedings instituted by Georgia

against the Russian Federation, in order to preserve its rights under
CERD “to protect its citizens against violent discriminatory acts by Rus-
sian armed forces, acting in concert with separatist militia and foreign
mercenaries”, including

“unlawful attacks against civilians and civilian objects, murder,
forced displacement, denial of humanitarian assistance, and exten-

sive pillage and destruction of towns and villages, in South Ossetia
and neighbouring regions of Georgia, and in Abkhazia and neigh-
bouring regions, under Russian occupation”;

25. Whereas Georgia observes that “[t]he continuation of these violent

11violences à caractère discriminatoire entraîne une menace particulière-
ment imminente de préjudice irréparable aux droits qu[’elle] tient de la

CIEDR en litige en l’affaire»;
26. Considérant que, dans sa demande en indication de mesures conser-
vatoires, la Géorgie renvoie à la base de compétence de la Cour invoquée
dans sa requête, ainsi qu’aux faits et aux conclusions exposés dans cette
dernière;

27. Considérant que la Géorgie réitère la position exposée dans sa
requête, affirmant que,
«depuis le début des années quatre-vingt-dix, la Fédération de Rus-

sie, agissant de concert avec des mercenaires et forces séparatistes
dans les régions géorgiennes d’Ossétie du Sud et d’Abkhazie, se livre
dans celles-ci à une politique systématique de discrimination eth-
nique à l’encontre de la population de souche géorgienne et d’autres
groupes»;

et que les actes commis dans ce cadre ont «directement ou indirectement
causé la mort ou la disparition de milliers de civils et le déplacement, à
l’intérieur du pays, de quelque 300 000 personnes», qui se trouvent pri-

vées de leur droit au retour;
28. Considérant que la Géorgie avance que, le 8 août 2008, la Fédéra-
tion de Russie, «prêtant main-forte aux séparatistes en Ossétie du Sud et
en Abkhazie, a entrepris une véritable invasion militaire du territoire
géorgien», qui est à l’origine «de centaines de morts parmi la population

civile, de destructions massives de biens de caractère civil et du départ de
la quasi-totalité de la population de souche géorgienne de l’Ossétie du
Sud»; et qu’elle avance en outre que le retrait des forces armées géor-
giennes et la déclaration unilatérale de cessez-le-feu n’ont pas empêché la
Fédération de Russie de poursuivre ses opérations militaires au-delà des

limites de l’Ossétie du Sud, dans des territoires contrôlés par le Gouver-
nement géorgien;
29. Considérant que la Géorgie soutient que, le 13 août 2008,

«les forces armées russes, opérant de concert avec les miliciens sépa-
ratistes sud-ossètes et des mercenaires étrangers, [ont] entrepris une
campagne de nettoyage ethnique qui a notamment pris la forme de
meurtres et déplacements forcés de personnes de souche géorgienne,
ainsi que de pillages et de destructions massives dans les villages

jouxtant l’Ossétie du Sud»;
30. Considérant que la Géorgie allègue que les faits suivants consti-
tuent des «violations des droits de l’homme ... commises de manière dis-

criminatoire à l’encontre de ressortissants géorgiens en Ossétie du Sud et
dans les environs»:
«— les forces russes et les milices séparatistes ont exécuté sommai-

rement des civils et des personnes hors de combat de souche
géorgienne, après avoir vérifié leur origine ethnique, dans les
villages de Nikosi, Kurta et Armarishili;

12discriminatory acts constitutes an extremely urgent threat of irreparable
harm to [its] rights under CERD in dispute in this case”;

26. Whereas, in its Request for the indication of provisional measures,
Georgia refers to the basis of jurisdiction of the Court invoked in its
Application, and to the facts set out and the submissions made therein;

27. Whereas Georgia reiterates the contention made in its Application
that
“beginning in the early 1990s and acting in concert with separatist

forces and mercenaries in the Georgian regions of South Ossetia and
Abkhazia, the Russian Federation has engaged in a systematic policy
of ethnic discrimination directed against the ethnic Georgian popu-
lation and other groups in those regions”;

and that these actions have “directly or indirectly resulted in the death or
disappearance of thousands of civilians and the internal displacement of
approximately 300,000 persons”, whose right of return is being denied;

28. Whereas Georgia claims that, on 8 August 2008, the Russian Fed-
eration “launched a full-scale military invasion against Georgia in sup-
port of ethnic separatists in South Ossetia and Abkhazia”, which has
resulted in “hundreds of civilian deaths, extensive destruction of civilian

property, and the displacement of virtually the entire ethnic Georgian
population in South Ossetia”; and whereas it further claims that the
withdrawal of the Georgian armed forces and the unilateral declaration
of a ceasefire did not prevent the Russian Federation from continuing its
military operations beyond South Ossetia into territories under the con-

trol of the Georgian Government;

29. Whereas Georgia contends that, on 13 August 2008, the

“Russian armed forces, acting together with South Ossetian separat-
ist militia and foreign mercenaries, have engaged in a campaign of
ethnic cleansing involving murder and forced displacement of ethnic
Georgians, and the pillage and extensive destruction of villages adja-
cent to South Ossetia”;

30. Whereas Georgia alleges that the following facts constitute “dis-
criminatory human rights abuses against Georgian citizens in and around

South Ossetia”:

“— Russian forces and separatist militia have summarily executed

Georgian civilians and persons hors de combat after verifying
their ethnicity in the villages of Nikosi, Kurta, and Armarishili;

12 — les forces russes et les milices séparatistes ont pillé et incendié
un grand nombre de maisons dans les villages de Karbi, Mereti,

Disevi, Ksuisi, Kitsnisi, Beloti, Vanati et Satskheneti, et ont
exécuté des civils âgés;
— les forces russes ont transféré de force vers le camp de détention
de Kurta des personnes de souche géorgienne demeurées en
Ossétie du Sud;

— à Gori, les forces russes ont bombardé l’hôpital, l’université, la
place du marché et le bureau de poste, alors que cette ville
n’était pas défendue et n’abritait aucune présence militaire
géorgienne»;

31. Considérant que la Géorgie affirme que «[l]e pillage et la destruction
systématiques des villages géorgiens visent clairement à empêcher le retour
des civils déplacés en raison de l’agression russe qui a débuté le 8 août»;
32. Considérant que la Géorgie soutient en outre que les opérations

militaires russes se sont étendues en Abkhazie et au-delà, pour inclure
«des attaques contre le port de Poti, sur la mer Noire, causant la mort de
nombreux civils et des destructions massives de biens de caractère civil»,
ainsi que l’occupation de la ville de Zugdidi, dont la population civile a
été victime de «pillages généralisés et d’autres mauvais traitements»; et

qu’elle affirme que les civils géorgiens du district de Gali se sont vu priver
de leur droit de circuler librement et ont été soumis à des mesures d’inti-
midation et à des pressions croissantes destinées à leur faire adopter la
nationalité russe;
33. Considérant que la Géorgie avance que «les droits en cause sont

ceux visés aux articles 2, 3, 4, 5 et 6 de la CIEDR»; et qu’elle avance en
outre que les droits qu’elle tient de la CIEDR et qu’elle cherche, par sa
demande, à sauvegarder «découlent ... des obligations incombant à la
Fédération de Russie d’empêcher que ne soient commis des actes de dis-
crimination raciale», précisant qu’il s’agit notamment:

«a) du droit à ce que, conformément au paragraphe 1 de l’article 2,
la Fédération de Russie et les autorités séparatistes agissant

sous sa direction et sous son contrôle s’abstiennent de tout
nouvel acte ou pratique de discrimination fondée sur l’origine
ethnique contre des citoyens géorgiens et que les civils soient
pleinement protégés contre de tels actes dans les territoires sous
occupation ou contrôle effectif des forces russes;
b) du droit à ce que, conformément à l’article 3, la Fédération de

Russie et les autorités séparatistes agissant sous sa direction et
sous son contrôle s’abstiennent de tout nouvel acte entraî-
nant la reconnaissance de la ségrégation fondée sur l’origine
ethnique pratiquée à l’encontre de citoyens géorgiens ou ren-
dant celle-ci permanente par le déplacement forcé ou le déni

du droit au retour des personnes déplacées, en Ossétie du Sud,
en Abkhazie et dans les territoires voisins sous occupation
ou contrôle effectif des forces russes;

13 — Russian forces and separatist militia have engaged in wide-
spread pillage and burning of homes in the villages of Karbi,

Mereti, Disevi, Ksuisi, Kitsnisi, Beloti, Vanati, and Satskheneti
and have executed elderly civilians;
— Russian forces have forcibly transferred the remaining ethnic
Georgians in South Ossetia to Kurta detention camp;

— in Gori, Russian forces bombed the hospital, university, market
place, and post-office, even though this is an undefended town
without any Georgian military presence”;

31. Whereas Georgia observes that “[t]he systematic pillage and destruc-
tion of Georgian villages is clearly intended to prevent the return of civil-
ians displaced as a result of Russia’s aggression commencing August 8”;
32. Whereas Georgia further contends that Russian military opera-

tions have extended to Abkhazia and beyond and have included “attacks
against the Black Sea port of Poti resulting in numerous civilian deaths
and extensive destruction of civilian property” and the occupation of the
town of Zugdidi and the subjection of its population to “widespread pil-
lage and other abuses”; whereas Georgia asserts that Georgian civilians

in the district of Gali have been denied their freedom of movement and
have faced increasing intimidation and pressure to adopt Russian
citizenship;

33. Whereas Georgia claims that “the rights which are the subject of

the dispute are set forth in Articles 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 of CERD”; whereas
Georgia further claims that the rights under CERD that Georgia seeks to
protect with its Request “arise from the obligations of the Russian Fed-
eration to prevent acts of ethnic discrimination”, including:

“(a) the right to ensure that the Russian Federation and separatist
authorities under its direction and control refrain from any

further act or practice of ethnic discrimination against Geor-
gian citizens and that civilians are fully protected against such
acts in territories under the occupation or effective control of
Russian forces, pursuant to Article 2 (1);

(b) the right to ensure that the Russian Federation and separatist

authorities under its direction and control refrain from any
further acts resulting in the recognition of or rendering perma-
nent the ethnic segregation of Georgian citizens through forced
displacement or denial of the right of IDPs to return to their
homes in South Ossetia, Abkhazia, and adjacent territories

under the occupation or effective control of Russian forces,
pursuant to Article 3;

13 c) du droit à ce que, conformément à l’article 5, la Fédération de
Russie et les autorités séparatistes agissant sous sa direction et

sous son contrôle s’abstiennent de tout nouvel acte tel que des
citoyens géorgiens soient empêchés de jouir de droits de
l’homme fondamentaux, en particulier du droit à la sûreté de la
personne et à la protection contre les voies de fait ou les sévices,
du droit de circuler librement et de choisir sa résidence à l’inté-

rieur des frontières de la Géorgie, du droit au retour en toute
sécurité des personnes déplacées, ainsi que du droit à la protec-
tion des habitations et des biens contre les actes de pillage et de
destruction; et
d) du droit à ce que, conformément à l’article 6, la Fédération de

Russie et les autorités séparatistes agissant sous sa direction et
sous son contrôle s’abstiennent de tout acte privant les citoyens
géorgiens soumis à leur juridiction d’une protection et d’une
voie de recours effectives contre les actes de discrimination
fondée sur l’origine ethnique et les violations des droits de
l’homme»;

34. Considérant que la Géorgie prie en conséquence la Cour, «de

toute urgence» et «pour éviter qu’un préjudice irréparable ne soit causé
aux droits qu’elle-même et ses ressortissants tiennent de la CIEDR»,
d’indiquer les mesures suivantes:

«a) la Fédération de Russie donnera plein effet aux obligations lui
incombant aux termes de la Convention;
b) la Fédération de Russie mettra fin immédiatement à toute

conduite susceptible d’avoir pour effet, directement ou indirec-
tement, une forme quelconque de discrimination fondée sur
l’origine ethnique, par le fait de ses forces armées ou d’autres
organes, agents, personnes et entités exerçant des fonctions
d’autorité publique, ou par l’intermédiaire de forces sépara-

tistes agissant sous sa direction et sous son contrôle en Ossétie
du Sud et en Abkhazie, ou dans tout territoire sous occupation
ou contrôle effectif des forces russes;
c) en particulier, la Fédération de Russie mettra fin immédiate-
ment aux violations des droits de l’homme visant de manière
discriminatoire les personnes de souche géorgienne — attaques

contre les civils et les biens de caractère civil, meurtres, dépla-
cements forcés, déni d’aide humanitaire, pillage et destruction
massifs de villes et de villages et toute mesure qui pérenniserait
le déni du droit au retour des personnes déplacées — en Ossétie
du Sud et dans les régions voisines de Géorgie, en Abkhazie et

dans les régions voisines de Géorgie, et dans tout autre terri-
toire sous occupation ou contrôle effectif russe»;

35. Considérant que, les 12 et 14 août 2008, dates auxquelles la requête
et la demande en indication de mesures conservatoires, respectivement,

14 (c) the right to ensure that the Russian Federation and separatist
authorities under its direction and control refrain from any

further acts violating the enjoyment by Georgian citizens of
fundamental human rights including in particular the right to
security of the person and protection against violence or bod-
ily harm, the right to freedom of movement and residence
within the borders of Georgia, the right of IDPs to return to

their homes under conditions of safety, and the right to pro-
tection of homes and property against pillage and destruction,
pursuant to Article 5; and

(d) the right to ensure that the Russian Federation and separatist

authorities under its direction and control refrain from any
acts denying to Georgian citizens under their jurisdiction effec-
tive protection and remedies against ethnic discrimination and
violations of human rights pursuant to Article 6”;

34. Whereas Georgia accordingly requests the Court “as a matter of

utmost urgency” and “in order to prevent irreparable prejudice to the
rights of Georgia and its citizens under CERD”, to order the following
measures:

“(a) the Russian Federation shall give full effect to its obligations
under CERD;
(b) the Russian Federation shall immediately cease and desist

from any and all conduct that could result, directly or indi-
rectly, in any form of ethnic discrimination by its armed
forces, or other organs, agents, and persons and entities exer-
cising elements of governmental authority, or through separa-
tist forces in South Ossetia and Abkhazia under its direction

and control, or in territories under the occupation or effective
control of Russian forces;

(c) the Russian Federation shall in particular immediately cease
and desist from discriminatory violations of the human rights
of ethnic Georgians, including attacks against civilians and

civilian objects, murder, forced displacement, denial of
humanitarian assistance, extensive pillage and destruction of
towns and villages, and any measures that would render per-
manent the denial of the right to return of IDPs, in South
Ossetia and adjoining regions of Georgia, and in Abkhazia

and adjoining regions of Georgia, and any other territories
under Russian occupation or effective control”;

35. Whereas on 12 and 14 August 2008, dates on which the Applica-
tion and the Request for the indication of provisional measures were filed

14ont été déposées au Greffe, le greffier adjoint a informé le Gouvernement
de la Fédération de Russie du dépôt de ces documents et lui en a immé-

diatement adressé des originaux signés, en application du paragraphe 2
de l’article 40 du Statut de la Cour ainsi que du paragraphe 4 de l’ar-
ticle 38 et du paragraphe 2 de l’article 73 du Règlement; et que le greffier
adjoint a également informé le Secrétaire général de l’Organisation des
Nations Unies de ce dépôt;

36. Considérant que, le 15 août 2008, le greffier a informé les Parties
que le président, agissant en vertu du paragraphe 3 de l’article 74 du
Règlement, avait fixé au 8 septembre 2008 la date d’ouverture de la pro-
cédure orale sur la demande en indication de mesures conservatoires;
37. Considérant que, le 15 août 2008 également, le président, se réfé-

rant au paragraphe 4 de l’article 74 du Règlement, a adressé aux deux
Parties une communication, les invitant instamment à «agir de manière
que toute ordonnance de la Cour sur la demande en indication de me-
sures conservatoires puisse avoir les effets voulus»;
38. Considérant que, en attendant que la communication prévue au
paragraphe 3 de l’article 40 du Statut et à l’article 42 du Règlement ait été

effectuée par transmission du texte bilingue de la requête imprimé aux
Membres des Nations Unies, le greffier a, le 19 août 2008, informé ces
Etats du dépôt de la requête et de son objet, ainsi que du dépôt de la
demande en indication de mesures conservatoires;
39. Considérant que, la Cour ne comptant sur le siège aucun juge de

nationalité géorgienne, le Gouvernement de la Géorgie s’est prévalu des
dispositions de l’article 31 du Statut de la Cour et a désigné M. Gior-
gio Gaja pour siéger en qualité de juge ad hoc en l’affaire;
40. Considérant que, par note verbale datée du 19 août 2008 et reçue
au Greffe le même jour, la Fédération de Russie a informé la Cour de la

désignation d’agents aux fins de l’affaire;
41. Considérant que, le 25 août 2008, la Géorgie, invoquant «l’évolu-
tion rapide de la situation en Abkhazie et en Ossétie du Sud», a soumis
une «demande en indication de mesures conservatoires modifiée» (ci-
après la «demande modifiée»);

42. Considérant que, dans sa demande modifiée, la Géorgie avance
que, «à la suite de l’invasion lancée par ses forces le 8 août 2008», la
Fédération de Russie a pris le contrôle de la totalité de l’Ossétie du Sud
et de l’Abkhazie ainsi que de «certaines parties adjacentes du territoire de
la Géorgie»; que, selon elle, les personnes de souche géorgienne ont été
victimes, dans ces régions, de mesures de discrimination systématiques

puisque, notamment, elles ont fait l’objet de violences physiques et leurs
habitations ont été livrées au pillage et à la destruction; et qu’il est indi-
qué que «[l]’objectif manifeste de cette campagne de discrimination est
l’expulsion massive des habitants de souche géorgienne de l’Ossétie du
Sud, de l’Abkhazie et d’autres parties du territoire de la Géorgie voisines

de celles-ci»;
43. Considérant que la Géorgie fait valoir que, sur certaines parties de
son territoire prétendument sous contrôle russe, des personnes de souche

15in the Registry respectively, the Deputy-Registrar advised the Govern-
ment of the Russian Federation of the filing of those documents and

forthwith sent it signed originals of them, in accordance with Article 40,
paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court and with Article 38, para-
graph 4, and Article 73, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court; whereas the
Deputy-Registrar also notified the Secretary-General of the United
Nations of the filing of those documents;

36. Whereas, on 15 August 2008, the Registrar informed the Parties
that the President, acting under Article 74, paragraph 3, of the Rules of
Court, had fixed 8 September 2008 as the date for the opening of the oral
proceedings on the Request for the indication of provisional measures;
37. Whereas, also on 15 August 2008, the President, referring to Arti-

cle 74, paragraph 4, of the Rules of Court, addressed a communication to
the two Parties, urgently calling upon them “to act in such a way as will
enable any order the Court may take on the request for provisional meas-
ures to have its appropriate effects”;
38. Whereas, pending the notification under Article 40, paragraph 3,
of the Statute and Article 42 of the Rules of Court, by transmittal of the

printed bilingual text of the Application to the Members of the United
Nations, the Registrar, on 19 August 2008, informed those States of the
filing of the Application and of its subject-matter, and of the filing of the
Request for the indication of provisional measures;
39. Whereas, since the Court includes upon the Bench no judge of

Georgian nationality, the Georgian Government has availed itself of the
provisions of Article 31 of the Statute of the Court and has chosen
Mr. Giorgio Gaja to sit as judge ad hoc in the case;
40. Whereas, by a Note Verbale of 19 August 2008, received in the
Registry on the same day, the Russian Federation informed the Court of

the appointment of Agents for the purposes of the case;
41. Whereas, on 25 August 2008, Georgia, referring to “the rapidly
changing circumstances in Abkhazia and South Ossetia”, submitted an
“Amended Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures of Protec-
tion” (hereinafter the “Amended Request”);

42. Whereas in the Amended Request Georgia claims that, “following
its invasion commencing on 8 August 2008”, the Russian Federation
assumed control over all of South Ossetia and Abkhazia as well as “adja-
cent areas within the territory of Georgia”; whereas, according to Geor-
gia, in these territories ethnic Georgians have been subjected to system-
atic discriminatory acts, including physical violence and the plunder and

destruction of their homes; and whereas it is stated that “[t]he manifest
objective of this discriminatory campaign is the mass-expulsion of the
ethnic Georgian population from South Ossetia, Abkhazia, and other
neighbouring areas of Georgia”;

43. Whereas Georgia submits that in a number of specific areas of
Georgia allegedly under Russian control, “widespread and systematic

15géorgienne auraient été victimes «de violents actes de discrimination
raciale» revêtant un caractère «systématique et généralis[é]»; et qu’elle

ajoute que «[l]’occupation russe du district d’Akhalgori, qui, situé en
dehors et à l’est de l’Ossétie du Sud, était auparavant sous autorité géor-
gienne, suscite des craintes toutes particulières»;
44. Considérant qu’il est soutenu, dans la demande modifiée, que la
Fédération de Russie a renforcé son «contrôle effectif» sur les «régions

géorgiennes d’Ossétie du Sud et d’Abkhazie, ainsi que les territoires qui
leur sont adjacents», qu’elle occupe, lesquels sont situés «dans les fron-
tières internationalement reconnues de la Géorgie»; et que, par consé-
quent, pour ce qui est des obligations imposées par la CIEDR, «l’Ossétie
du Sud, l’Abkhazie et les régions adjacentes en question relèvent de la

juridiction de la Fédération de Russie»;
45. Considérant que la Géorgie précise, dans sa demande modifiée,
qu’elle prie la Cour d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires à l’effet d’empê-
cher qu’un préjudice irréparable ne soit porté «au droit des personnes de
souche géorgienne de ne pas subir de traitement discriminatoire et, en
particulier, des violences ou autres actes de contrainte ... et autres actes

visant à les chasser de leurs foyers en Ossétie du Sud, en Abkhazie et dans
des régions adjacentes situées en territoire géorgien» ainsi qu’au «droit
des personnes de souche géorgienne de retourner en Ossétie du Sud et en
Abkhazie»;
46. Considérant que la Géorgie allègue que, en raison de la discrimina-

tion permanente pratiquée par la Fédération de Russie à l’encontre de
personnes de souche géorgienne en Abkhazie, en Ossétie du Sud et dans
les régions voisines,

«l’on peut craindre de voir très prochainement les personnes de
souche géorgienne demeurées en Ossétie du Sud, en Abkhazie et
dans les régions adjacentes brutalement expulsées, tuées, molestées,
détenues de manière illicite ou prises en otage, et leurs habitations
et autres biens endommagés ou pillés»;

et qu’elle ajoute que «la perspective du retour des personnes de souche
géorgienne contraintes à prendre la fuite s’éloigne de jour en jour»;

47. Considérant que la Géorgie affirme demander d’urgence l’indica-
tion de mesures conservatoires

«aux fins d’éviter l’instauration d’une situation qui rendrait impos-
sible la mise en Œuvre d’un arrêt de la Cour confirmant le droit des
ressortissants géorgiens, en vertu des articles 2 et 5 de la CIEDR, de
demeurer en Ossétie du Sud, en Abkhazie et dans les régions adja-
centes, ou de retourner dans leurs foyers dans ces territoires»;

48. Considérant que, dans sa demande modifiée,

«La Géorgie prie respectueusement la Cour, dans l’attente de sa
décision sur le fond de l’affaire, d’indiquer d’urgence les mesures
conservatoires suivantes, aux fins d’éviter qu’un préjudice irrépa-

16acts of violent racial discrimination” have been committed against ethnic
Georgians; and whereas it adds that “[a] particular cause for concern is

the Russian occupation of [the] Akhalgori District, outside and to the
east of South Ossetia, and previously under Georgian Government con-
trol”;
44. Whereas it is contended in the Additional Request that the Rus-
sian Federation has consolidated its “effective control” over the occupied

“Georgian regions of South Ossetia and Abkhazia, as well as adjacent
territories” which are situated within “Georgia’s internationally recog-
nized boundaries”; and whereas therefore, for the purposes of the fulfil-
ment by the Russian Federation of its obligations under CERD, “South
Ossetia, Abkhazia, and relevant adjacent regions, fall within the Russian

Federation’s jurisdiction”;
45. Whereas Georgia asserts in its Amended Request that it requests
the Court to indicate provisional measures in order to prevent irreparable
prejudice “to the right of ethnic Georgians to be free from discriminatory
treatment, in particular violent or otherwise coercive acts . . . and other
acts intended to expel them from their homes in South Ossetia, Abk-

hazia, and adjacent regions located within Georgian territory” and “to
the right of return of ethnic Georgians to South Ossetia and Abkhazia”;

46. Whereas Georgia alleges that, owing to the Russian Federation’s

continuing discrimination against ethnic Georgians in Abkhazia, South
Ossetia and neighbouring areas,

“the remaining ethnic Georgians in South Ossetia, Abkhazia, and
adjacent regions, are at imminent risk of violent expulsion, death or
personal injury, hostage-taking and unlawful detention, and damage
to or loss of their homes and other property”;

and whereas it adds that “the prospects for the return of those ethnic
Georgians who have already been forced to flee are rapidly deteriorat-
ing”;

47. Whereas Georgia states that it urgently requests the indication of
provisional measures

“to avert a situation whereby the implementation of a judgment of
the Court upholding the rights of Georgian citizens under Articles 2
and 5 of CERD to remain in South Ossetia, Abkhazia, or adjacent
regions, or to return to their homes in these territories, is rendered
impossible”;

48. Whereas in its Amended Request

“Georgia respectfully requests the Court as a matter of urgency to
order the following provisional measures, pending its determination
of this case on the merits, to prevent irreparable harm to the rights

16 rable ne soit porté, dans les parties du territoire géorgien placées
sous le contrôle effectif de la Fédération de Russie, aux droits à la

sûreté de la personne et à la protection contre les voies de fait ou les
sévices que les personnes de souche géorgienne tiennent, respective-
ment, des articles 2 et 5 de la CIEDR:

a) la Fédération de Russie prendra toutes les mesures nécessaires
pour faire en sorte qu’aucune personne de souche géorgienne ni
aucune autre personne ne soit soumise à des actes de violence ou
de contrainte relevant de la discrimination raciale, notamment
sous la forme de meurtres ou menaces de meurtre, atteintes ou

menaces d’atteinte à l’intégrité physique, détentions illicites et
prises d’otages, destruction ou pillage de biens et autres actes
accomplis dans le dessein de chasser les personnes visées de leurs
foyers ou de leurs villages en Ossétie du Sud, en Abkhazie ou
dans les régions géorgiennes adjacentes;
b) la Fédération de Russie prendra toutes les mesures nécessaires

pour empêcher que des groupes ou des individus ne se livrent à
l’encontre de personnes de souche géorgienne à des actes de
contrainte relevant de la discrimination raciale, notamment sous
la forme de meurtres ou menaces de meurtre, atteintes ou me-
naces d’atteinte à l’intégrité physique, détentions illicites et prises

d’otages, destruction ou pillage de biens et autres actes accom-
plis dans le dessein de chasser les personnes visées de leurs foyers
ou de leurs villages en Ossétie du Sud, en Abkhazie ou dans les
régions géorgiennes adjacentes;
c) la Fédération de Russie s’abstiendra de prendre toute mesure

portant atteinte au droit des personnes de souche géorgienne de
participer pleinement et sur un pied d’égalité aux affaires pu-
bliques de l’Ossétie du Sud, de l’Abkhazie ou des régions géor-
giennes adjacentes.

La Géorgie prie en outre la Cour d’indiquer d’urgence les mesures
conservatoires suivantes, dans l’attente de sa décision sur le fond de
l’affaire, aux fins d’empêcher qu’un préjudice irréparable ne soit
porté au droit au retour que les personnes de souche géorgienne tien-
nent de l’article 5 de la CIEDR:

d) la Fédération de Russie s’abstiendra de prendre ou de soutenir
toute mesure qui aurait pour effet de priver les personnes de
souche géorgienne ou toutes autres personnes expulsées d’Ossé-

tie du Sud, d’Abkhazie et de régions adjacentes en raison de leur
appartenance ethnique ou de leur nationalité de l’exercice de
leur droit de retourner dans leurs foyers d’origine;
e) la Fédération de Russie s’abstiendra de prendre toute mesure, ou
de soutenir toute mesure prise par quelque groupe ou individu

que ce soit, qui entraverait ou empêcherait l’exercice du droit
dont peuvent se prévaloir les personnes de souche géorgienne ou
toutes autres personnes expulsées d’Ossétie du Sud, d’Abkhazie

17of ethnic Georgians under Articles 2 and 5 of CERD to be secure in
their persons and to be protected against violence or bodily harm in

the areas of Georgian territory under the effective control of the
Russian Federation:

(a) the Russian Federation shall take all necessary measures to
ensure that no ethnic Georgians or any other persons are sub-
ject to violent or coercive acts of racial discrimination, includ-
ing but not limited to the threat or infliction of death or bodily
harm, hostage-taking and unlawful detention, the destruction

or pillage of property, and other acts intended to expel them
from their homes or villages in South Ossetia, Abkhazia and/or
adjacent regions within Georgia;

(b) the Russian Federation shall take all necessary measures to pre-

vent groups or individuals from subjecting ethnic Georgians to
coercive acts of racial discrimination, including but not limited
to the threat or infliction of death or bodily harm, hostage-tak-
ing and unlawful detention, the destruction or theft of prop-
erty, and other acts intended to expel them from their homes or

villages in South Ossetia, Abkhazia and/or adjacent regions
within Georgia;

(c) the Russian Federation shall refrain from adopting any meas-

ures that would prejudice the right of ethnic Georgians to par-
ticipate fully and equally in the public affairs of South Ossetia,
Abkhazia and/or adjacent regions of Georgia.

Georgia further requests the Court as a matter of urgency to order
the following provisional measures to prevent irreparable injury to
the right of return of ethnic Georgians under Article 5 of CERD
pending the Court’s determination of this case on the merits:

(d) the Russian Federation shall refrain from taking any actions or
supporting any measures that would have the effect of denying
the exercise by ethnic Georgians and any other persons who

have been expelled from South Ossetia, Abkhazia, and adjacent
regions on the basis of their ethnicity or nationality, their right
of return to their homes of origin;
(e) the Russian Federation shall refrain from taking any actions
or supporting any measures by any group or individual that

obstructs or hinders the exercise of the right of return to
South Ossetia, Abkhazia, and adjacent regions by ethnic
Georgians and any other persons who have been expelled

17 et de régions adjacentes en raison de leur appartenance ethnique
ou de leur nationalité de retourner dans ces régions;

f) la Fédération de Russie s’abstiendra d’adopter toute mesure por-
tant atteinte au droit des personnes de souche géorgienne de par-
ticiper pleinement et sur un pied d’égalité aux affaires publiques
après leur retour en Ossétie du Sud, en Abkhazie et dans les
régions adjacentes»;

49. Considérant que, le 4 septembre 2008, la Géorgie a communiqué à
la Cour des «observations sur les mesures conservatoires», consistant en

un ensemble de documents en rapport avec sa demande en indication de
mesures conservatoires modifiée; et que, le 5 septembre 2008, la Fédéra-
tion de Russie a communiqué à la Cour sa «contribution aux audiences
sur les mesures conservatoires», consistant également en une série de
documents;

50. Considérant que, lors des audiences publiques tenues les 8, 9 et
10 septembre 2008, conformément au paragraphe 3 de l’article 74 du
Règlement, des observations orales sur la demande en indication de
mesures conservatoires ont été présentées par les représentants des Parties

ci-après:
Au nom de la Géorgie: S. Exc. M me Tina Burjaliani,
M. James R. Crawford,

M. Payam Akhavan,
M. Paul S. Reichler;
Au nom de la Fédération de Russie: S. Exc. M. Roman Kolodkin,

S. Exc. M. Kirill Gevorgian,
M. Alain Pellet,
M. Andreas Zimmermann,
M. Samuel Wordsworth;

* * *

51. Considérant que, lors de son premier tour d’observations orales, la
Géorgie a réitéré l’argumentation développée dans sa requête et sa
demande en indication de mesures conservatoires modifiée, et a affirmé
que les conditions requises pour que la Cour indique les mesures deman-

dées étaient remplies en l’espèce;
52. Considérant que la Géorgie a avancé que «[l]a discrimination pra-
tiquée à l’encontre des communautés de souche géorgienne en Abkhazie,
en Ossétie du Sud et dans le district de Gori s’[était] intensifiée» après le
8 août 2008; et qu’elle a affirmé que, «[a]ux personnes déplacées en Géor-

gie [étaient, au cours du] mois dernier, venues s’ajouter plus de
158000 personnes de souche géorgienne», de sorte que «plus de 10% des
Géorgiens ... se trouv[aient] à présent réduits à l’exil dans leur propre
pays»;

53. Considérant que la Géorgie a affirmé que rien «ne laiss[ait présa-
ger] que la Fédération de Russie et les autorités séparatistes contrôlant de

18 from those regions on the basis of their ethnicity or national-
ity;

(f) the Russian Federation shall refrain from adopting any meas-
ures that would prejudice the right of ethnic Georgians to par-
ticipate fully and equally in public affairs upon their return to
South Ossetia, Abkhazia, and adjacent regions”;

49. Whereas, on 4 September 2008, Georgia communicated to the
Court “Observations on Provisional Measures” consisting of a set of
documents relating to Georgia’s Amended Request for the indication of

provisional measures; and whereas, on 5 September 2008, the Russian
Federation communicated to the Court the “Contribution of the Russian
Federation to the hearings on provisional measures” also consisting of a
set of documents;
50. Whereas, at the public hearings held on 8, 9 and 10 Septem-

ber 2008, in accordance with Article 74, paragraph 3, of the Rules of
Court, oral statements on the Request for the indication of provisional
measures were presented by the following representatives of the Parties:

On behalf of Georgia: H.E. Ms Tina Burjaliani,
Mr. James R. Crawford,
Mr. Payam Akhavan,

Mr. Paul S. Reichler;
On behalf of the Russian Federation: H.E. Mr. Roman Kolodkin,
H.E. Mr. Kirill Gevorgian,
Mr. Alain Pellet,

Mr. Andreas Zimmermann,
Mr. Samuel Wordsworth;

* * *

51. Whereas, in its first round of oral argument, Georgia restated the

position set out in its Application and in its Amended Request for the
indication of provisional measures, and indicated that the requirements
for the indication by the Court of the provisional measures requested
have been met in the present case;
52. Whereas Georgia claimed that “the discrimination against the eth-
nic Georgian communities in Abkhazia, South Ossetia and the Gori dis-

trict gained momentum” following 8 August 2008; and whereas it asserted
that “in the last month, more than 158,000 ethnic Georgians have been
added to the number of internally displaced persons in Georgia” which
meant that “10 per cent of the Georgian population is now living in exile
in their own country”;

53. Whereas Georgia asserted that “there is no sign that the Russian
Federation and the de facto separatist authorities in South Ossetia and

18facto l’Ossétie du Sud et l’Abkhazie [avaient] l’intention de cesser» la
«campagne de discrimination soutenue et violente menée» à l’encontre

des personnes de souche géorgienne en Abkhazie, en Ossétie du Sud et
dans le district de Gori avant que l’objectif de la Russie, à savoir «la
création de deux territoires débarrassés des personnes de souche géor-
gienne et placés sous l’autorité de séparatistes [qui lui soient] fidèles»,
n’ait été atteint; et que, selon elle, «[c]es violents actes de discrimina-

tion se sont poursuivis même après le «cessez-le-feu» et après que la
Géorgie eut déposé sa requête et sa demande en indication de mesures
conservatoires»;
54. Considérant que la Géorgie a soutenu que «les obligations prévues

par la Convention [étaient] manifestement en cause dans le traitement par
la Russie des personnes de souche géorgienne en Abkhazie, en Ossé-
tie du Sud et dans d’autres régions de la Géorgie sous contrôle russe» et
a réaffirmé que, aux fins de sa demande en indication de mesures conser-
vatoires, les droits en cause devant la Cour étaient les droits reconnus à la

Géorgie et aux personnes de souche géorgienne en vertu des articles 2 et 5
de la CIEDR;
55. Considérant que la Géorgie a souligné que sa demande en indica-
tion de mesures conservatoires visait spécifiquement la protection des
personnes de souche géorgienne, dont il y avait fort à craindre qu’il ne

soit incessamment porté atteinte à leur personne ou à leurs biens dans le
district de Gali, en Abkhazie, le district d’Akhalgori, en Ossétie du Sud,
et le district adjacent de Gori; et qu’elle a avancé que «la Russie exer-
[çait] un contrôle tangible sur les territoires géorgiens qu’elle occup[ait],
et ... contrôl[ait] également les régimes séparatistes en Abkhazie et en

Ossétie du Sud» et qu’il était par conséquent «en son pouvoir de faire
cesser les actes de discrimination» qui se poursuivaient;
56. Considérant que la Géorgie a déclaré que la question de l’attribu-
tion devrait être examinée avec le fond de l’affaire; et qu’elle a toutefois
fait valoir que «les éléments de preuve déjà disponibles indiqu[ai]ent

prima facie que les actes et omissions ayant motivé la demande de la
Géorgie [avaient] été commis — et continu[ai]ent d’être commis — par
des personnes de la conduite desquelles la Russie [était] responsable»;
57. Considérant que, au terme de son premier tour d’observations
orales, la Géorgie a réitéré les demandes qu’elle avait formulées dans sa

demande en indication de mesures conservatoires modifiée, demandant
en outre à la Cour «d’ordonner à l’Etat défendeur de permettre, de faci-
liter et de ne pas paralyser l’aide humanitaire dont [avaient] désespéré-
ment besoin les personnes, notamment de souche géorgienne, qui [étaient]
toujours dans les territoires contrôlés par les forces russes»;

*

58. Considérant que, lors du premier tour d’observations orales, la

Fédéraeion de Russie a dressé un bref historique de la région depuis le
XVIII siècle; que, en ce qui concerne la première période mentionnée

19Abkhazia intend to cease” a campaign of “sustained and violent discrimi-
nation being waged” against ethnic Georgians in Abkhazia, South Osse-

tia and the Gori district before its objective, namely “the creation of two
territories that are cleansed of ethnic Georgians and placed under the
authority of separatists loyal to the Russian Federation”, has been
achieved; and whereas, according to Georgia, “the violent discrimination
has continued since the so-called ‘ceasefire’, since Georgia filed its Appli-

cation, and since the Request for provisional measures was put before the
Court”;

54. Whereas Georgia contended that “the obligations under the Con-
vention are evidently engaged in relation to Russia’s treatment of ethnic

Georgians in Abkhazia, South Ossetia, and other areas of Georgia under
Russian control” and reaffirmed that, for the purposes of its Request for
the indication of provisional measures, the rights at issue before the
Court are the rights of Georgia and ethnic Georgians guaranteed under
Articles 2 and 5 of CERD;

55. Whereas Georgia stressed that its Request for the indication of
provisional measures is directed specifically at the protection of the ethnic
Georgian population who are at grave risk of imminent violence against
their person and property in the Gali district of Abkhazia, the Akhalgori
district of South Ossetia and the adjacent Gori district; and whereas

Georgia claimed that “Russia exercises significant control over the Geor-
gian territories under its occupation, and also controls the separatist
régimes in Abkhazia and South Ossetia” and thus “has the power to stop
ongoing acts of discrimination”;

56. Whereas Georgia stated that the question of attribution would
have to be dealt with on the merits of the case; whereas it contended
however that “the evidence already available indicates on a prima facie
basis that acts and omissions which form the basis of Georgia’s com-
plaint have been committed — and continue to be committed — by per-

sons for whose conduct Russia is responsible”;
57. Whereas at the end of the first round of oral observations Georgia
reiterated its requests made in the Amended Request for the indication of
provisional measures and in addition asked the Court “to order the
respondent State to permit and facilitate, and to refrain from obstructing,
the delivery of urgently needed humanitarian assistance to ethnic Geor-

gians and others remaining in territory that is under the control of Rus-
sian forces”;

*

58. Whereas, in its first round of oral argument the Russian Federa-
tion presented a brief account of the history of the region since the eight-
eenth century; whereas, regarding the first period referred to by Georgia

19par la Géorgie dans sa requête (voir paragraphes 7-8 ci-dessus), elle a ex-
posé que les tensions ethniques dans les régions autonomes géorgiennes,

l’Abkhazie et l’Ossétie du Sud notamment, s’étaient exacerbées à la
fin des années quatre-vingt avec l’arrivée au pouvoir en Géorgie de natio-
nalistes indépendantistes, tels que Zviad Gamsakhurdia, premier prési-
dent de la Géorgie, dont le programme politique avait été lancé avec le
slogan: «La Géorgie aux Géorgiens»; qu’elle a soutenu que la Géorgie

avait pris des mesures pour priver l’Abkhazie et l’Ossétie du Sud de leurs
statuts respectifs d’autonomie, mesures qui avaient «provoqué une réac-
tion des Abkhazes et des Ossètes»; qu’elle a avancé que «Tbilissi a[vait]
réagi par l’envoi en janvier 1991 de troupes militaires et paramilitaires à
Tskhinvali, la capitale de l’Ossétie du Sud», entraînant une situation de

guerre civile; que, selon elle, la Géorgie a déclaré son indépendance le
9 avril 1991 et ainsi privé de leur droit à l’autodétermination les popula-
tions de l’Abkhazie et de l’Ossétie du Sud; et qu’elle a ajouté qu’une
guerre civile s’était déclenchée en 1992 en Abkhazie, au cours de laquelle
«[l]es affrontements entre les forces géorgiennes et la milice abkhaze
avaient provoqué de nombreux morts de part et d’autre»;

59. Considérant que la Fédération de Russie a indiqué que «[l]a phase
violente du conflit en Ossétie du Sud» s’était terminée le 24 juin 1992 par
la signature du traité entre la Fédération de Russie et la Géorgie sur les
principes de règlement du conflit; qu’elle a exposé que, conformément à
ce traité, une force commune de maintien de la paix, consistant en trois

bataillons — russe, géorgien et ossète —, avait été déployée dans la
région; et qu’elle a ajouté que, «dans les villages géorgiens, c’étaient les
forces géorgiennes qui accomplissaient les fonctions de maintien de la
paix»;
60. Considérant que la Fédération de Russie a avancé que les hostilités

en Abkhazie s’étaient en majeure partie arrêtées après le déploiement du
contingent russe agissant en tant que force collective de maintien de la
paix de la Communauté d’Etats indépendants créée conformément à
l’accord de cessez-le-feu et de séparation des forces signé «sous l’égide de
la Russie» en 1994 entre la Géorgie et l’Abkhazie à Moscou; qu’elle a

ajouté que, en août 1993, le Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies, par sa
résolution 858 (1993), avait décidé de créer la Mission d’observation des
Nations Unies en Géorgie (MONUG), ayant pour tâche de vérifier le res-
pect d’un précédent accord de cessez-le-feu conclu le 27 juillet 1993; et
que, le 4 avril 1994, la Géorgie, l’Abkhazie, la Fédération de Russie et
le Haut Commissaire des Nations Unies pour les réfugiés ont signé l’ac-

cord quadripartite sur le retour volontaire des réfugiés et des personnes
déplacées;
61. Considérant que la Fédération de Russie a affirmé que «les méca-
nismes de maintien de la paix et de négociation [avaie]nt reçu l’appui
d’organisations internationales gouvernementales, telles que l’Organisa-

tion des Nations Unies et l’Organisation pour la sécurité et la coopéra-
tion en Europe (OSCE), et de la Géorgie elle-même»;
62. Considérant que la Fédération de Russie a soutenu que des «pro-

20in its Application (see paragraphs 7-8 above), the Russian Federation
explained that ethnic tensions in the Georgian autonomous regions, in

particular in Abkhazia and South Ossetia, had been exacerbated in the
late 1980s with the coming to power in Georgia of nationalists seeking
independence, such as Zviad Gamsakhurdia, the first President of Geor-
gia, who launched a political programme with the slogan “Georgia for
Georgians”; whereas the Russian Federation contended that Georgia

took steps to deprive Abkhazia and South Ossetia of their respective
autonomous status, which actions “provoked a reaction on the part of
the Abkhazians and Ossetians”; whereas the Russian Federation claimed
that “Tblisi responded by sending military and paramilitary forces to
Tskhinvali, the capital of South Ossetia, in January 1991” leading to a

state of civil war; whereas, according to the Russian Federation, while on
9 April 1991 Georgia declared its independence, it denied the right of
self-determination to Abkhazia and South Ossetia; and whereas, the
Russian Federation added that a civil war broke out in 1992 in Abk-
hazia, with “the clashes between the Georgian forces and the Abkhaz
militia caus[ing] many deaths on both sides”;

59. Whereas the Russian Federation indicated that “the violent phase
of the conflict in South Ossetia” came to an end by the signing on 24 June
1992 of the Treaty between the Russian Federation and Georgia on the
principles of the settlement of the conflict; whereas the Russian Federa-
tion explained that, under this Treaty, a joint peacekeeping force consist-

ing of three battalions — Russian, Georgian and Ossetian — was deployed
in the region; and whereas, according to the Russian Federation, “in the
Georgian villages, it was the Georgian forces that carried out the peace-
keeping duties”;
60. Whereas the Russian Federation claimed that the hostilities in

Abkhazia were for the most part halted following the deployment of a
Russian contingent acting as the Collective Peacekeeping Force of the
Commonwealth of Independent States set up under the Moscow Agree-
ment on a Ceasefire and Separation of Forces signed between Georgia
and Abkhazia in 1994, “under the aegis of Russia”; whereas it added that

in August 1993, the United Nations Security Council, by its resolu-
tion 858 (1993), had decided to establish the United Nations Observer
Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG), whose task was to verify respect for an
earlier ceasefire agreement of 27 July 1993; and whereas on 4 April 1994
Georgia, Abkhazia, the Russian Federation and the United Nations
High Commissioner for Refugees signed the quadripartite agreement on

the voluntary return of displaced persons;

61. Whereas the Russian Federation contended that “the mechanisms
for peacekeeping and negotiation received the support of international
governmental organizations such as the United Nations and the Organi-

zation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and of Georgia
itself”;
62. Whereas the Russian Federation maintained that “progress was

20grès dans le processus de la paix a[vaient] eu lieu jusqu’à l’arrivée au pou-
voir de M. Saakashvili [en Géorgie] à la fin de l’année 2003»; qu’elle a

affirmé que, à partir de mai 2004, des unités spéciales et des troupes du
ministère de l’intérieur géorgien avaient été dépêchées dans la zone du
conflit osséto-géorgien, strictement réservée aux forces de maintien de la
paix, et que ces troupes avaient bombardé Tskhinvali en essayant de
l’envahir en août 2004; qu’elle a avancé que, en février 2005, le prési-

dent Saakashvili avait formellement renoncé au cessez-le-feu «conclu
entre les parties en novembre 2004 grâce à la médiation active de la Rus-
sie»; et que, selon elle, en Abkhazie, «le progrès dans le processus du
règlement a[vait] été torpillé par le déploiement en 2006 du contingent

géorgien dans les gorges de Kodori, en violation de tous les accords et des
décisions» de l’Organisation des Nations Unies;
63. Considérant que la Fédération de Russie a affirmé avoir «toujours
agi conformément à son rôle de médiateur dans les conflits» et avoir
«continué de reconnaître l’intégrité territoriale de la Géorgie, même après

la tenue dans les deux régions de référendums lors desquels la majorité
écrasante des Ossètes et des Abkhazes [avait] voté pour l’indépendance»;
64. Considérant que la Fédération de Russie a soutenu que la situation
dans la zone du conflit osséto-géorgien s’était brusquement aggravée les
1 et 2 août 2008, «quand les forces militaires géorgiennes [avaient] bom-

bardé des quartiers d’habitation de Tskhinvali, causant plusieurs vic-
times»; qu’elle a avancé que, le soir du 2 août et la nuit du 3 août 2008,
«la Géorgie a[vait] procédé à des manŒuvres ouvertes de ses troupes aux
environs de Tskhinvali, amenant forces et blindés lourds vers la zone du
conflit, ce qui a[vait] ... provoqué la fuite des civils» et que, le 7 août 2008,

des unités militaires géorgiennes avaient lancé une attaque massive sur
Tskhinvali, en procédant d’une façon indiscriminée au moyen d’armes
lourdes et en bombardant «des quartiers résidentiels de [la ville], l’hôpi-
tal, les écoles et les maternelles»; que, selon elle, «[l]a capitale d’Ossétie
du Sud a été sérieusement détruite, [et] beaucoup d’autres villages sud-

ossètes presque entièrement rasés»; et que la Fédération de Russie a
affirmé que «[l’]aventure géorgienne ... a[vait] provoqué une véritable
catastrophe humanitaire», à la suite de laquelle, rien qu’en deux jours,
34000 réfugiés (chiffre représentant la moitié de toute la population
ossète) ont été contraints de traverser la frontière russe pour se réfugier

en Ossétie du Nord;
65. Considérant que la Fédération de Russie a ajouté que «les hommes
du contingent géorgien au sein des forces collectives de maintien de la
paix [avaient] sciemment ouvert le feu sur leurs compagnons d’armes
russes» et que, en conséquence, elle avait «perdu quinze soldats de main-

tien de la paix, soixante-dix [autres ayant en outre] été blessés»;
66. Considérant que la Fédération de Russie a soutenu que «[p]er-
sonne ne contest[ait] plus aujourd’hui que la crise du mois d’août a[vait]
été provoquée par l’attaque des forces géorgiennes»; qu’elle a avancé

que, «[f]ace à cette situation, [elle] a[vait] fait tous les efforts en son pou-
voir pour résoudre la crise par la voie diplomatique»; qu’elle a précisé

21made in the peace process until Mr. Saakashvili came to power [in Geor-
gia] at the end of 2003”; whereas it asserted that, from May 2004, troops

and special units of the Georgian Ministry of the Interior were moved
into the Georgian-Ossetian zone of conflict, reserved strictly for the
peacekeeping forces, and that in August 2004 these troops bombarded
Tskhinvali in an attempt to invade it; whereas the Russian Federation
claimed that in February 2005 President Saakashvili formally renounced

the ceasefire “which had been concluded between the parties in Novem-
ber 2004 through the active mediation of Russia”; and whereas, accord-
ing to the Russian Federation, in Abkhazia “progress in the settlement
process was abruptly halted by the deployment of the Georgian contin-
gent in the Kodori gorge in 2006, in violation of all the agreements and of

the decisions of the United Nations”;
63. Whereas the Russian Federation asserted that it “had always acted
in accordance with its role as a mediator in the conflicts” and “ha[d] con-
tinued to recognize the territorial integrity of Georgia, even after the
holding of referendums in the two regions in which the overwhelming
majority of Ossetians and Abkhazians voted for independence”;

64. Whereas the Russian Federation contended that the situation in
the Ossetian-Georgian conflict zone was suddenly aggravated on 1 and 2
August 2008 “when Georgian military forces bombarded residential areas
of Tskhinvali, causing a number of casualties”; whereas it claimed that
on the evening of 2 August and in the night of 3 August 2008, “Georgia

openly manoeuvred its troops in the area of Tskhinvali, moving its forces
and heavy armour towards the zone of conflict, which caused the civilian
population to take flight” and that, on 7 August 2008, Georgian military
units launched a massive attack on Tskhinvali, using heavy weapons in
an indiscriminate way and bombarding “residential areas of Tskhinvali,

the hospital, schools and children’s nurseries”; whereas, according to the
Russian Federation, “much of the South Ossetian capital was destroyed,
and many other villages in South Ossetia virtually razed to the ground”;
whereas the Russian Federation asserted that “the Georgian venture . . .
has caused a real humanitarian disaster”, as a result of which, in just two

days, 34,000 refugees (a figure which represents half the entire Ossetian
population) were forced to flee towards North Ossetia and across the
Russian border;

65. Whereas the Russian Federation added that “the members of the
Georgian contingent of the Collective Peacekeeping Forces deliberately

opened fire on their Russian comrades in arms” and, as a result, the
Russian Federation “lost 15 peacekeeping soldiers, with another 70
wounded”;
66. Whereas the Russian Federation contended that “no one now dis-
putes that the crisis in August was caused by the attack of the Georgian

forces”; whereas the Russian Federation claimed that, “faced with this
situation, [it] made every effort in its power to resolve the crisis by dip-
lomatic means”; whereas the Russian Federation explained that it imme-

21qu’elle avait immédiatement demandé la réunion du Conseil de sécurité
pour attirer l’attention de la communauté internationale sur la crise, mais

que cette démarche était restée «sans résultat»; qu’en conséquence, a-
t-elle avancé, elle n’avait «pas [eu] d’autre choix que d’envoyer des unités
de renfort dans la zone du conflit pour éviter de nouvelles victimes parmi
les civils et [ses] soldats de maintien de la paix»; que la Fédération de
Russie a fait observer que, conformément à l’article 51 de la Charte des

Nations Unies, elle avait adressé une notification à cet effet au Conseil de
sécurité; qu’en même temps «la Russie a[vait] pris des mesures urgentes
pour accorder l’aide humanitaire aux réfugiés et aux autres civils, qui
se ... trouv[aient] en péril»; et que la Fédération de Russie a souligné que
cette «assistance a[vait] été dispensée sans aucune discrimination, y com-

pris aux victimes géorgiennes»;
67. Considérant que la Fédération de Russie a indiqué que, le
12 août 2008, à Moscou, les présidents de la Fédération de Russie et de la
République française avaient adopté six principes en vue d’un accord
politique tendant à «obtenir un cessez-le-feu définitif dans la zone du
conflit oss[éto]-géorgien»; que, selon elle, ces six principes «Medvedev-

Sarkozy» «représent[aient] une base solide pour le rétablissement de la
paix et de la sécurité internationales dans cette région»; qu’elle a rappelé
que ces principes étaient les suivants:

«1) non-recours à la force; 2) cessation définitive des hostilités;
3) libre accès à l’aide humanitaire; 4) retrait des forces géorgiennes
dans leurs lieux habituels de cantonnement; 5) retrait des forces mili-

taires russes sur [leurs] lignes antérieures au déclenchement des hos-
tilités; en attendant la création d’un mécanisme international, mise
en Œuvre par ces forces d[e] mesures additionnelles de sécurité;
6) ouverture de discussions internationales sur les modalités de sécu-
rité et de stabilité dans la région»;

et que la Fédération de Russie a indiqué que «[l]e protocole d’accord

fixant ces principes a[vait] été successivement signé par les parties au
conflit, c’est-à-dire les leaders de l’Ossétie du Sud, de l’Abkhazie et de la
Géorgie par l’intermédiaire de la Russie et en présence de l’OSCE et de
l’Union européenne»;
68. Considérant que la Fédération de Russie a avancé qu’elle avait
«immédiatement commencé à mettre en Œuvre [c]es six principes»; qu’elle

a précisé que le cessez-le-feu avait été annoncé le 12 août 2008 et que, le
16 août 2008, les forces russes avaient commencé leur retrait, tâche qui
avait été menée à bien aux alentours du 2 septembre 2008; et que, selon
elle, il ne restait désormais

«aucune présence militaire hors les zones de sécurité établies en
conformité avec le cinquième principe Medvedev-Sarkozy, d’autant

plus que ces zones coïncid[aient] avec les zones de responsabilité des
forces de maintien de la paix [telles] qu’elles étaient définies avant le
déclenchement de l’offensive géorgienne»;

22diately requested a meeting of the Security Council to bring the crisis to
the attention of the international community but that this démarche was

“to no avail”; whereas, the Russian Federation claimed that conse-
quently, “Russia had no choice but to send reinforcements to the conflict
zone in order to prevent further casualties among civilians and [Russian]
peacekeeping soldiers”; whereas, the Russian Federation pointed out
that in accordance with Article 51 of the United Nations Charter, it

addressed a notification to this effect to the Security Council; whereas, at
the same time, “Russia took urgent steps to provide humanitarian aid to
the refugees and to other civilians who found themselves in danger”; and
whereas the Russian Federation stressed that “this assistance was distrib-
uted without any discrimination, thus to the Georgian victims as well”;

67. Whereas the Russian Federation stated that, on 12 August 2008, in
Moscow, the Presidents of the Russian Federation and France adopted
six principles for a political agreement “designed to bring about a per-
manent ceasefire in the Ossetian-Georgian zone of conflict”; whereas,
according to the Russian Federation, these six “Medvedev-Sarkozy”

principles “form a sound basis for restoring international peace and secu-
rity in this region”; whereas the Russian Federation recalled that these
six principles are as follows:

“(1) non-use of force; (2) the absolute cessation of hostilities; (3) free
access to humanitarian assistance; (4) withdrawal of the Georgian
armed forces to their permanent positions; (5) withdrawal of the

Russian armed forces to the line where they were stationed prior to
the beginning of hostilities; pending the establishment of interna-
tional mechanisms, the Russian peacekeeping forces will take addi-
tional security measures; (6) an international debate on ways to
ensure security and stability in the region”;

and whereas the Russian Federation stated that “the agreement protocol

laying down these principles was signed in turn by the parties to the con-
flict, namely the leaders of South Ossetia, Abkhazia and Georgia, through
the intermediary of Russia and in the presence of the OSCE and the
European Union”;
68. Whereas the Russian Federation claimed that it “immediately
began to implement these six principles”; whereas it explained that the

ceasefire was announced on 12 August 2008, and that on 16 August 2008,
the Russian forces began their withdrawal which was completed around
2 September 2008; whereas, according to the Russian Federation, at the
current time,

“there is no military presence outside the security zones established
in accordance with the fifth Medvedev-Sarkozy principle, all the

more so because those zones coincide with the areas of responsibility
of the peacekeeping forces as defined before Georgia launched its
offensive”;

22 69. Considérant que la Fédération de Russie a indiqué, lors du pre-
mier tour d’observations orales, qu’il y avait 3750 soldats de maintien de

la paix russes en Abkhazie, et 3700 militaires russes en Ossétie du Sud;
qu’elle a relevé que, en Ossétie du Sud, 272 soldats étaient stationnés le
long du périmètre de la zone de sécurité et que, en outre, 180 soldats
étaient répartis sur les dix postes d’observation le long de la frontière
entre l’Ossétie du Sud et la Géorgie, tandis que les autres étaient chargés

d’activités «de déminage, [d’]assemblage et [d’]évacuation du matériel
militaire, [de] reconstruction de l’infrastructure civile endommagée aux
cours des hostilités ..., [de] distribution de l’aide humanitaire et [d’]assis-
tance médicale» destinées à «aider l’Ossétie du Sud à revenir à la vie nor-
male, y compris dans les villages ossètes habités par les Géorgiens»; et

qu’elle a indiqué que, conformément au cinquième principe Medvedev-
Sarkozy, «les mesures additionnelles de sécurité prises par les forces
russes [cesseraient] dès qu’un mécanisme international [serait] mis en
place», ajoutant qu’elle «particip[ait à d’intenses] négociations ... sur la
création d’un tel mécanisme»;
70. Considérant que la Fédération de Russie a soutenu que, jusqu’à la

crise actuelle, elle n’avait joué dans les conflits ethniques du Caucase que
le rôle de médiateur impartial et de garant de la paix et de la sécurité dans
la région, et n’avait jamais «pratiqué, encouragé ou appuyé la discrimi-
nation raciale en Ossétie du Sud et en Abkhazie»; et qu’elle a affirmé que
«le différend actuel entre la Géorgie et la Russie n’a[vait] rien à voir avec

la discrimination raciale ou ethnique»;
71. Considérant que la Fédération de Russie a souligné qu’il ressortait
du contexte factuel de l’affaire que le différend introduit devant la Cour
par la Géorgie ne portait pas sur la discrimination raciale; et qu’elle a
affirmé que, en l’absence d’un différend entre les Parties quant à l’inter-

prétation ou à l’application de la CIEDR, la Cour était manifestement
incompétente pour connaître de l’instance au fond et que la demande en
indication de mesures conservatoires devait par conséquent être rejetée;

72. Considérant que la Fédération de Russie a fait valoir que les ar-

ticles 2 et 5 de la CIEDR n’avaient pas d’application extraterritoriale et
que, en conséquence, les actes allégués par la Géorgie ne pouvaient être
couverts par la Convention; et qu’elle a affirmé que, en tout état de
cause, les conditions préalables à la saisine de la Cour fixées par l’ar-
ticle 22 de la CIEDR n’avaient pas été remplies;
73. Considérant que la Fédération de Russie a soutenu que la Géorgie

n’avait pas démontré que les critères régissant l’indication de mesures
conservatoires au titre de l’article 41 du Statut, à savoir un risque de
«préjudice irréparable ... aux droits que la Géorgie» tient de la CIEDR et
l’urgence à adopter ces mesures, étaient remplis;
74. Considérant que la Fédération de Russie a fait valoir que, en tout

état de cause, les mesures conservatoires demandées ne se justifiaient pas
puisque le défendeur n’avait pas par le passé exercé, «n’exer[çait] pas
actuellement, ni n’exercera[it] à l’avenir, de contrôle effectif sur l’Ossétie

23 69. Whereas, during the first round of oral argument, the Russian
Federation stated that, at that time, there were 3,750 Russian peacekeep-

ing soldiers in Abkhazia and 3,700 Russian troops in South Ossetia;
whereas it pointed out that in South Ossetia 272 soldiers were stationed
at observation posts along the perimeter of the security zone and, in addi-
tion, 180 soldiers were divided among ten observation posts along the
border between South Ossetia and Georgia, while the remaining troops

were engaged “in mine clearing, assembling and evacuating military
equipment, rebuilding civilian infrastructure damaged in the hostilities . . .
distributing humanitarian aid and providing medical assistance” in order
“to help South Ossetia to return to normal life, including those Ossetian
villages inhabited by Georgians”; whereas, the Russian Federation indi-

cated that, in accordance with the fifth Medvedev-Sarkozy principle, “the
additional security measures taken by the Russian forces will be ended
when an international mechanism is put in place” and added that “Rus-
sia is involved in intensive negotiations on the creation of such a mechan-
ism”;
70. Whereas the Russian Federation contended that, until the present

crisis, it merely played the role of an impartial mediator in the ethnic con-
flicts in the Caucasus, acting as a guarantor of peace and security in the
region, and had never “practised, encouraged or supported racial dis-
crimination in South Ossetia and Abkhazia”; and whereas it asserted
that “the present dispute between Georgia and Russia has nothing to do

with racial or ethnic discrimination”;
71. Whereas the Russian Federation stressed that, as was apparent
from the factual context of the case, the dispute brought by Georgia
before the Court did not relate to racial discrimination; and whereas the
Russian Federation claimed that, in the absence of a dispute between the

Parties relating to the interpretation or application of CERD, the Court
manifestly lacked jurisdiction to deal with the merits of the proceedings
and thus the Request for the indication of provisional measures should
be rejected;
72. Whereas the Russian Federation argued that Articles 2 and 5 of

CERD did not apply extraterritorially and therefore the alleged acts
invoked by Georgia could not be governed by the Convention; and
whereas the Russian Federation asserted that in any event the precondi-
tions for seisin of the Court laid down in Article 22 of CERD had not
been satisfied;
73. Whereas the Russian Federation contended that Georgia had failed

to demonstrate that the criteria for the grant of provisional measures
under Article 41 of the Statute had been met, namely, “irreparable preju-
dice to the rights of Georgia” under CERD and urgency in the adoption
of such provisional measures;
74. Whereas the Russian Federation submitted that, in any event, the

requested provisional measures would not be justified since the Respond-
ent had not in the past, “does not at present, nor will it in the future,
exercise effective control over South Ossetia or Abkhazia”; whereas it

23du Sud ou sur l’Abkhazie»; qu’elle a exposé qu’elle n’était pas une puis-
sance occupante en Ossétie du Sud et en Abkhazie et n’avait jamais

assumé le rôle des autorités abkhazes et sud-ossètes existantes, «recon-
nues en tant que telles par la Géorgie elle-même» et «[ayant] toujours
conserv[é] leur indépendance et continu[ant] à le faire»; et qu’elle a
ajouté que «la présence russe, sa participation à des opérations de main-
tien de la paix restreintes mise à part, [était] limitée dans le temps et ne se

prolongera[it] que pendant quelques semaines»;
75. Considérant que la Fédération de Russie a affirmé que «le compor-
tement des autorités sud-ossètes et abkhazes n’[était] pas celui d’organes»
de la Fédération de Russie, précisant que «les entités ... d’Ossétie du Sud
et d’Abkhazie ne p[ouvaient] pas être qualifiées d’organes de facto du

défendeur, pas plus qu’elles n’[étaient] sous sa direction ou son contrôle
effectifs»; qu’elle a soutenu que, bien que la situation eût évolué depuis le
7 août 2008, «rien n’indiqu[ait] ... que, en termes de contrôle effectif, la
relation du défendeur avec l’Ossétie du Sud et l’Abkhazie [eût] changé
d’une manière qui p[ût] se révéler pertinente du point de vue juridique»;
76. Considérant que, selon la Fédération de Russie, la demande en

indication de mesures conservatoires présentée par la Géorgie présuppose
des «a priori sur le rôle de la Fédération de Russie dans le récent
conflit»; que la Fédération de Russie a indiqué que les mesures deman-
dées présupposaient également qu’elle avait «été et demeur[ait] mêlée aux
actes énumérés dans la demande»; qu’elle a en outre soutenu que, si elle

indiquait ces mesures, la Cour «devrait adhérer au postulat ... les sous-
tend[ant]», à savoir que la Fédération de Russie se livrait effectivement à
de tels actes et en était responsable en droit, «sans avoir eu au préalable
aucune possibilité d’établir les faits allégués dans le cadre d’une procé-
dure en bonne et due forme et sans avoir entendu l’exposé de tous les

moyens de preuve»; et qu’elle a ajouté que les mesures demandées, si la
Cour les prescrivait,

«imposer[aient] au défendeur des obligations ambiguës et obscures
dont il ne pourra[it] de toute façon s’acquitter puisque ... il n’exer-
[çait] aucun contrôle effectif sur le territoire en question et que, en
outre, il n’[était] pas juridiquement habilité à mettre en Œuvre les
mesures demandées vis-à-vis de l’Ossétie du Sud et de l’Abkhazie,
respectivement»;

77. Considérant, enfin, que la Fédération de Russie a argué que les
mesures conservatoires demandées par la Géorgie «ne p[ouvaient] être

indiquées puisqu’elles reviendraient nécessairement à préjuger l’issue
finale de l’affaire»; qu’elle a affirmé que, d’après la jurisprudence de la
Cour, «l’un des objectifs majeurs de la procédure prévue à l’article 41
[était] d’éviter que l’issue de la demande au fond ne soit en quelque façon
préjugée»; et qu’elle a jouté que «l’article 41 visait en lui-même à sauve-

garder les droits respectifs des deux parties»;
78. Considérant que la Fédération de Russie a prié la Cour «de dire
qu’elle n’a[vait] pas compétence pour se prononcer sur la requête de la

24explained that the Russian Federation was not an occupying Power in
South Ossetia and Abkhazia, that it had never assumed the role of the

existing Abkhazian and South Ossetian authorities, “recognized as such
by Georgia itself”, which “have always retained their independence and
continue to do so”; and whereas the Russian Federation added that “the
Russian presence, apart from its participation in limited peace-keeping
operations, has been restricted in time and stretches only for a few

weeks”;
75. Whereas the Russian Federation stated that “the conduct of South
Ossetian and Abkhazian authorities is not conduct by organs of the Rus-
sian Federation” and explained that “South Ossetian or Abkhazian enti-
ties can neither be qualified as de facto organs of the Respondent, nor

does the Respondent effectively direct and control them”; whereas it con-
tended that, although the situation had evolved since 7 August 2008,
“there [were] no indications that, as regards effective control, the relation-
ship between the Respondent on the one hand, and South Ossetia and
Abkhazia on the other, had changed in any legally relevant manner”;
76. Whereas, according to the Russian Federation, the Georgian

Request for the indication of provisional measures presupposes “a priori
determinations as to the role of the Russian Federation in the recent con-
flict”; whereas the Russian Federation stated that the requested measures
also presupposed that the Russian Federation “had been and continued
to be involved in the acts enumerated in the Request”; whereas it further

contended that, were the Court to adopt these measures, “it would have
to share the underlying assumption” that the Russian Federation is
indeed committing such acts and is legally responsible for them, “without
the Court previously having had any chance to verify the underlying
alleged facts in an orderly procedure and with a full evidentiary hearing”;

and whereas the Russian Federation added that the requested measures,
if adopted,

“would impose upon the Respondent very ambiguous and unclear
obligations, which, in any case, it [could not] comply with given that
itisnot...exercisingeffectivecontrolwithregardtotheterritoryin
question and besides, is also legally not in a position to enforce the
requested measures vis-à-vis South Ossetia respectively Abkhazia”;

77. Whereas, finally, the Russian Federation argued that the provi-
sional measures requested by Georgia “may not be indicated since they

would necessarily prejudge the final outcome of the case”; whereas it
asserted that, according to the Court’s jurisprudence, “a major purpose
of the proceedings under Article 41 is to avoid prejudging in any manner
whatsoever the outcome of the claim on the merits”; and whereas the
Russian Federation added that “the very purpose of Article 41 is to pre-

serve the respective rights of both parties”;
78. Whereas the Russian Federation requested the Court “to declare
that it has no jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the Application of Georgia,

24Géorgie, de rejeter la demande en indication de mesures conservatoires et
de rayer de son rôle la présente affaire»;

*

79. Considérant que, lors de son second tour d’observations orales, la

Géorgie a réitéré sa position, affirmant que «les allégations ... énoncées
dans sa requête et les droits invoqués dans les demandes initiale et modi-
fiée [étaient] fondés sur la convention de 1965, et sur elle seule» et que «la
Géorgie n’élev[ait] aucune prétention fondée sur le droit humanitaire
international ou sur le jus ad bellum »; et qu’elle a ajouté que «les élé-
ments de preuve qui ... [avaient] été présentés [étaient] plus que suffisants

aux fins d’établir qu’un nettoyage ethnique [était] en cours, ce qui justi-
fi[ait] la tenue d’audiences relativement à [la] demande en indication de
mesures conservatoires», et que «le risque qu’il [fût] porté un préjudice
irréparable aux personnes de souche géorgienne demeurées dans le dis-
trict d’Akhalgori en Ossétie du Sud, le district de Gali en Abkhazie et la

partie du district de Gori que les forces militaires russes occup[aient] tou-
jours à titre de «zone tampon»» était réel et grave;
80. Considérant que, au terme de son second tour d’observations
orales, la Géorgie a prié la Cour,

«dans l’attente de sa décision sur le fond de l’affaire, d’indiquer d’ur-
gence les mesures conservatoires suivantes, aux fins d’éviter qu’un pré-
judice irréparable ne soit porté aux droits que les personnes de souche

géorgienne tiennent des articles 2 et 5 de la convention internationale
sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale:
a) la Fédération de Russie prendra toutes les mesures nécessaires

pour faire en sorte qu’aucune personne de souche géorgienne ni
aucune autre personne ne soit soumise à des actes de violence ou
de contrainte relevant de la discrimination raciale, notamment
sous la forme de meurtres ou menaces de meurtre, atteintes ou
menaces d’atteinte à l’intégrité physique, détentions illicites et

prises d’otages, destruction ou pillage de biens et autres actes
accomplis dans le dessein de chasser les personnes visées de leurs
foyers ou de leurs villages en Ossétie du Sud, en Abkhazie ou
dans les régions géorgiennes adjacentes;
b) la Fédération de Russie prendra toutes les mesures nécessaires
pour empêcher que des groupes ou des individus ne se livrent à

l’encontre de personnes de souche géorgienne à des actes de
contrainte relevant de la discrimination raciale, notamment sous
la forme de meurtres ou menaces de meurtre, atteintes ou me-
naces d’atteinte à l’intégrité physique, détentions illicites et prises
d’otages, destruction ou pillage de biens et autres actes accom-

plis dans le dessein de chasser les personnes visées de leurs foyers
ou de leurs villages en Ossétie du Sud, en Abkhazie ou dans les
régions géorgiennes adjacentes;

25to reject the Request for provisional measures and to remove this case
from the General List”;

*

79. Whereas, in its second round of oral argument, Georgia restated

its position that “Georgia’s claims in its Application and the rights it
asserts in both the initial and amended Requests are grounded in the
1965 Convention and in that Convention alone” and that “Georgia
makes no claim here under international humanitarian law or the jus ad
bellum”; and whereas Georgia affirmed its position that “the evidence
that has been submitted is more than sufficient to establish the facts of

ongoing ethnic cleansing for the purposes of a provisional measures hear-
ing” and that “the risk of irreparable harm to the ethnic Georgians who
still remain in the Akhalgori district of South Ossetia, the Gali district of
Abkhazia, and the portion of the Gori district that Russian military
forces still occupy as their so-called ‘buffer zone’”, is real and grave;

80. Whereas at the end of its second round of oral observations Geor-
gia requested the Court

“as a matter of urgency, to order the following provisional measures,
pending its determination of this case on the merits, in order to pre-
vent irreparable harm to the rights of ethnic Georgians under Arti-

cles 2 and 5 of the Convention on Racial Discrimination:

(a) The Russian Federation shall take all necessary measures to

ensure that no ethnic Georgians or any other persons are sub-
ject to violent or coercive acts of racial discrimination, includ-
ing but not limited to the threat or infliction of death or bodily
harm, hostage-taking and unlawful detention, the destruction
or pillage of property, and other acts intended to expel them

from their homes or villages in South Ossetia, Abkhazia and/or
adjacent regions within Georgia;

(b) The Russian Federation shall take all necessary measures to
prevent groups or individuals from subjecting ethnic Georgians

to coercive acts of racial discrimination, including but not lim-
ited to the threat or infliction of death or bodily harm, hostage-
taking and unlawful detention, the destruction or theft of prop-
erty, and other acts intended to expel them from their homes or
villages in South Ossetia, Abkhazia and/or adjacent regions

within Georgia;

25 c) la Fédération de Russie s’abstiendra de prendre toute mesure
portant atteinte au droit des personnes de souche géorgienne

de participer pleinement et sur un pied d’égalité aux affaires
publiques de l’Ossétie du Sud, de l’Abkhazie ou des régions
géorgiennes adjacentes.
La Géorgie a en outre prié la Cour d’indiquer d’urgence les mesu-

res conservatoires suivantes, dans l’attente de sa décision sur le fond
de l’affaire, aux fins d’empêcher qu’un préjudice irréparable ne soit
porté au droit au retour que les personnes de souche géorgienne tien-
nent de l’article 5 de la CIEDR:

d) la Fédération de Russie s’abstiendra de prendre ou de soutenir
toute mesure qui aurait pour effet de priver les personnes de
souche géorgienne ou toutes autres personnes expulsées d’Ossétie
du Sud, d’Abkhazie et de régions adjacentes en raison de leur appar-
tenance ethnique ou de leur nationalité de l’exercice de leur droit

de retourner dans leurs foyers d’origine;
e) la Fédération de Russie s’abstiendra de prendre toute mesure, ou
de soutenir toute mesure prise par quelque groupe ou individu
que ce soit, qui entraverait ou empêcherait l’exercice du droit des
personnes de souche géorgienne ou de toutes autres personnes

expulsées d’Ossétie du Sud, d’Abkhazie et de régions adjacentes
en raison de leur appartenance ethnique ou de leur nationalité de
retourner dans ces régions;
f) la Fédération de Russie s’abstiendra d’adopter toute mesure qui
porterait préjudice au droit des personnes de souche géorgienne

de participer pleinement et sans discrimination aux affaires publi-
ques après leur retour en Ossétie du Sud, en Abkhazie et dans les
régions adjacentes»;

et qu’elle a, au surplus, prié la Cour d’indiquer ce qui suit:
«La Fédération de Russie s’abstiendra d’entraver, et elle permet-

tra et facilitera, la distribution de l’aide humanitaire à toutes les
personnes se trouvant dans les territoires qu’elle contrôle, indépen-
damment de leur appartenance ethnique»;

*
81. Considérant que, lors de son second tour d’observations orales, la
Fédération de Russie a réaffirmé qu’il n’existait pas, selon elle, de diffé-

rend relevant du champ d’application de la CIEDR;
82. Considérant que la Fédération de Russie a relevé un certain
nombre d’évolutions récentes relatives à la situation dans les zones du
conflit; que, en particulier, elle a mentionné un plan de cessez-le-feu
actualisé qui avait été annoncé le 8 septembre 2008 à la suite d’entretiens

entre les présidents Medvedev et Sarkozy à Moscou, dont elle a cité les
grandes lignes, exposées en ces termes dans un communiqué de l’Asso-
ciated Press:

26 (c) The Russian Federation shall refrain from adopting any meas-
ures that would prejudice the right of ethnic Georgians to par-

ticipate fully and equally in the public affairs of South Ossetia,
Abkhazia and/or adjacent regions of Georgia.

Georgia further requests the Court as a matter of urgency to order

the following provisional measures to prevent irreparable injury to
the right of return of ethnic Georgians under Article 5 of the Con-
vention on Racial Discrimination pending the Court’s determination
of this case on the merits:

(d) The Russian Federation shall refrain from taking any actions
or supporting any measures that would have the effect of deny-
ing the exercise by ethnic Georgians and any other persons who
have been expelled from South Ossetia, Abkhazia, and adjacent
regions on the basis of their ethnicity or nationality, their right

of return to their homes of origin;
(e) The Russian Federation shall refrain from taking any actions
or supporting any measures by any group or individual that
obstructs or hinders the exercise of the right of return to South
Ossetia, Abkhazia, and adjacent regions by ethnic Georgians

and any other persons who have been expelled from those
regions on the basis of their ethnicity or nationality;

(f) The Russian Federation shall refrain from adopting any meas-
ures that would prejudice the right of ethnic Georgians to par-

ticipate fully and equally in public affairs upon their return to
South Ossetia, Abkhazia, and adjacent regions”;

and whereas Georgia also requested the Court to order that:
“The Russian Federation shall refrain from obstructing, and shall

permit and facilitate, the delivery of humanitarian assistance to all
individuals in the territory under its control, regardless of their eth-
nicity”;

*
81. Whereas, in its second round of oral argument, the Russian Fed-
eration reiterated its position that there is no dispute between the Parties

that falls within the scope of CERD;
82. Whereas it noted a number of recent developments relating to the
situation in the zones of conflict; whereas, in particular, the Russian Fed-
eration mentioned an updated ceasefire plan announced on 8 September
2008 following talks between Presidents Medvedev and Sarkozy in Mos-

cow, and quoted its highlights as contained in an Associated Press release
as follows:

26 «Observateurs de l’Union européenne: 200 observateurs de
l’Union européenne seront déployés dans les zones adjacentes à
er
l’Ossétie du Sud et à l’Abkhazie d’ici au 1 octobre.
Retrait russe: les forces de maintien de la paix russes se retireront
de leurs postes à l’extérieur du port de Poti sur la mer Noire et de la
région de Senaki dans un délai de sept jours, à condition que la
Géorgie signe un engagement de non-recours à la force contre la

province sécessionniste d’Abkhazie. Le retrait complet des forces de
maintien de la paix russes hors des régions adjacentes à l’Ossétie du
Sud et à l’Abkhazie se déroulera dans les dix jours suivant le déploie-
ment des observateurs de l’Union européenne.

Retrait géorgien: les forces armées géorgienneerdevront avoir
regagné leurs lieux de cantonnement d’ici au 1 octobre.
Pourparlers internationaux: les pourparlers internationaux débu-
teront le 15 octobre à Genève; ils porteront notamment sur la sécu-
rité et la stabilité dans le sud du Caucase et sur la question du retour

des réfugiés»;
qu’elle a soumis à la Cour le texte complet du plan; qu’elle a soutenu que

le nombre de soldats russes en faction dans les postes d’observation situés
tout autour de la zone de sécurité avait été ramené à 195 par rapport au
8 septembre 2008; et qu’elle a affirmé que les réfugiés et les personnes
déplacées regagnaient désormais leurs foyers;

83. Considérant que, au terme de son second tour d’observations
orales, la Fédération de Russie a résumé ainsi sa position:

«Premièrement: le différend sur lequel le demandeur a aujourd’hui
entendu s’exprimer devant la Cour n’est manifestement pas un dif-
férend concernant la convention de 1965. Si un différend existait, il
concernerait l’emploi de la force, le droit humanitaire, l’intégrité ter-
ritoriale, mais en aucune façon la discrimination raciale.

Deuxièmement: même si le présent différend relevait de la conven-
tion de 1965, les violations alléguées de cette convention ne sauraient
relever des dispositions de celle-ci, ne serait-ce que parce que les arti-
cles 2 et 5 de la Convention ne sont pas d’application extraterritoriale.
Troisièmement: même si de telles violations s’étaient produites,

elles ne sauraient, fût-ce prima facie, être attribuables à la Russie,
qui n’a jamais exercé et n’exerce pas aujourd’hui, sur les territoires
concernés, un contrôle tel que le seuil fixé puisse être considéré
comme franchi.
Quatrièmement: même si la convention de 1965 pouvait être appli-

cable — ce qui ... n’est pas le cas —, les prescriptions procédurales
énoncées à l’article 22 de cette convention de 1965 ne sont pas rem-
plies. Aucune preuve que le demandeur ait, avant de saisir [la] Cour,
proposé de négocier ou de recourir au mécanisme constitué par le

Comité pour l’élimination de la discrimination raciale n’a été pro-
duite ni n’aurait pu l’être.

27 “European Union Monitors: 200 European Union monitors to
deploy to regions surrounding South Ossetia and Abkhazia by Octo-

ber 1.
Russian Withdrawal: Russian peacekeeping forces to withdraw
from posts outside the Black Sea port Poti and the area near the
town of Senaki within seven days, on condition Georgia signs a
pledge not to use force against the breakaway province of Abkhazia.

Full withdrawal of Russian peacekeepers from regions surrounding
South Ossetia and Abkhazia will take place within ten days of
deployment of EU monitors.

Georgian pullout: Georgian troops must return to their barracks

by October 1.
International talks: International talks to begin on October 15 in
Geneva; agenda to include security and stability in South Caucasus
and the question of return of refugees”;

whereas the Russian Federation submitted to the Court the full text of
the plan; whereas it contended that the number of Russian troops sta-
tioned at observation posts along the perimeter of the security zone had

been reduced to 195 since 8 September 2008; and whereas it stated that
refugees and displaced persons were returning to their places of resi-
dence;
83. Whereas at the end of its second round of oral observations the
Russian Federation summarized its position as follows:

“First: The dispute that the Applicant has tried to plead before
this Court is evidently not a dispute under the 1965 Convention. If

there were a dispute, it would relate to the use of force, humanitar-
ian law, territorial integrity, but in any case not to racial discrimina-
tion.
Second: Even if this dispute were under the 1965 Convention, the
alleged breaches of the Convention are not capable of falling under

the provisions of the said Convention, not the least because Arti-
cles 2 and 5 of the Convention are not applicable extraterritorially.
Third: Even if such breaches occurred, they could not, even prima
facie, be attributable to Russia that never did and does not now
exercise, in the territories concerned, the extent of control required
to overcome the set threshold.

Fourth: Even if the 1965 Convention could be applicable,
which . . . is not the case, the procedural requirements of Article 22
of the 1965 Convention have not been met. No evidence that the
Applicant proposed to negotiate or employ the mechanisms of the

Committee on Racial Discrimination prior to reference to this Court,
has been nor could have been produced.

27 Cinquièmement: compte tenu de ces arguments, la Cour est mani-
festement incompétente pour connaître de l’affaire.

Sixièmement: la Cour dût-elle, malgré tout, se déclarer compé-
tente prima facie pour connaître du différend, nous affirmons que le
demandeur n’a pas démontré qu’étaient remplis les critères essentiels
à l’indication de mesures conservatoires. Aucun élément de preuve
crédible n’a été produit attestant l’existence d’un risque imminent de

dommage irréparable ou d’une quelconque urgence. Les circon-
stances de l’espèce n’appellent en rien l’indication de mesures
conservatoires, compte tenu, notamment, de la procédure de règle-
ment après conflit qui se déroule actuellement. Par ailleurs, les me-
sures demandées ne tiennent aucun compte d’un élément essentiel

aux fins de l’exercice du pouvoir d’appréciation de la Cour, à savoir
que les événements d’août 2008 sont le résultat d’un emploi de la
force par la Géorgie.
Enfin: les mesures conservatoires telles qu’elles ont été formulées
dans les demandes ne sauraient être indiquées puisqu’elles impose-
raient à la Russie des obligations dont celle-ci n’est pas en mesure de

s’acquitter. La Fédération de Russie n’exerce pas de contrôle effectif
vis-à-vis de l’Ossétie du Sud, de l’Abkhazie, ou d’une quelconque
autre région adjacente de la Géorgie. Les actes des organes de l’Ossé-
tie du Sud et de l’Abkhazie ou de personnes ou groupes de personnes
à caractère privé ne sauraient être attribués à la Fédération de Rus-

sie. Ces mesures, si elles étaient indiquées, préjugeraient de l’issue de
l’affaire»;
et qu’elle a prié la Cour «de rayer du rôle l’affaire introduite par la Répu-

blique de Géorgie le 12 septembre 2008»;

* * *

84. Considérant qu’en vertu de son Statut la Cour n’a pas automati-
quement compétence pour connaître des différends juridiques entre les

Etats parties audit Statut ou entre les autres Etats admis à ester devant
elle; que la Cour a déclaré à maintes reprises que l’un des principes fon-
damentaux de son Statut est qu’elle ne peut trancher un différend entre
des Etats sans que ceux-ci aient consenti à sa juridiction; et que la Cour
ne peut donc exercer sa compétence qu’à l’égard d’Etats parties à un dif-
férend qui l’ont acceptée, soit d’une manière générale, soit pour le diffé-

rend particulier dont il s’agit;
85. Considérant que, en présence d’une demande en indication de
mesures conservatoires, point n’est besoin pour la Cour, avant de décider
d’indiquer ou non de telles mesures, de s’assurer de manière définitive
qu’elle a compétence quant au fond de l’affaire, mais qu’elle ne peut indi-

quer ces mesures que si les dispositions invoquées par le demandeur sem-
blent prima facie constituer une base sur laquelle sa compétence pourrait
être fondée;

28 Fifth: With these arguments in mind, the Court manifestly lacks
jurisdiction to entertain the case.

Sixth: Should the Court, against all odds, find itself prima facie
competent over the dispute, we submit that the Applicant has failed
to demonstrate the criteria essential for provisional measures to be
indicated. No credible evidence has been produced to attest to the
existence of an imminent risk of irreparable harm, and urgency. The

circumstances of the case definitely do not require measures, in par-
ticular, in the light of the ongoing process of post-conflict settlement.
And the measures sought failed to take account of the key factor
going to discretion: the fact that the events of August 2008 were
born out of Georgia’s use of force.

Finally: Provisional measures as they were formulated by the
Applicant in the Requests cannot be granted since they would impose
on Russia obligations that it is not able to fulfil. The Russian Fed-

eration is not exercising effective control vis-à-vis South Ossetia and
Abkhazia or any adjacent parts of Georgia. Acts of organs of South
Ossetia and Abkhazia or private groups and individuals are not
attributable to the Russian Federation. These measures if granted
would prejudge the outcome of the case”;

and whereas the Russian Federation requested the Court “to remove the

case introduced by the Republic of Georgia on 12 September 2008 from
the General List”;

* * *

84. Whereas the Court, under its Statute, does not automatically have
jurisdiction over legal disputes between States parties to that Statute or

between other States entitled to appear before the Court; whereas the
Court has repeatedly stated that one of the fundamental principles of its
Statute is that it cannot decide a dispute between States without the con-
sent of those States to its jurisdiction; and whereas the Court therefore
has jurisdiction only between States parties to a dispute who have accepted
the jurisdiction of the Court, either in general form or for the individual

dispute concerned;
85. Whereas, on a request for the indication of provisional measures,
the Court need not finally satisfy itself, before deciding whether or not to
indicate such measures, that it has jurisdiction on the merits of the case,
yet it may not indicate them unless the provisions invoked by the Appli-

cant appear, prima facie, to afford a basis on which the jurisdiction of the
Court might be founded;

28 86. Considérant que la Géorgie entend, au stade actuel de la procé-
dure, fonder la compétence de la Cour exclusivement sur la clause com-

promissoire contenue à l’article 22 de la CIEDR; et que la Cour doit
maintenant chercher à établir si la clause attributive de juridiction invo-
quée lui fournit effectivement une base de compétence prima facie pour
se prononcer sur le fond, lui permettant, si elle estime que les circon-
stances l’exigent, d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires;

*

87. Considérant que la Géorgie affirme que, en ce qui concerne la
compétence ratione personae de la Cour, tant la Géorgie que la Fédéra-

tion de Russie sont Membres de l’Organisation des Nations Unies et
parties au Statut de la Cour; qu’elle indique en outre que la Géorgie et la
Fédération de Russie sont toutes deux parties à la CIEDR, la Géorgie en
tant qu’elle a déposé son instrument d’adhésion le 2 juin 1999, et la
Fédération de Russie en tant que «continuateur de la personnalité
juridique de l’URSS», partie à la CIEDR depuis 1969; et qu’elle ajoute

qu’«[a]ucune des deux Parties n’a formulé de réserve à l’article 22 de la
Convention»;
88. Considérant que la Géorgie soutient que, en ce qui concerne la
compétence ratione materiae de la Cour, l’objet et le but de la CIEDR
consistent à éliminer la discrimination raciale sous «toutes [s]es formes

et toutes [s]es manifestations»; qu’elle indique que le principe de non-
discrimination raciale (notamment ethnique)

«vise non seulement la discrimination pratiquée à l’encontre d’indi-
vidus mais également celle, collective, dirigée à l’encontre de com-
munautés, ainsi que des questions essentielles ayant trait à la com-
position des communautés territoriales, parmi lesquelles l’octroi et le
retrait de la nationalité»;

qu’elle fait observer que l’article 22 de la CIEDR confère à la Cour com-
pétence à l’égard de «[t]out différend» touchant «l’interprétation ou

l’application» de la Convention; qu’elle souligne que l’expression «tout
différend» vise indifféremment «l’interprétation ou l’application» de la
Convention; et qu’elle en conclut que la Cour a «compétence pour sta-
tuer sur l’étendue des droits et des responsabilités énoncés dans la Conven-
tion ainsi que sur les conséquences d’une violation de ces droits et de ces
responsabilités»;

89. Considérant que la Géorgie fait valoir que la discrimination eth-
nique a toujours été un aspect essentiel des conflits en Ossétie du Sud et
en Abkhazie; qu’elle fait en outre valoir que la présente affaire porte en par-
ticulier sur le nettoyage ethnique, forme spécifique de discrimination
raciale, dont sont victimes les personnes de souche géorgienne et les

membres d’autres minorités dans des régions situées en territoire géorgien
et, en particulier, aux fins de la présente espèce, en Abkhazie, en Ossétie
du Sud et dans le district de Gori adjacent à cette dernière; qu’elle allègue

29 86. Whereas Georgia at the present stage of the proceedings seeks to
found the jurisdiction of the Court solely on the compromissory clause

contained in Article 22 of CERD; and whereas the Court must now pro-
ceed to examine whether the jurisdictional clause relied upon does furnish
a basis for prima facie jurisdiction to rule on the merits such as would
allow the Court, should it think that the circumstances so warrant, to
indicate provisional measures;

*

87. Whereas Georgia asserts that, as regards the Court’s jurisdiction
ratione personae, both Georgia and the Russian Federation are Members

of the United Nations and parties to the Statute of the Court; whereas it
further states that both Georgia and the Russian Federation are parties
to CERD, Georgia having deposited its instrument of accession on
2 June 1999 and the Russian Federation “by virtue of its continuation of
the State personality of the USSR” which has been a party to CERD
since 1969; and whereas Georgia adds that “neither party maintains any

reservation to article 22 of the Convention”;

88. Whereas Georgia contends that, as regards the Court’s jurisdiction
ratione materiae, the object and purpose of CERD is to eliminate racial
discrimination in “all its forms and manifestations”; whereas it states

that the principle of non-discrimination on racial, including ethnic,
grounds is

“concerned not merely with discrimination against individuals but
with collective discrimination against communities and with funda-
mental issues relating to the composition of territorial communities,
including the granting and withdrawal of nationality”;

whereas Georgia points out that Article 22 of CERD confers upon the
Court jurisdiction over “any dispute . . . with respect to the interpretation

or application of this Convention”; whereas it stresses that the term “any
dispute” concerns either the “interpretation or application” of the Con-
vention; whereas it concludes that the Court has therefore “jurisdiction
to pronounce on the scope of the rights and responsibilities set out in the
Convention but also upon the consequences of breach of those rights and
responsibilities”;

89. Whereas Georgia argues that ethnic discrimination is and has been
a key aspect in the conflicts in South Ossetia and Abkhazia; whereas it
further argues that this case is, in particular, about the ethnic cleansing,
as a form of racial discrimination, of ethnic Georgians and other minori-
ties from regions within Georgian territory, in particular, for present pur-

poses, the regions of Abkhazia, South Ossetia and the adjacent Gori
district; whereas it alleges that ethnic Georgians have been “targeted, and
forcibly expelled from these regions in great numbers and denied the

29que «[c]ela fait maintenant plus de dix ans que les personnes de souche
géorgienne sont prises pour cible, massivement expulsées de ces régions et

privées du droit d’y revenir»; et qu’elle avance que la discrimination dont
font l’objet les communautés de souche géorgienne dans ces régions s’est
intensifiée depuis le 8 août 2008;
90. Considérant que la Géorgie soutient en particulier que, en consé-
quence de la participation directe de la Fédération de Russie à ces conflits

ethniques ainsi que de l’appui vital qu’elle a apporté aux autorités de
facto et milices séparatistes en Ossétie du Sud et en Abkhazie, «les Géor-
giens de souche ont été privés des droits fondamentaux qu’ils tiennent de
l’article 5 de la Convention» (voir paragraphe 107 ci-dessous); que, selon
elle, les conflits ethniques se sont intensifiés depuis le mois d’août 2008 et

la situation des personnes déplacées dans les régions concernées s’est net-
tement dégradée; que la Géorgie soutient qu’elle «présente des revendi-
cations à l’encontre de la Russie sur la base d’obligations formulées dans
la convention contre la discrimination raciale» et que, dans ce contexte,
«[l]a manière dont la Russie a apparemment violé les obligations lui
incombant en vertu de la Convention est dénuée de pertinence s’agissant

de la compétence de la Cour»; qu’elle affirme que, au cours de la «troi-
sième phase» de l’intervention russe, qu’elle fait remonter au 8 août 2008,
«[l]a manière dont la Russie a apparemment agi en violation des obliga-
tions lui incombant en vertu de la Convention» comprenait, entre autres,
l’emploi de la force militaire; et qu’elle conclut que, dans sa requête, elle

«n’invoque pas, comme motif de sa demande, l’illicéité de ce recours à la
force en vertu d’autres instruments, [mais] sollicite des remèdes sur la
base des violations de la … Convention apparemment commises par la
Russie»;
91. Considérant que la Géorgie affirme que, en ce qui concerne la

compétence ratione loci de la Cour en vertu de l’article 22 de la CIEDR,
il convient de distinguer deux catégories de demandes formulées par la
Géorgie dans sa requête: premièrement, celles «fondées sur des actes ou
omissions d’organes d’Etat russes en Russie même» et, deuxièmement,
celles

«fondées sur des actes ou omissions de personnes exerçant l’autorité
du Gouvernement russe ou d’autres personnes agissant sur les ins-

tructions de la Russie ou sous son contrôle en territoire géorgien,
notamment en Abkhazie et en Ossétie du Sud, ainsi que dans d’autres
régions de la Géorgie occupées de facto par les forces militaires
russes»;

que, selon elle, nulle question ne se pose quant au champ d’application
territorial des obligations imposées par la Convention en ce qui concerne

la première catégorie de demandes; et que la Géorgie soutient que, en ce
qui concerne la seconde catégorie de demandes,

«la Cour doit s’assurer, prima facie, que les obligations incombant à
la Russie en vertu de [la Convention] s’étendent aux actes et omis-

30right to return over the course of more than a decade”; whereas it claims
that the discrimination against the ethnic Georgians communities in the

said regions has escalated following 8 August 2008;

90. Whereas Georgia contends in particular that, as a result of the
Russian Federation’s direct involvement in these ethnic conflicts and its

essential support for the separatist de facto authorities and militias in
South Ossetia and Abkhazia, “ethnic Georgians have been denied their
fundamental rights under Article 5 of the Convention” (see paragraph 107
below); whereas, according to Georgia, the ethnic conflicts have esca-
lated since August 2008 and the situation concerning internally displaced

persons in the affected regions has significantly deteriorated; whereas
Georgia contends that it “advances claims against Russia based upon
obligations contained in the Convention on Racial Discrimination” and
in this context “the means by which Russia has apparently breached its
obligations under the Convention are irrelevant to the Court’s jurisdic-
tion”; whereas Georgia states that during the “Third Phase” of Russia’s

intervention, that allegedly commenced on 8 August 2008, “the means by
which Russia has apparently acted in violation of its obligations under
the Convention” have included, inter alia, the use of military force; and
whereas Georgia concludes that, in its Application, it “does not invoke as
a cause of action any claim that that force is unlawful under other instru-

ments; it is pursuing remedies based on claims arising in relation to Rus-
sia’s apparent breaches of this Convention”;

91. Whereas Georgia asserts that, as regards the Court’s jurisdiction

ratione loci under Article 22 of CERD, it is necessary to distinguish
between two categories of claims advanced by Georgia in its Application:
first, “claims founded upon the acts or omissions of Russia’s State organs
within Russia itself”, and second,

“claims founded upon the acts or omissions of persons exercising
Russia’s governmental authority or other persons acting on the

instructions or under the control of Russia within Georgian terri-
tory, particularly in Abkhazia and South Ossetia, as well as other
areas of Georgia under de facto occupation by Russian military
forces”;

whereas, according to Georgia, no question concerning the spatial scope
of the obligations under the Convention arises in respect of the first cat-

egory of claims; and whereas Georgia contends that, in relation to the
second category of claims,

“the Court needs to be satisfied on a prima facie basis that Russia’s
obligations under the Convention extend to acts and omissions

30 sions qui lui sont attribuables intervenus en territoire géorgien, et
plus précisément en Abkhazie et en Ossétie du Sud»;

92. Considérant que la Géorgie fait valoir que la CIEDR ne contient
pas «de disposition générale limitant l’application territoriale des obliga-
tions qu’elle énonce»; qu’elle note, en particulier, qu’aucune limitation

territoriale ne figure aux articles 2 et 5, dans lesquels sont exposés les
«obligations incombant à la Russie et les droits correspondants de la
Géorgie» qui sont en cause devant la Cour aux fins de la présente
demande en indication de mesures conservatoires; qu’elle relève que,
même si l’on devait interpréter la Convention comme prévoyant une limi-

tation générale du champ d’application territorial des obligations qu’elle
énonce, «la Géorgie n’en pourrait pas moins faire valoir les prétentions
formulées dans la demande et la requête objet de la présente procédure»
parce que «l’Abkhazie et l’Ossétie du Sud sont sous le pouvoir ou le
contrôle effectif de la Russie depuis que la Géorgie en a perdu le contrôle

à la suite des hostilités»; et qu’elle ajoute que l’invasion et le déploiement
de forces militaires russes supplémentaires en Abkhazie et en Ossétie du
Sud en août 2008 «n’ont servi qu’à consolider encore le contrôle qu’elle
exerce effectivement sur ces régions»;
93. Considérant que, selon la Géorgie, bien que certains aspects du

présent différend soient antérieurs à son adhésion à la CIEDR comme
indiqué dans la requête, il n’y a aucune difficulté à établir la «compétence
ratione temporis » à l’égard de ce qu’elle qualifie de «troisième phase de
l’intervention de la Russie en Ossétie du Sud et en Abkhazie» et fait
remonter au mois d’août 2008; qu’elle souligne que

«[l]es droits en cause, qui constituent la base de la présente demande
en indication de mesures conservatoires, sont des droits tirés de la
Convention dont la Géorgie prétend qu’ils ont été violés par la Rus-

sie au cours de cette troisième phase du différend et continuent de
l’être»;
94. Considérant que, s’agissant de la question des négociations ou du

recours aux procédures prévues par la CIEDR et mentionnées à l’ar-
ticle 22, la Géorgie affirme que le présent différend entre les Parties n’a pas
été réglé par voie de négociation et que les procédures prévues par la
CIEDR «ne sont pas destinées à être exclusives ou obligatoires pour ce
qui est de différends relatifs à l’objet de la Convention»; qu’en outre,

selon elle, «[r]ien dans la Convention n’indique que toutes les procédures
prévues dans la deuxième partie doivent être épuisées avant la saisine de
la Cour» et que, en conséquence, «il ne s’agit pas d’une condition préa-
lable à la compétence» de celle-ci; et qu’elle ajoute que, en tout état de
cause, il y a eu de nombreux contacts bilatéraux entre les Parties, de sorte
que, même si l’article 22 de la CIEDR était considéré comme posant une

condition préalable à la saisine de la Cour, cette condition serait ici
remplie;

*

31 attributable to Russia which have their locus within Georgia’s terri-
tory and in particular in Abkhazia and South Ossetia”;

92. Whereas Georgia argues that CERD “does not contain a general
provision imposing a spatial limitation on the obligations it creates”;
whereas Georgia notes, in particular, that no spatial limitation is included

in Articles 2 and 5 which stipulate the “obligations of Russia and the cor-
responding rights of Georgia” that are in issue before the Court for the
purposes of the Request for the indication of provisional measures;
whereas Georgia observes that even if the Convention were to be con-
strued as containing a general limitation limiting the spatial scope of its

obligations, “this would not preclude the claims asserted by Georgia in
this Application and in this Request” because “Abkhazia and South
Ossetia have been within the power or effective control of Russia since
Georgia lost control over those regions following the hostilities”; and
whereas Georgia adds that the Russian invasion and deployment of addi-

tional military forces within Abkhazia and South Ossetia in August 2008
“has only served to consolidate further its effective control over those
regions”;

93. Whereas Georgia claims that, although certain aspects of the

present dispute, as indicated in the Application, predate Georgia’s acces-
sion to CERD, there is no difficulty in establishing “ratione temporis
jurisdiction” in relation to what Georgia has described as the “Third
Phase of Russia’s Intervention in South Ossetia and Abkhazia”, which
allegedly commenced in August 2008; whereas Georgia stresses that

“the rights in issue which form the basis for the present Request for
provisional measures are rights under the Convention that Georgia
submits have been, and continue to be, violated by Russia during

this third temporal phase of the dispute”;

94. Whereas, turning to the question of negotiations or recourse to the

procedures provided for in CERD and referred to in Article 22, Georgia
affirms that the present dispute between the Parties has not been settled
by negotiation and that the procedures provided for in CERD “are not
designed to be exclusive or compulsory in respect of disputes concerning
the subject-matter of the Convention”; whereas, according to Georgia,

“there is no indication in the Convention that all the procedures in Part
II are to be exhausted before recourse is made to this Court” and there-
fore “it is not a condition precedent for the Court’s jurisdiction”; and
whereas Georgia adds that, in any event, there have been extensive bilat-
eral contacts between the Parties and thus that, even if Article 22 of
CERD were considered to lay down a condition precedent for the seisin

of the Court, that condition has been satisfied;

*

31 95. Considérant que la Fédération de Russie, se référant à la base de
compétence invoquée par la Géorgie, à savoir l’article 22 de la CIEDR,

indique que le différend dont la Géorgie a saisi la Cour n’est pas un dif-
férend sur la discrimination raciale relevant de cette convention, mais un
différend touchant au recours à la force, aux principes d’intégrité territo-
riale et d’autodétermination, à la non-ingérence dans les affaires inté-
rieures des Etats, aux activités armées et au droit international humani-

taire; et qu’elle estime, dès lors, que «la Cour n’a manifestement pas
compétence pour connaître de la présente espèce»;
96. Considérant que la Fédération de Russie affirme que l’objet du dif-
férend que la Géorgie voudrait voir trancher par la Cour «ne consiste
nullement en de prétendues violations par la Russie de ses obligations en

vertu de la convention de 1965», mais repose seulement «sur des alléga-
tions d’interventions illicites et contraires au droit international humani-
taire en Ossétie du Sud et en Abkhazie»;
97. Considérant que la Fédération de Russie souligne que, dans
l’exposé qu’il dresse des faits qu’il prétend pertinents, le demandeur ne
traite que des différentes phases «de l’intervention russe» en Ossétie du

Sud et en Abkhazie et que «ce sont bien ces «interventions» que la Géor-
gie entend voir condamner par la Cour»; qu’elle ajoute que les «obser-
vations» de la Géorgie ne portent que sur des «attaques» armées, des
attaques menées sans discrimination contre des civils, l’utilisation de
bombes à sous-munitions, les indépendances proclamées et reconnues et

le sort des réfugiés et des personnes déplacées, mais pas sur des questions
de discrimination raciale; et que, selon elle, le différend entre les Parties
concerne «l’intervention que la Géorgie reproche à la Fédération de Rus-
sie d’avoir menée en réaction à sa propre action à l’égard de l’Abkhazie et
de l’Ossétie du Sud et les violations alléguées des règles du droit huma-

nitaire à cette occasion»;
98. Considérant que la Fédération de Russie affirme que, s’il «existe
incontestablement un différend (ou plus d’un différend) entre les Parties»,
ce différend ne porte pas sur l’interprétation ou l’application de la
CIEDR; que, selon elle, cela ressort «des pièces de procédure intro-

duites par la Géorgie et du dossier qu’elle a produit», mais aussi
«de l’attitude de l’Etat défendeur depuis le tout début des années
quatre-vingt-dix»; que la Fédération de Russie avance que, bien
que la Géorgie prétende qu’un différend existe entre elle-même et
la Fédération de Russie relativement à la CIEDR depuis 1991, le
Gouvernement géorgien n’a, en dix-huit ans, jamais mentionné ce

différend dans ses relations avec la Russie, au Conseil de sécurité ou
à l’OSCE, devant l’organe de la Convention créé pour en connaître
(le Comité pour l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination
raciale ou CERD), et pas davantage dans la demande de mesures
provisoires dont elle a saisi la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme

les 11 et 12 août derniers, demande «qui ne vise pas l’article 14 de la
Convention»; et qu’elle avance que «cette inaction, ce silence cons-
tant gardé durant de si longues années, atteste indiscutablement qu’aux

32 95. Whereas the Russian Federation, referring to the basis of jurisdic-
tion invoked by Georgia, namely Article 22 of CERD, states that the dis-

pute which Georgia has brought before this Court is not a dispute on
racial discrimination under the said Convention, but rather a dispute
relating to the use of force, the principles of territorial integrity and self-
determination, non-interference in the internal affairs of States, armed
activities and international humanitarian law; and whereas, accordingly,

the Russian Federation is of the view that “the Court manifestly lacks
jurisdiction in the present case”;
96. Whereas the Russian Federation asserts that the object of the dis-
pute which Georgia seeks to have adjudicated by the Court “is not at all
alleged violations by Russia of its obligations under the 1965 Conven-

tion”, but rather solely “allegations of unlawful actions in violation of
international humanitarian law in South Ossetia and Abkhazia”;

97. Whereas the Russian Federation stresses that, in the Applicant’s
presentation of the supposedly relevant facts, the latter deals only with
the various phases “of Russia’s intervention” in South Ossetia and Abk-

hazia and that “it is indeed this ‘intervention’ which Georgia seeks to
have condemned by the Court”; and whereas the Russian Federation
adds that Georgia’s “Observations” concern only armed attacks, indis-
criminate attacks on civilians, the use of cluster bombs, declarations and
recognition of independence and the plight of refugees and displaced per-

sons, but not issues of racial discrimination; and whereas, according to
Russia, the dispute between the Parties relates to “the intervention that
Georgia blames the Russian Federation for undertaking in response to its
own action with respect to Abkhazia and South Ossetia and the alleged
violations of the rules of humanitarian law on that occasion”;

98. Whereas the Russian Federation asserts that, while “there is
unquestionably a dispute (or more than one dispute) between the Parties”,
this dispute does not concern the interpretation or application
of CERD; whereas, according to the Russian Federation, this

follows from “the pleadings submitted by Georgia and the file it has
produced” as well as from “the attitude taken by the Respondent since
the very early 1990s”; whereas the Russian Federation claims that,
despite Georgia’s contention that a dispute relating to CERD has
existed between Georgia and the Russian Federation since 1991, the
Georgian Government has failed to mention this dispute for 18 years

in its relations with Russia, in the Security Council or the OSCE,
in the organ established under the Convention to deal with it (the
Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination) as well as in
its recent request for interim measures, of 11 and 12 August 2008,
to the European Court of Human Rights, “which does not refer to

Article 14 of the Convention”; whereas the Russian Federation
claims that “this failure to act, this silence consistently maintained
over so many years, indisputably attests to the absence in the view of

32yeux des dirigeants géorgiens il n’existait aucun différend relatif à
l’interprétation et à l’application de la Convention»;

99. Considérant que la Fédération de Russie relève que, depuis que la
Géorgie a ratifié la CIEDR en 1999, elle a soumis au Comité trois rap-
ports périodiques, mais que dans aucun de ces rapports elle ne faisait état
d’une quelconque violation par la Fédération de Russie des obligations
lui incombant en vertu de la CIEDR, ni d’un différend qui l’aurait oppo-

sée à la Fédération de Russie — selon la Fédération de Russie, «aucun
différend de ce type n’a été mentionné dans les rapports périodiques ni à
l’occasion de leur examen, lors des discussions entre les membres du
Comité et les représentants de la Géorgie»; que la Fédération de Russie
souligne qu’

«[i]l est particulièrement révélateur que, durant la dernière session
du CERD qui s’est terminée à Genève le 15 août 2008, une semaine
après le début du conflit armé, pas la moindre mention n’a été faite

d’un quelconque différend sur l’application de la Convention entre
la Géorgie et la Russie — ... alors même que le Comité élaborait ses
conclusions sur les dix-huitième et dix-neuvième rapports périodi-
ques de la Fédération de Russie»;

et qu’elle fait observer que la Géorgie aurait pu saisir le Comité sur le
fondement de l’article 11 pendant que celui-ci était en session et «port[er]
ses griefs à son attention» pour faire usage du

«mécanisme d’alerte rapide qui [depuis 1993] lui permet de réagir

aux situations d’urgence [en] demand[ant des] explications à l’Etat
partie concerné, ou bien en sollicitant l’intervention d’autres organes
des Nations Unies, y compris le Conseil de sécurité ou le Secrétaire
général»;

100. Considérant que la Fédération de Russie soutient qu’il ressort
clairement du libellé des articles 2 et 5 de la CIEDR qu’il y a lieu d’exé-
cuter les différentes obligations qui s’y trouvent énumérées «à l’intérieur

de chaque Etat membre» et que, par conséquent, ces dispositions «n’ont
pas d’application extraterritoriale»; qu’elle indique que «les articles 2
et 5 de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes
de discrimination raciale, sur lesquels s’appuie la Géorgie, ne lient pas le
défendeur hors de son propre territoire»; et qu’elle soutient que, en
conséquence, «la conduite de la Russie à l’extérieur de son territoire

n’étant pas couverte par les articles 2 et 5 de la Convention, ces disposi-
tions ne peuvent non plus fonder l’indication des mesures demandées»;
101. Considérant que la Fédération de Russie fait valoir que l’ar-
ticle 22 de la CIEDR énonce les conditions de procédure préalables à la
saisine de la Cour, à savoir qu’un différend ne peut être porté devant elle

que s’il n’a «pas été réglé par voie de négociation ou au moyen des pro-
cédures expressément prévues par ladite Convention»; qu’elle avance
que, «[e]n l’absence de négociation ou de recours aux procédures prévues

33Georgia’s leaders . . . of any dispute relating to the interpretation and
application of the Convention”;

99. Whereas the Russian Federation notes that, since Georgia ratified
CERD in 1999 it has submitted three periodic reports to the Committee
but that, in none of these, did Georgia invoke any breaches by the Rus-
sian Federation of its obligations under CERD, nor did it refer to any
dispute with the Russian Federation — “no such dispute being men-

tioned either in the periodic reports or during examination of them in the
discussions between Committee members and Georgia’s representatives”;
whereas the Russian Federation stresses that

“it is particularly telling that no mention whatsoever was made of
any dispute between Georgia and Russia over the application of the
Convention during the CERD’s most recent session, which con-

cluded in Geneva on 15 August 2008, one week after the armed con-
flict broke out — . . . at the very time the Committee was formulat-
ing its concluding observations on the Russian Federation’s eight-
eenth and nineteenth periodic reports”;

and whereas the Russian Federation observes that Georgia could have
seised the Committee pursuant to Article 11 while it was in session and
could have brought “its grievances to the Committee’s attention” in

order to make use of the
“early warning procedure in place in the CERD since 1993, enabling

the Committee to react in urgent situations by seeking explanations
from the State party concerned or by requesting intervention by
other United Nations organs, including the Security Council or Sec-
retary-General”;

100. Whereas the Russian Federation contends that the wording of
Articles 2 and 5 of CERD demonstrates that the different obligations
listed therein “are clearly phrased as obligations to be implemented

within each member State” and that therefore these provisions “do not
apply extraterritorially”; whereas it states that “Articles 2 and 5 of
CERD — upon which Georgia relies — do not bind the Respondent out-
side its own territory”; whereas, the Russian Federation maintains that,
accordingly, “Russia’s extraterritorial conduct is not governed by Arti-
cles 2 and 5 of CERD, hence those provisions cannot form the basis for

the requested interim order either”;

101. Whereas the Russian Federation argues that Article 22 of CERD
lays down procedural preconditions for the seisin of the Court, namely
that only if the dispute in question “is not settled by negotiation or by the

procedures expressly provided for in this Convention” can it be referred
to the Court; whereas the Russian Federation claims that “failing nego-
tiation and/or recourse to the procedures laid down by the Convention”

33par la Convention», la Cour ne saurait être saisie d’un différend; et que,
selon elle, cette interprétation est confortée par les travaux préparatoires,

qui montrent que «la saisine de la Cour a été conçue par les rédacteurs de
la Convention ... comme un recours ultime lorsque toutes les autres pos-
sibilités se sont révélées inopérantes»;
102. Considérant que la Fédération de Russie affirme que, en la pré-
sente espèce, «il n’y a jamais eu la moindre négociation entre les Parties

au sujet de l’interprétation ou de l’application de la convention sur l’éli-
mination de la discrimination raciale»; que les procédures prévues par la
CIEDR n’ont été actionnées ni par la Fédération de Russie ni par la
Géorgie et que, «même après le déclenchement des hostilités, celle-ci n’a
pas saisi le [Comité pour l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimina-

tion raciale] en vertu de l’article 11 de la Convention»; que, selon elle,
peu importe que les négociations ou le recours au Comité soient des
conditions préalables cumulatives ou alternatives parce qu’«il n’y a eu ni
négociation, ni recours à la procédure de l’article 11 (ou à celle de l’ar-
ticle 14)» de la CIEDR; et que la Fédération de Russie affirme en consé-
quence que, les conditions préalables prévues à l’article 22 n’étant pas

remplies, la Géorgie n’a pas la «possibilité de saisi[r] unilatérale[ment] ... la
Cour» et que celle-ci n’a donc pas compétence;
103. Considérant que la Fédération de Russie conclut que, en l’absence
d’un différend se rapportant à la CIEDR, la Cour est manifestement
incompétente et que, quand bien même un tel différend existerait, étant

donné qu’«il n’a, en tout état de cause, pas fait l’objet de la moindre ten-
tative de règlement entre les Parties» et que, «avant que la Géorgie intro-
duise sa requête devant la Cour, le 12 août dernier, la Fédération de
Russie n’en soupçonnait pas même l’existence», l’incompétence de la
Cour serait également manifeste, les conditions préalables à sa saisine

énoncées à l’article 22 n’étant pas remplies;

*

104. Considérant que l’article 22 de la CIEDR, que la Géorgie in-

voque pour fonder la compétence de la Cour en la présente espèce, se lit
comme suit:
«Tout différend entre deux ou plusieurs Etats parties touchant

l’interprétation ou l’application de la présente Convention qui n’aura
pas été réglé par voie de négociation ou au moyen des procédures
expressément prévues par ladite Convention sera porté, à la requête
de toute partie au différend, devant la Cour internationale de Justice
pour qu’elle statue à son sujet, à moins que les parties au différend

ne conviennent d’un autre mode de règlement»;
105. Considérant que, d’après les informations disponibles auprès du

Secrétaire général de l’Organisation des Nations Unies en sa qualité de
dépositaire, la Géorgie et la Fédération de Russie sont parties à la
CIEDR; que la Géorgie a déposé son instrument d’adhésion le 2 juin 1999

34the Court cannot be seised of a dispute; and whereas, according to the
Russian Federation, this interpretation is endorsed by the travaux

préparatoires, which show that “referral to the Court was seen by those
who drafted the Convention . . . as a last resort when all other possibili-
ties have proved ineffective”;
102. Whereas the Russian Federation claims that, in the present case,
“there has never been the slightest negotiation between the Parties on the

interpretation or application of the Convention on the elimination of
racial discrimination”, that the procedures laid down by CERD have not
been initiated either by the Russian Federation or by Georgia and that
“even after the start of hostilities, Georgia did not refer the matter to the
[Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination] under Arti-

cle 11 of the Convention”; whereas, according to the Russian Federation,
the question of whether the negotiations and recourse to the Committee
are cumulative or alternative preconditions is irrelevant because “there
has been neither negotiation nor recourse to the procedure in Article 11
(or Article 14)” of CERD; and whereas the Russian Federation asserts
consequently that, as the preconditions in Article 22 have not been met,

Georgia has “no possibility of unilaterally seising the Court” and that the
Court thus has no jurisdiction;
103. Whereas the Russian Federation concludes that, in the absence of
a dispute relating to CERD, the Court manifestly lacks jurisdiction and
that, even if such a dispute existed, in view of the fact that “it has in any

case never given rise to the slightest attempt to reach a settlement
between the Parties” and that “before Georgia filed its Application with
the Court, on 12 August last, the Russian Federation never even sus-
pected its existence”, the lack of jurisdiction would also be manifest since
the preconditions for the seisin of the Court laid down in Article 22 have

not been met;

*

104. Whereas Article 22 of CERD, which Georgia invokes as the basis

of jurisdiction of the Court in the present case, reads as follows:

“Any dispute between two or more States Parties with respect to

the interpretation or application of this Convention, which is not
settled by negotiation or by the procedures expressly provided for in
this Convention, shall, at the request of any of the parties to the dis-
pute, be referred to the International Court of Justice for decision,
unless the disputants agree to another mode of settlement”;

105. Whereas, according to the information available from the Sec-

retary-General of the United Nations as depositary, Georgia and the
Russian Federation are parties to CERD; whereas Georgia deposited its
instrument of accession on 2 June 1999 without reservation; whereas the

34sans l’assortir d’aucune réserve; que l’Union des Républiques socialistes
soviétiques a déposé son instrument de ratification le 4 février 1969, en

formulant une réserve à l’article 22 de la Convention; que, par une com-
munication reçue par le dépositaire le 8 mars 1989, le Gouvernement de
l’Union des Républiques socialistes soviétiques a informé le Secrétaire
général qu’il avait décidé de retirer sa réserve à l’article 22; et que la
Fédération de Russie, en qualité de continuateur de la personnalité juri-

dique de l’Union des Républiques socialistes soviétiques, est partie à la
CIEDR sans réserve;
106. Considérant que la définition de la discrimination raciale donnée
au paragraphe 1 de l’article premier de la CIEDR est la suivante:

«toute distinction, exclusion, restriction ou préférence fondée sur la
race, la couleur, l’ascendance ou l’origine nationale ou ethnique, qui
a pour but ou pour effet de détruire ou de compromettre la recon-
naissance, la jouissance ou l’exercice, dans des conditions d’égalité,

des droits de l’homme et des libertés fondamentales dans les do-
maines politique, économique, social et culturel ou dans tout autre
domaine de la vie publique»;

107. Considérant que les articles 2 et 5 de la CIEDR, dont la Géorgie
invoque la violation dans le cadre de la présente instance, sont ainsi
libellés:

«Article 2
1. Les Etats parties condamnent la discrimination raciale et s’enga-

gent à poursuivre par tous les moyens appropriés et sans retard une
politique tendant à éliminer toute forme de discrimination raciale et
à favoriser l’entente entre toutes les races, et, à cette fin:

a) Chaque Etat partie s’engage à ne se livrer à aucun acte ou pra-
tique de discrimination raciale contre des personnes, groupes de
personnes ou institutions et à faire en sorte que toutes les auto-
rités publiques et institutions publiques, nationales et locales, se
conforment à cette obligation;

b) Chaque Etat partie s’engage à ne pas encourager, défendre ou
appuyer la discrimination raciale pratiquée par une personne ou
une organisation quelconque;
c) Chaque Etat partie doit prendre des mesures efficaces pour
revoir les politiques gouvernementales nationales et locales et
pour modifier, abroger ou annuler toute loi et toute disposition

réglementaire ayant pour effet de créer la discrimination raciale
ou de la perpétuer là où elle existe;
d) Chaque Etat partie doit, par tous les moyens appropriés, y com-
pris, si les circonstances l’exigent, des mesures législatives, inter-
dire la discrimination raciale pratiquée par des personnes, des

groupes ou des organisations et y mettre fin;
e) Chaque Etat partie s’engage à favoriser, le cas échéant, les orga-
nisations et mouvements intégrationnistes multiraciaux et autres

35Union of Soviet Socialist Republics deposited its instrument of ratifica-
tion on 4 February 1969 with a reservation to Article 22 of the Conven-

tion; whereas, by a communication received by the depositary on 8 March
1989, the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics notified
the Secretary-General that it had decided to withdraw the reservation
relating to Article 22; and whereas the Russian Federation, as the State
continuing the legal personality of the Union of Soviet Socialist Repub-

lics, is a party to CERD without reservation;

106. Whereas the definition of racial discrimination in Article 1, para-
graph 1, of CERD is as follows:

“any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race,
colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin which has the purpose
or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or
exercise, on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental

freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural or any other field
of public life”;

107. Whereas Articles 2 and 5 of CERD, violations of which are
invoked by Georgia in the current proceedings, are couched in the fol-
lowing terms:

“Article 2
1. States Parties condemn racial discrimination and undertake to

pursue by all appropriate means and without delay a policy of elimi-
nating racial discrimination in all its forms and promoting under-
standing among all races, and, to this end:

(a) Each State Party undertakes to engage in no act or practice of
racial discrimination against persons, groups of persons or
institutions and to ensure that all public authorities and public
institutions, national and local, shall act in conformity with this
obligation;

(b) Each State Party undertakes not to sponsor, defend or support
racial discrimination by any persons or organizations;

(c) Each State Party shall take effective measures to review govern-
mental, national and local policies, and to amend, rescind or
nullify any laws and regulations which have the effect of creat-

ing or perpetuating racial discrimination wherever it exists;

(d) Each State Party shall prohibit and bring to an end, by all
appropriate means, including legislation as required by circum-
stances, racial discrimination by any persons, group or organi-

zation;
(e) Each State Party undertakes to encourage, where appropriate,
integrationist multiracial organizations and movements and

35 moyens propres à éliminer les barrières entre les races, et à
décourager ce qui tend à renforcer la division raciale.

2. Les Etats parties prendront, si les circonstances l’exigent, dans
les domaines social, économique, culturel et autres, des mesures spé-
ciales et concrètes pour assurer comme il convient le développement
ou la protection de certains groupes raciaux ou d’individus apparte-

nant à ces groupes en vue de leur garantir, dans des conditions
d’égalité, le plein exercice des droits de l’homme et des libertés fon-
damentales. Ces mesures ne pourront en aucun cas avoir pour effet
le maintien de droits inégaux ou distincts pour les divers groupes
raciaux, une fois atteints les objectifs auxquels elles répondaient»;

«Article 5

Conformément aux obligations fondamentales énoncées à l’ar-
ticle 2 de la présente Convention, les Etats parties s’engagent à inter-
dire et à éliminer la discrimination raciale sous toutes ses formes et à
garantir le droit de chacun à l’égalité devant la loi sans distinction de
race, de couleur ou d’origine nationale ou ethnique, notamment

dans la jouissance des droits suivants:
a) Droit à un traitement égal devant les tribunaux et tout autre
organe administrant la justice;
b) Droit à la sûreté de la personne et à la protection de l’Etat contre

les voies de fait ou les sévices de la part soit de fonctionnaires du
gouvernement, soit de tout individu, groupe ou institution;
c) Droits politiques, notamment droit de participer aux élections
— de voter et d’être candidat — selon le système du suffrage
universel et égal, droit de prendre part au gouvernement ainsi

qu’à la direction des affaires publiques, à tous les échelons, et
droit d’accéder, dans des conditions d’égalité, aux fonctions
publiques;
d) Autres droits civils, notamment:

i) Droit de circuler librement et de choisir sa résidence à
l’intérieur d’un Etat;
ii) Droit de quitter tout pays, y compris le sien, et de revenir
dans son pays;
iii) Droit à une nationalité;

iv) Droit de se marier et de choisir son conjoint;
v) Droit de toute personne, aussi bien seule qu’en association,
à la propriété;
vi) Droit d’hériter;
vii) Droit à la liberté de pensée, de conscience et de religion;

viii) Droit à la liberté d’opinion et d’expression;
ix) Droit à la liberté de réunion et d’association pacifiques;

e) Droits économiques, sociaux et culturels, notamment:

i) Droits au travail, au libre choix de son travail, à des condi-

36 other means of eliminating barriers between races, and to dis-
courage anything which tends to strengthen racial division.

2. States Parties shall, when the circumstances so warrant, take, in
the social, economic, cultural and other fields, special and concrete
measures to ensure the adequate development and protection of cer-
tain racial groups or individuals belonging to them, for the purpose

of guaranteeing them the full and equal enjoyment of human rights
and fundamental freedoms. These measures shall in no case entail as
a consequence the maintenance of unequal or separate rights for dif-
ferent racial groups after the objectives for which they were taken
have been achieved”;

“Article 5

In compliance with the fundamental obligations laid down in arti-
cle 2 of this Convention, States Parties undertake to prohibit and to
eliminate racial discrimination in all its forms and to guarantee the
right of everyone, without distinction as to race, colour, or national
or ethnic origin, to equality before the law, notably in the enjoyment

of the following rights:
(a) The right to equal treatment before the tribunals and all other
organs administering justice;
(b) The right to security of person and protection by the State

against violence or bodily harm, whether inflicted by govern-
ment officials or by any individual group or institution;
(c) Political rights, in particular the right to participate in elec-
tions — to vote and to stand for election — on the basis of uni-
versal and equal suffrage, to take part in the Government as

well as in the conduct of public affairs at any level and to have
equal access to public service;

(d) Other civil rights, in particular:

(i) The right to freedom of movement and residence within
the border of the State;
(ii) The right to leave any country, including one’s own, and
to return to one’s country;
(iii) The right to nationality;

(iv) The right to marriage and choice of spouse;
(v) The right to own property alone as well as in association
with others;
(vi) The right to inherit;
(vii) The right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion;

(viii) The right to freedom of opinion and expression;
(ix) The right to freedom of peaceful assembly and associa-
tion;
(e) Economic, social and cultural rights, in particular:

(i) The rights to work, to free choice of employment, to just

36 tions équitables et satisfaisantes de travail, à la protection
contre le chômage, à un salaire égal pour un travail égal, à

une rémunération équitable et satisfaisante;
ii) Droit de fonder des syndicats et de s’affilier à des syndicats;
iii) Droit au logement;
iv) Droit à la santé, aux soins médicaux, à la sécurité sociale et
aux services sociaux;

v) Droit à l’éducation et à la formation professionnelle;
vi) Droit de prendre part, dans des conditions d’égalité, aux
activités culturelles;

f) Droit d’accès à tous lieux et services destinés à l’usage du public,
tels que moyens de transport, hôtels, restaurants, cafés, specta-
cles et parcs»;

108. Considérant que les Parties sont en désaccord sur le champ
d’application territorial des obligations incombant aux Etats parties en
vertu de la CIEDR; que la Géorgie avance que la CIEDR ne prévoit
aucune limitation à son champ d’application territorial et que, en consé-

quence, «les obligations incombant à la Russie en vertu de cet instrument
s’étendent aux actes et omissions qui lui sont attribuables intervenus en
territoire géorgien, et plus précisément en Abkhazie et en Ossétie du
Sud»; que la Fédération de Russie avance que les dispositions de la
CIEDR n’ont pas d’applicabilité extraterritoriale et que, en particulier,

les articles 2 et 5 de la CIEDR ne peuvent régir la conduite d’un Etat hors
de ses frontières;
109. Considérant que la Cour fait observer que la CIEDR ne prévoit
aucune limitation générale de son champ d’application territorial; qu’elle
note en outre qu’en particulier ni l’article 2 ni l’article 5 de la CIEDR,

dont la Géorgie invoque la violation, ne contiennent de limitation terri-
toriale spécifique; et qu’elle en conclut que ces dispositions de la CIEDR,
à l’instar d’autres dispositions d’instruments de même nature, paraissent
généralement applicables aux actes d’un Etat partie lorsque celui-ci agit
hors de son territoire;

110. Considérant que la Géorgie avance que le différend soumis par
elle à la Cour concerne l’interprétation et l’application de la CIEDR; que
la Fédération de Russie soutient que le différend porte, en réalité, sur le
recours à la force, les principes de non-intervention et d’autodétermina-
tion et les violations du droit humanitaire; et qu’il appartient à la Cour
d’établir prima facie s’il existe un différend au sens de l’article 22 de la

CIEDR;
111. Considérant que les Parties s’opposent sur le point de savoir si les
événements qui se sont déroulés en Ossétie du Sud et en Abkhazie, par-
ticulièrement après le 8 août 2008, ont soulevé des questions relatives aux
droits et obligations juridiques découlant de la CIEDR; considérant que

la Géorgie soutient que les éléments de preuve qu’elle a soumis à la Cour
démontrent que les événements survenus en Ossétie du Sud et en Abkha-
zie se sont accompagnés d’actes de discrimination raciale à l’encontre des

37 and favourable conditions of work, to protection against
unemployment, to equal pay for equal work, to just and

favourable remuneration;
(ii) The right to form and join trade unions;
(iii) The right to housing;
(iv) The right to public health, medical care, social security
and social services;

(v) The right to education and training;
(vi) The right to equal participation in cultural activities;

(f) The right of access to any place or service intended for use by
the general public, such as transport hotels, restaurants, cafes,
theatres and parks”;

108. Whereas the Parties disagree on the territorial scope of the appli-
cation of the obligations of a State party under CERD; whereas Georgia
claims that CERD does not include any limitation on its territorial appli-
cation and that accordingly “Russia’s obligations under the Convention

extend to acts and omissions attributable to Russia which have their
locus within Georgia’s territory and in particular in Abkhazia and South
Ossetia”; whereas the Russian Federation claims that the provisions of
CERD cannot be applied extraterritorially and that in particular Arti-
cles 2 and 5 of CERD cannot govern a State’s conduct outside its own

borders;

109. Whereas the Court observes that there is no restriction of a gen-
eral nature in CERD relating to its territorial application; whereas it
further notes that, in particular, neither Article 2 nor Article 5 of CERD,

alleged violations of which are invoked by Georgia, contain a specific ter-
ritorial limitation; and whereas the Court consequently finds that these
provisions of CERD generally appear to apply, like other provisions of
instruments of that nature, to the actions of a State party when it acts
beyond its territory;

110. Whereas Georgia claims that the dispute it brings to the Court
concerns the interpretation and application of CERD; whereas the Rus-
sian Federation contends that the dispute really relates to the use of
force, principles of non-intervention and self-determination and to viola-
tions of humanitarian law; and whereas it is for the Court to determine
prima facie whether a dispute within the meaning of Article 22 of CERD

exists;
111. Whereas the Parties differ on the question of whether the events
which occurred in South Ossetia and Abkhazia, in particular following
8 August 2008, have given rise to issues relating to legal rights and obli-
gations under CERD; whereas Georgia contends that the evidence it has

submitted to the Court demonstrates that events in South Ossetia and in
Abkhazia have involved racial discrimination of ethnic Georgians living
in these regions and therefore fall under the provisions of Articles 2 and

37habitants de souche géorgienne de ces régions et relèvent par conséquent
des dispositions des articles 2 et 5 de la CIEDR; qu’elle allègue que les

personnes déplacées de souche géorgienne expulsées d’Ossétie du Sud et
d’Abkhazie n’ont pas été autorisées à regagner leur domicile, alors même
que le droit au retour est expressément garanti par l’article 5 de la
CIEDR; qu’elle avance en outre que des violences ont été commises
contre des personnes de souche géorgienne en Ossétie du Sud depuis le

cessez-le-feu du 10 août 2008, alors même que le droit à la sûreté de la
personne et à la protection contre les voies de fait ou les sévices est éga-
lement garanti par l’article 5 de la CIEDR; considérant que la Fédération
de la Russie avance que les faits en cause touchent exclusivement au
recours à la force, au droit humanitaire et à l’intégrité territoriale et, par-

tant, ne relèvent pas du champ d’application de la Convention;
112. Considérant que, de l’avis de la Cour, les Parties sont en désac-
cord sur l’applicabilité des articles 2 et 5 de la CIEDR dans le contexte
des événements d’Ossétie du Sud et d’Abkhazie; que, en conséquence, un
différend paraît exister entre les Parties quant à l’interprétation et à
l’application de la CIEDR; que, en outre, les actes allégués par la Géor-

gie paraissent pouvoir porter atteinte à des droits conférés par la CIEDR,
même si certains de ces actes pourraient également être couverts par
d’autres règles de droit international, notamment de droit humanitaire;
et que ces éléments suffisent à ce stade à établir l’existence entre les
Parties d’un différend pouvant relever des dispositions de la CIEDR,

condition nécessaire de la compétence prima facie de la Cour au titre de
l’article 22 de la Convention;
113. Considérant que la Cour, ayant établi l’existence d’un tel diffé-
rend, doit encore déterminer si les conditions procédurales prévues par
l’article 22 de la Convention sont réunies avant de décider si elle a com-

pétence prima facie pour connaître de l’affaire et, partant, si elle a aussi le
pouvoir d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires au cas où les circonstances
l’exigeraient; qu’il est rappelé que l’article 22 prévoit qu’un différend tou-
chant l’interprétation ou l’application de la CIEDR peut être porté
devant la Cour s’il n’a pas «été réglé par voie de négociation ou au

moyen des procédures expressément prévues par ladite Convention»; que
la Géorgie avance que cette proposition décrit le cas de figure où un dif-
férend n’a pas été réglé selon ces modalités et ne se réfère pas à des condi-
tions qu’il faudrait épuiser avant que la Cour puisse être saisie du diffé-
rend; que, selon la Géorgie, des discussions et négociations bilatérales sur
les questions qui font l’objet de la Convention ont eu lieu entre les

Parties; que la Fédération de Russie, quant à elle, fait valoir que, en
application de l’article 22 de la CIEDR, la tenue de négociations ou le
recours aux procédures prévues par la CIEDR est un préalable indispen-
sable à la saisine de la Cour; et que la Fédération de Russie souligne
qu’aucune négociation n’a eu lieu entre les Parties sur des questions se

rapportant à la CIEDR, et que la Géorgie n’a pas davantage porté de
telles questions à l’attention du Comité pour l’élimination de la discrimi-
nation raciale en application des procédures prévues par la Convention;

385 of CERD; whereas it alleges that displaced ethnic Georgians, who have
been expelled from South Ossetia and Abkhazia, have not been permitted

to return to their place of residence even though the right of return is
expressly guaranteed by Article 5 of CERD; whereas Georgia claims in
addition that ethnic Georgians have been subject to violent attacks in
South Ossetia since the 10 August 2008 ceasefire even though the right of
security and protection against violence or bodily harm is also guaran-

teed by Article 5 of CERD; whereas the Russian Federation claims that
the facts in issue relate exclusively to the use of force, humanitarian law
and territorial integrity and therefore do not fall within the scope of
CERD;

112. Whereas, in the view of the Court, the Parties disagree with
regard to the applicability of Articles 2 and 5 of CERD in the context of
the events in South Ossetia and Abkhazia; whereas, consequently, there
appears to exist a dispute between the Parties as to the interpretation and
application of CERD; whereas, moreover, the acts alleged by Georgia

appear to be capable of contravening rights provided for by CERD, even
if certain of these alleged acts might also be covered by other rules of
international law, including humanitarian law; whereas this is sufficient
at this stage to establish the existence of a dispute between the Parties
capable of falling within the provisions of CERD, which is a necessary

condition for the Court to have prima facie jurisdiction under Article 22
of CERD;
113. Whereas the Court, having established that such a dispute between
the Parties exists, still needs to ascertain whether the procedural condi-
tions set out in Article 22 of the Convention have been met, before decid-

ing whether or not it has prima facie jurisdiction to deal with the case and
accordingly has also the power to indicate provisional measures if the cir-
cumstances are found so to require; whereas it is recalled that Article 22
provides that a dispute relating to the interpretation or application of
CERD may be referred to the Court if it “is not settled by negotiation or

by the procedure expressly provided for in this Convention”; whereas
Georgia claims that this phrase is descriptive of the fact that a dispute
has not so been settled and does not represent conditions to be exhausted
before the Court can be seized of the dispute; and whereas, according to
Georgia, bilateral discussions and negotiations relating to the issues
which form the subject-matter of the Convention have been held between

the Parties; whereas, for its part, the Russian Federation argues that pur-
suant to Article 22 of CERD, prior negotiations or recourse to the pro-
cedures under CERD constitute an indispensable precondition for the
seisin of the Court; and whereas it stresses that no negotiations have been
held between the Parties on issues relating to CERD nor has Georgia, in

accordance with the procedures envisaged in the Convention, brought
any such issues to the attention of the Committee on the Elimination of
Racial Discrimination;

38 114. Considérant que l’article 22 de la CIEDR n’est pas structuré de la
même façon que les dispositions de certains autres instruments exigeant

qu’un certain temps se soit écoulé ou qu’un arbitrage ait été entrepris
avant qu’une quelconque instance puisse être introduite devant la Cour;
que la formule «[t]out différend ... qui n’aura pas été réglé par voie de
négociation ou au moyen des procédures expressément prévues» par la
Convention, prise dans son sens naturel, ne donne pas à penser que la

tenue de négociations formelles au titre de la Convention ou le recours
aux procédures visées à l’article 22 constituent des conditions préalables
auxquelles il doit être satisfait avant toute saisine de la Cour; et que
l’article 22 donne en revanche à penser que la Partie demanderesse doit
avoir tenté d’engager, avec la Partie défenderesse, des discussions sur des

questions pouvant relever de la CIEDR;
115. Considérant qu’il ressort du dossier de l’affaire que de telles ques-
tions ont été soulevées à l’occasion de contacts bilatéraux entre les
Parties, et qu’elles n’ont manifestement pas été résolues par voie de négo-
ciation avant le dépôt de la requête; que, dans plusieurs communications
adressées au Conseil de sécurité de l’Organisation des Nations Unies les

jours ayant précédé le dépôt de la requête, ces mêmes questions ont été
soulevées par la Géorgie et commentées par la Fédération de Russie; que,
dès lors, la Fédération de Russie était informée de la position de la Géor-
gie à cet égard; et que le fait que la CIEDR n’ait pas été expressément
mentionnée dans un contexte bilatéral ou multilatéral ne fait pas obstacle

à la saisine de la Cour sur le fondement de l’article 22 de la Convention;
116. Considérant que l’article 22 de la CIEDR mentionne également
les «procédures expressément prévues» par la Convention; que, selon ces
procédures, «[s]i un Etat partie estime qu’un autre Etat partie n’applique
pas les dispositions de la Convention», la question peut être portée à

l’attention du Comité pour l’élimination de la discrimination raciale; et
que ni l’une ni l’autre des Parties n’avancent que les questions en litige
ont été portées à l’attention du Comité;

117. Considérant que, à la lumière de tout ce qui précède, la Cour

estime, prima facie, avoir compétence en vertu de l’article 22 de la
CIEDR pour connaître de l’affaire dans la mesure où l’objet du différend
touche à «l’interprétation ou [à] l’application» de la Convention; et que
la Cour peut en conséquence examiner la présente demande en indication
de mesures conservatoires;

**

118. Considérant que le pouvoir d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires
que la Cour tient de l’article 41 de son Statut a pour objet de sauvegarder
le droit de chacune des parties en attendant qu’elle rende sa décision, afin

qu’un préjudice irréparable ne soit pas causé aux droits en litige dans une
procédure judiciaire; qu’il s’ensuit que la Cour doit se préoccuper de sau-
vegarder par de telles mesures les droits que l’arrêt qu’elle aura ultérieu-

39 114. Whereas the structure of Article 22 of CERD is not identical to
that in certain other instruments which require that a period of time

should have elapsed or that arbitration should have been attempted
before initiation of any proceedings before the Court; whereas the phrase
“any dispute . . . which is not settled by negotiation or by the procedure
expressly provided for in this Convention” does not, in its plain meaning,
suggest that formal negotiations in the framework of the Convention or

recourse to the procedure referred to in Article 22 thereof constitute pre-
conditions to be fulfilled before the seisin of the Court; whereas however
Article 22 does suggest that some attempt should have been made by the
claimant party to initiate, with the Respondent Party, discussions on
issues that would fall under CERD;

115. Whereas it is apparent from the case file that such issues have
been raised in bilateral contacts between the Parties, and, that these
issues have manifestly not been resolved by negotiation prior to the filing
of the Application; whereas, in several representations to the United
Nations Security Council in the days before the filing of the Application,

those same issues were raised by Georgia and commented upon by the
Russian Federation; whereas therefore the Russian Federation was made
aware of Georgia’s position in that regard; and whereas the fact that
CERD has not been specifically mentioned in a bilateral or multilateral
context is not an obstacle to the seisin of the Court on the basis of Arti-

cle 22 of the Convention;
116. Whereas Article 22 of CERD refers also to “the procedures
expressly provided for” in the Convention; whereas, according to these
procedures, “if a State Party considers that another State Party is not giv-
ing effect to the provisions of this Convention” the matter may properly

be brought to the attention of the Committee on the Elimination of
Racial Discrimination; whereas the Court notes that neither Party claims
that the issues in dispute have been brought to the attention of the Com-
mittee;
117. Whereas the Court, in view of all the foregoing, considers that,

prima facie, it has jurisdiction under Article 22 of CERD to deal with the
case to the extent that the subject-matter of the dispute relates to the
“interpretation or application” of the Convention; and whereas the
Court may accordingly address the present Request for the indication of
provisional measures;

**

118. Whereas the power of the Court to indicate provisional measures
under Article 41 of the Statute of the Court has as its object the preserva-
tion of the respective rights of the parties pending the decision of the

Court, in order to ensure that irreparable prejudice shall not be caused to
rights which are the subject of dispute in judicial proceedings; and
whereas it follows that the Court must be concerned to preserve by such

39rement à rendre pourrait éventuellement reconnaître, soit au demandeur,
soit au défendeur (Application de la convention pour la prévention et la

répression du crime de génocide (Bosnie-Herzégovine c. Yougoslavie
(Serbie et Monténégro)), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 8 avril
1993, C.I.J. Recueil 1993 , p. 19, par. 34; Frontière terrestre et maritime
entre le Cameroun et le Nigéria (Cameroun c. Nigéria), mesures conser-
vatoires, ordonnance du 15 mars 1996, C.I.J. Recueil 1996 (I) ,p .2,

par. 35); et qu’un lien doit donc être établi entre les droits allégués que les
mesures conservatoires sollicitées visent à protéger et l’objet de l’instance
pendante devant la Cour sur le fond de l’affaire;

119. Considérant que, d’après la requête de la Géorgie, les droits que

la Géorgie et ses ressortissants peuvent tenir des articles 2, 3, 4, 5 et 6 de
la CIEDR constituent l’objet de l’instance pendante devant la Cour sur le
fond de l’affaire;
120. Considérant que les droits que la Géorgie cherche à sauvegarder
par l’indication de mesures conservatoires sont énumérés en ces termes
dans la demande qu’elle a présentée à cet effet le 14 août 2008:

«a) [le] droit à ce que, conformément au paragraphe 1 de l’article 2,
la Fédération de Russie et les autorités séparatistes agissant
sous sa direction et sous son contrôle s’abstiennent de tout

nouvel acte ou pratique de discrimination fondée sur l’origine
ethnique contre des citoyens géorgiens et que les civils soient
pleinement protégés contre de tels actes dans les territoires sous
occupation ou contrôle effectif des forces russes;
b) [le] droit à ce que, conformément à l’article 3, la Fédération de

Russie et les autorités séparatistes agissant sous sa direction et
sous son contrôle s’abstiennent de tout nouvel acte entraînant
la reconnaissance de la ségrégation fondée sur l’origine eth-
nique pratiquée à l’encontre de citoyens géorgiens ou rendant
celle-ci permanente par le déplacement forcé ou le déni du

droit des personnes déplacées de retourner dans leurs foyers en
Ossétie du Sud, en Abkhazie et dans les territoires voisins
sous occupation ou contrôle effectif des forces russes;
c) [le] droit à ce que, conformément à l’article 5, la Fédération de
Russie et les autorités séparatistes agissant sous sa direction et
sous son contrôle s’abstiennent de tout nouvel acte tel que des

citoyens géorgiens soient empêchés de jouir de droits de
l’homme fondamentaux, en particulier du droit à la sûreté de la
personne et à la protection contre les voies de fait ou les sévices,
du droit de circuler librement et de choisir sa résidence à l’inté-
rieur des frontières de la Géorgie, du droit des personnes dépla-

cées de retourner dans leurs foyers en toute sécurité, ainsi que
du droit à la protection des habitations et des biens contre les
actes de pillage et de destruction; et

40measures the rights which may subsequently be adjudged by the Court to
belong either to the Applicant or to the Respondent (Application of the

Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
(Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)), Pro-
visional Measures, Order of 8 April 1993, I.C.J. Reports 1993,p .1,
para. 34; Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria
(Cameroon v. Nigeria), Provisional Measures, Order of 15 March 1996,

I.C.J. Reports 1996 (I), p. 22, para. 35); whereas a link must therefore
be established between the alleged rights, the protection of which is the
subject of the provisional measures being sought, and the subject of the
proceedings before the Court on the merits of the case;
119. Whereas, according to Georgia’s Application, the rights that

Georgia and its nationals may have on the basis of Articles 2, 3, 4, 5
and 6 of CERD constitute the subject of the proceedings pending before
the Court on the merits of the case;
120. Whereas the legal rights which Georgia seeks to have protected
by the indication of provisional measures are enumerated in the Request
of Georgia for the indication of such measures filed on 14 August 2008 as

follows:

“(a) the right to ensure that the Russian Federation and separatist
authorities under its direction and control refrain from any
further act or practice of ethnic discrimination against Geor-

gian citizens and that civilians are fully protected against such
acts in territories under the occupation or effective control of
Russian forces, pursuant to Article 2 (1);

(b) the right to ensure that the Russian Federation and separatist

authorities under its direction and control refrain from any
further acts resulting in the recognition of or rendering perma-
nent the ethnic segregation of Georgian citizens through forced
displacement or denial of the right of IDPs to return to their
homes in South Ossetia, Abkhazia, and adjacent territories

under the occupation or effective control of Russian forces,
pursuant to Article 3;

(c) the right to ensure that the Russian Federation and separatist
authorities under its direction and control refrain from any
further acts violating the enjoyment by Georgian citizens of

fundamental human rights including in particular the right to
security of the person and protection against violence or bod-
ily harm, the right to freedom of movement and residence
within the borders of Georgia, the right of IDPs to return to
their homes under conditions of safety, and the right to pro-

tection of homes and property against pillage and destruction,
pursuant to Article 5; and

40 d) [le] droit à ce que, conformément à l’article 6, la Fédération de
Russie et les autorités séparatistes agissant sous sa direction et

sous son contrôle s’abstiennent de tout acte privant les citoyens
géorgiens soumis à leur juridiction d’une protection et d’une
voie de recours effectives contre les actes de discrimination
fondée sur l’origine ethnique et les violations des droits de
l’homme»;

121. Considérant que, dans sa demande modifiée (voir paragraphe 41
ci-dessus), la Géorgie, se référant aux articles 2 et 5 de la CIEDR, indique

qu’elle cherche à obtenir la protection des «droits à la sûreté de la per-
sonne et à la protection contre les voies de fait ou les sévices» et du
«droit au retour» prévus dans lesdits articles de la Convention;
122. Considérant que, dans sa demande modifiée, la Géorgie fait
notamment valoir ceci, à propos de ces droits:

«Par sa requête déposée le 12 août 2008, la Géorgie prie notam-
ment la Cour d’ordonner à la Fédération de Russie de prendre

toutes les mesures nécessaires pour garantir que les personnes de
souche géorgienne demeurées en Ossétie du Sud et en Abkhazie ne
seront pas soumises à des actes de discrimination constitutifs de viola-
tions des articles 2 et 5 de la CIEDR. En attendant l’examen du
bien-fondé de ses griefs et des remèdes demandés, la Géorgie prie res-

pectueusement la Cour d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires afin
d’empêcher qu’un préjudice irréparable ne soit porté au droit des
personnes de souche géorgienne de ne pas subir de traitement discri-
minatoire et, en particulier, des violences ou autres actes de contrainte
tels que meurtres ou menaces de meurtre, atteintes ou menaces

d’atteinte à l’intégrité physique, prises d’otages et mises en détention
sur la base de l’origine ethnique, destruction et pillage de biens et
autres actes visant à les chasser de leurs foyers en Ossétie du Sud,
en Abkhazie et dans des régions adjacentes situées en territoire
géorgien.

.............................
Dans sa requête, la Géorgie prie notamment la Cour d’ordonner à
la Fédération de Russie de prendre toutes les mesures nécessaires
pour assurer et faciliter le retour en Ossétie du Sud et en Abkhazie,

en toute sécurité, des personnes déplacées de souche géorgienne, eu
égard au droit au retour garanti par l’article 5 de la CIEDR. En
attendant l’examen du bien-fondé des griefs qu’elle a formulés au
regard de la Convention, et des remèdes qu’elle a demandés, la
Géorgie prie respectueusement la Cour d’indiquer des mesures

conservatoires afin d’empêcher qu’un préjudice irréparable ne soit
porté au droit des personnes de souche géorgienne de retourner en
Ossétie du Sud et en Abkhazie»;

123. Considérant que, à l’audience, la Géorgie a réaffirmé que les
droits dont elle «demande la protection aussi bien dans sa demande en

41 (d) the right to ensure that the Russian Federation and separatist
authorities under its direction and control refrain from any

acts denying to Georgian citizens under their jurisdiction effec-
tive protection and remedies against ethnic discrimination and
violations of human rights pursuant to Article 6”;

121. Whereas in its Amended Request (see paragraph 41 above), Geor-
gia, referring to Articles 2 and 5 of CERD, states that it seeks to protect

“the right to security of person and protection against violence or bodily
harm” and “the right of return” provided for in the above-mentioned
Articles of the Convention;
122. Whereas, in its Amended Request, Georgia argues with regard to
these rights, in particular, as follows:

“By its Application filed on 12 August 2008, Georgia is seeking,
inter alia, the Court’s order directing the Russian Federation to take

all necessary measures to ensure that the remaining ethnic Georgian
populations of South Ossetia and Abkhazia are not subject to dis-
criminatory treatment contrary to Articles 2 and 5 of CERD. Pend-
ing the Court’s consideration of the merits of Georgia’s claims and
its request for relief, Georgia respectfully requests the Court to indi-

cate provisional measures to prevent irreparable prejudice to the
right of ethnic Georgians to be free from discriminatory treatment,
in particular violent or otherwise coercive acts, including but not
limited to the threat or infliction of death or bodily harm, hostage-
taking and detention based on ethnicity, the destruction and pillage

of property, and other acts intended to expel them from their homes
in South Ossetia, Abkhazia, and adjacent regions located within
Georgian territory.

.............................
In its Application, Georgia seeks, inter alia, the Court’s order to
direct the Russian Federation to take all necessary measures to per-
mit and facilitate the return of displaced ethnic Georgians to South

Ossetia and Abkhazia in conditions of safety and security in recogni-
tion of the right of return guaranteed under Article 5 of CERD.
Pending the Court’s consideration of the merits of Georgia’s claims
under CERD and its request for relief, Georgia respectfully requests
the Court to indicate provisional measures to prevent irreparable

prejudice to the right of return of ethnic Georgians to South Ossetia
and Abkhazia”;

123. Whereas at the hearings Georgia reiterated that the rights for
which it “seeks protection both in its Amended Request for provisional

41indication de mesures conservatoires modifiée que dans sa requête sont
ceux-là mêmes qui sont garantis dans les articles 2 et 5 de la Conven-

tion», et qu’elle a ainsi décrit ces droits:
«En vertu des alinéas a) et b) du paragraphe 1 de l’article 2, la

Géorgie a droit à ce que la Russie, en tant qu’Etat partie à la
Convention, «ne se livr[e] à aucun acte ou pratique de discrimina-
tion raciale contre des personnes, groupes de personnes ou institu-
tions» et s’engage à «ne pas encourager, défendre ou appuyer la
discrimination raciale pratiquée par une personne ou une organisa-

tion quelconque». En application de l’alinéa d) du paragraphe 1 de
l’article 2, la Géorgie a également droit à ce que la Russie, «par tous
les moyens appropriés, ... interdi[s]e la discrimination raciale prati-
quée par des personnes, des groupes ou des organisations et y mett[e]
fin». L’article 5 protège en particulier: premièrement, en son ali-
néa b), le droit «à la sûreté de la personne et à la protection de l’Etat

contre les voies de fait ou les sévices de la part soit de fonctionnaires
du gouvernement, soit de tout individu, groupe ou institu-
tion»; deuxièmement, au sous-alinéa i) de son alinéa d), le droit
de «circuler librement et de choisir sa résidence à l’intérieur
d’un Etat»; troisièmement, au sous-alinéa ii) de ce même ali-

néa, le droit «de revenir»; quatrièmement, au sous-alinéa iii)
de ce même alinéa, le droit «à une nationalité»; et, cinquiè-
mement, au sous-alinéa v) de ce même alinéa, le droit «à la
propriété»»;

124. Considérant que la Fédération de Russie soutient que le lien
requis entre les droits dont la Géorgie demande la protection dans sa
demande en indication de mesures conservatoires et l’objet de l’instance

sur le fond de l’affaire fait défaut;
125. Considérant que la Fédération de Russie expose, en particulier,
que, «si jamais elles étaient indiquées, les mesures énumérées aux ali-
néas a) et b) de la demande [lui] imposeraient ... de prendre des mesures
concrètes pour parvenir à certains résultats ou en prévenir d’autres dans

les territoires concernés» et qu’elles présupposeraient donc que les arti-
cles 2 et 5 de la CIEDR énoncent une obligation de prévenir la discrimi-
nation raciale; qu’elle fait valoir que, ainsi qu’il ressort du libellé des
articles 2 et 5 de la CIEDR, nulle part dans ces dispositions les Etats ne
«s’engagent à prévenir les violations de la Convention» et qu’il n’y a
donc «pas d’obligation de prévenir la discrimination raciale pratiquée

par d’autres acteurs»; qu’en conséquence, selon la Fédération de Russie,
l’obligation de prévenir la discrimination raciale — ou les mesures spéci-
fiques et positives qui en découleraient — ne saurait constituer l’objet
de l’instance sur le fond; et que, dès lors, aucun droit correspondant à
une telle obligation ne saurait être protégé par l’indication de mesures

conservatoires;
126. Considérant que la Cour note que les articles 2 et 5 de la CIEDR
visent à protéger les individus contre la discrimination raciale en faisant

42measures and in its Application are the specific rights guaranteed by Arti-
cles 2 and 5 of the Convention”; and whereas it referred to these rights as

follows:
“Under Article 2, paragraph 1 (a) and (b), Georgia has a right to

have Russia, as a State party to the Convention, ‘engage in no act or
practice of racial discrimination against persons, groups of persons
or institutions’ and to undertake ‘not to sponsor, defend or support
racial discrimination by any persons or organizations’. Under para-
graph 1 (d) of Article 2, Georgia also has the right to have Russia

‘prohibit and bring to an end, by all appropriate means . . . racial
discrimination by any persons, group or organization’. The specific
rights protected by Article 5 are: first, the right under Article 5 (b)
‘to security of person and protection by the State against violence or
bodily harm, whether inflicted by government officials or by any
individual, group or institution’; second, the right under Arti-

cle 5 (d) (i) ‘to freedom of movement and residence within the bor-
der of the State’; third, the right under Article 5 (d) (ii) ‘to return’;
fourth, the right under Article 5 (d) (iii) ‘to nationality’; and fifth,
the right under Article 5 (d) (v) ‘to own property’”;

124. Whereas the Russian Federation contends that the required con-
nection between the rights which Georgia seeks to protect by its Request
for the indication of provisional measures and the subject of the proceed-

ings on the merits is lacking;
125. Whereas, in particular, it explains that “the measures listed in
subparagraphs (a) and (b) of the Request, if ever adopted, would
require Russia to take active steps to ensure or to prevent certain results
from happening in the areas concerned” thereby presupposing that Arti-

cles 2 and 5 of CERD contain an obligation to prevent racial discrimi-
nation; whereas the Russian Federation argues that, as is apparent from
the wording of Articles 2 and 5 of CERD, nowhere in these provisions
“do States undertake to prevent breaches of the Convention” and that
thus there is “no duty to prevent racial discrimination by other actors”;
whereas, according to the Russian Federation, owing to this fact, a duty

to prevent racial discrimination — or specific, positive measures said to
flow from such duty — cannot form the subject of the proceedings on the
merits; and whereas, therefore, any related right cannot be protected by
the indication of provisional measures;

126. Whereas the Court notes that Articles 2 and 5 of CERD are
intended to protect individuals from racial discrimination by obliging

42obligation aux Etats parties de prendre certaines mesures qui s’y trouvent
indiquées; qu’elle considère qu’il n’est pas opportun, à ce stade de la pro-

cédure, de se prononcer sur la question de savoir si les articles 2 et 5 de la
CIEDR supposent une obligation de prévenir la commission d’actes de
discrimination raciale par des tiers; que les Etats parties à la CIEDR ont
le droit d’exiger d’un Etat partie qu’il exécute les obligations spécifiques
lui incombant en vertu des articles 2 et 5 de la Convention; qu’il existe

un rapport de corrélation entre le respect des droits des individus, les
obligations incombant aux Etats parties en vertu de la CIEDR et le
droit des Etats parties à demander l’exécution de ces obligations;
que, selon la Cour, les droits que la Géorgie invoque dans sa demande
en indication de mesures conservatoires et qu’elle cherche à protéger

en présentant celle-ci possèdent un lien suffisant, aux fins de la présente
procédure, avec le fond de l’affaire introduite par elle; et que ce sont
les droits ainsi revendiqués qui doivent retenir l’attention de la Cour
dans son examen de la demande en indication de mesures conservatoires
présentée par la Géorgie;
127. Considérant que la Cour, après avoir établi qu’il existe une base

sur laquelle sa compétence pourrait être fondée, ne doit pas indiquer de
mesures tendant à protéger des droits en litige autres que ceux qui pour-
raient en définitive constituer la base d’un arrêt rendu dans l’exercice de
cette compétence; qu’en conséquence la Cour limitera son examen aux
mesures demandées par la Géorgie et aux moyens avancés pour deman-

der ces mesures, qui paraissent entrer dans le champ d’application de la
CIEDR (cf. Application de la convention pour la prévention et la répres-
sion du crime de génocide (Bosnie-Herzégovine c. Yougoslavie (Serbie et
Monténégro)), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 8 avril 1993,
C.I.J. Recueil 1993, p. 19);

**

128. Considérant que le pouvoir d’indiquer des mesures conservatoires
que la Cour tient de l’article 41 de son Statut «présuppose qu’un préju-

dice irréparable ne doit pas être causé aux droits en litige dans une pro-
cédure judiciaire» (LaGrand (Allemagne c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique), me-
sures conservatoires, ordonnance du 3 mars 1999, C.I.J. Recueil 1999 (I) ,
p. 15, par. 22);
129. Considérant que le pouvoir de la Cour d’indiquer des mesures
conservatoires ne sera exercé que s’il y a urgence, c’est-à-dire s’il existe un

réel risque qu’une action préjudiciable aux droits de l’une ou de l’autre
Partie ne soit commise avant que la Cour n’ait rendu sa décision défini-
tive (voir par exemple Passage par le Grand-Belt (Finlande c. Dane-
mark), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 29 juillet 1991, C.I.J.
Recueil 1991, p. 17, par. 23; Certaines procédures pénales engagées en

France (République du Congo c. France), mesure conservatoire, ordon-
nance du 17 juin 2003, C.I.J. Recueil 2003 , p. 107, par. 22; Usines de pâte
à papier sur le fleuve Uruguay (Argentine c. Uruguay), mesures conser-

43States parties to undertake certain measures specified therein; whereas
the Court considers that it is not appropriate, in the present phase, for it

to pronounce on the issue of whether Articles 2 and 5 of CERD imply a
duty to prevent racial discrimination by other actors; whereas States
parties to CERD have the right to demand compliance by a State party
with specific obligations incumbent upon it under Articles 2 and 5 of the
Convention; whereas there is a correlation between respect for individual

rights, the obligations of States parties under CERD and the right of
States parties to seek compliance therewith; whereas in the view of the
Court the rights which Georgia invokes in, and seeks to protect by, its
Request for the indication of provisional measures have a sufficient con-
nection with the merits of the case it brings for the purposes of the cur-

rent proceedings; and whereas it is upon the rights thus claimed that the
Court must focus its attention in its consideration of Georgia’s Request
for the indication of provisional measures;

127. Whereas the Court, having established the existence of a basis on

which its jurisdiction might be founded, ought not to indicate measures
for the protection of any disputed rights other than those which might
ultimately form the basis of a judgment in the exercise of that jurisdic-
tion; whereas accordingly the Court will confine its examination of the
measures requested by Georgia, and of the grounds asserted for the

request for such measures, to those which appear to fall within the scope
of CERD (cf. Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Pun-
ishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia
(Serbia and Montenegro)), Provisional Measures, Order of 8 April 1993,
I.C.J. Reports 1993, p. 19);

**

128. Whereas the power of the Court to indicate provisional measures
under Article 41 of its Statute “presupposes that irreparable prejudice

shall not be caused to rights which are the subject of a dispute in judicial
proceedings” (LaGrand (Germany v. United States of America), Provi-
sional Measures, Order of 3 March 1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (I) ,
pp. 14-15, para. 22);
129. Whereas the power of the Court to indicate provisional measures
will be exercised only if there is urgency in the sense that there is a real

risk that action prejudicial to the rights of either party might be taken
before the Court has given its final decision (see, for example, Passage
through the Great Belt (Finland v. Denmark), Provisional Measures,
Order of 29 July 1991, I.C.J. Reports 1991 , p. 17, para. 23; Certain
Criminal Proceedings in France (Republic of the Congo v. France), Pro-

visional Measure, Order of 17 June 2003, I.C.J. Reports 2003 , p. 107,
para. 22; Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), Pro-
visional Measures, Order of 23 January 2007, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (I) ,

43vatoires, ordonnance du 23 janvier 2007, C.I.J. Recueil 2007 (I) ,p.11,
par. 32); et que la Cour doit donc examiner si, dans la présente instance,

une telle urgence existe;

*

130. Considérant que la Géorgie fait valoir que, vu le comportement

de la Fédération de Russie en Ossétie du Sud, en Abkhazie et dans les
régions adjacentes, des mesures conservatoires sont requises d’urgence
parce qu’«il existe un risque imminent de voir les personnes de souche
géorgienne [dans ces régions] brutalement expulsées, tuées, molestées,
détenues de manière illicite ou prises en otage, et leurs habitations et

autres biens endommagés ou pillés», et que, «[e]n outre, les perspectives
du retour des personnes de souche géorgienne qui ont été contraintes à
prendre la fuite se détériorent rapidement»;
131. Considérant que la Géorgie soutient que des rapports d’organisa-
tions internationales et non gouvernementales, ainsi que les déclarations
de témoins qui vont dans le même sens et les corroborent, apportent la

preuve des «violations continues, généralisées et systématiques des droits
que les personnes de souche géorgienne tiennent de la Convention» com-
mises en Ossétie du Sud, en Abkhazie et dans d’autres parties de la Géor-
gie «actuellement occupées par les forces russes», et montrent, d’après
elle, que pèse sur les personnes de souche géorgienne demeurées dans ces

régions «un risque imminent d’être violemment agressées et expulsées par
la force»; que, selon la Géorgie, des preuves existent d’un «risque réel de
voir se poursuivre le nettoyage ethnique entrepris par les forces militaires
russes et les milices séparatistes opérant derrière les lignes russes, tout
particulièrement dans les régions ayant conservé d’importantes commu-

nautés géorgiennes»; et que la Géorgie affirme qu’il ressort également de
ces éléments de preuve que «les autorités russes n’assurent pas, et ris-
quent de continuer à ne pas assurer, le respect des droits dont peuvent se
prévaloir, en vertu de la Convention, les personnes de souche géor-
gienne», en particulier les droits des Géorgiens qui vivent encore en Ossé-

tie du Sud, en Abkhazie et dans d’autres régions géorgiennes «actuelle-
ment occupées par les forces russes», et les droits des Géorgiens qui
souhaitent retourner dans leurs foyers dans ces régions;
132. Considérant que la Géorgie avance que «les droits en litige ris-
quent de subir un préjudice par définition irréparable», parce qu’«[a]u-
cune satisfaction ni aucune indemnisation ne pourront jamais réparer les

formes extrêmes du préjudice» qui leur a été porté dans la présente
affaire; qu’elle indique que le risque de préjudice irréparable «n’est pas
nécessairement éliminé par une suspension ou une cessation des hostilités
militaires à l’origine du contexte dans lequel est apparu le risque»; et
qu’elle soutient que «les violations massives des droits que la Convention

garantit aux personnes de souche géorgienne se sont même aggravées
après la cessation des affrontements militaires, ... se sont poursuivies sans
relâche depuis, et ... continuent toujours»;

44p. 11, para. 32); and whereas the Court thus has to consider whether in
the current proceedings such urgency exists;

*

130. Whereas Georgia argues that, in view of the conduct of the Rus-

sian Federation in South Ossetia, Abkhazia, and adjacent regions, pro-
visional measures are urgently needed because the ethnic Georgians in
these areas “are at imminent risk of violent expulsion, death or personal
injury, hostage-taking and unlawful detention, and damage to or loss of
their homes and other property” and “in addition, the prospects for the

return of those ethnic Georgians who have already been forced to flee are
rapidly deteriorating”;

131. Whereas Georgia contends that reports of international and non-
governmental organizations and witness statements, which are consistent
with and corroborate these reports, provide evidence of “the ongoing,

widespread and systematic abuses of rights of ethnic Georgians under the
Convention” in South Ossetia, Abkhazia and other parts of Georgia
“presently occupied by Russian forces” and allegedly show that ethnic
Georgians who remain in these areas “are at imminent risk of violent
attack and forced expulsion”; whereas, according to Georgia, there is

evidence of a “real risk of continued ethnic cleansing by Russian military
forces and separatist militias operating behind Russian lines, especially in
those areas that still have significant Georgian populations”; and whereas
Georgia asserts that this evidence also “shows a present failure, and a
risk of continuing failure, on the part of the Russian authorities to ensure

that rights for ethnic Georgians under the Convention are respected”,
particularly the rights of Georgians who still live in South Ossetia, Abk-
hazia and other regions of Georgia “presently occupied by Russian
forces”, and the rights of Georgians who wish to return to their homes in
those regions;

132. Whereas Georgia claims that “the rights in dispute are threatened
with harm that by its very nature is irreparable” because “no satisfaction,
no award of reparations, could ever compensate for the extreme forms of

prejudice” to those rights in the current proceedings; whereas it states
that the risk of irreparable prejudice “is not necessarily removed by a sus-
pension or cessation of the military hostilities that initially provided the
context in which the risk was generated”; and whereas Georgia contends
that “the widespread violations of the rights of ethnic Georgians under

the Convention grew even worse after military engagements ceased, that
they have continued unabated since then, and that they are continuing
still”;

44 133. Considérant que la Géorgie indique que «[l]e risque qu’il soit
porté préjudice de manière irréparable aux droits en cause en l’espèce

n’est pas seulement imminent, il s’est déjà concrétisé», ce qu’atteste le
fait que «le nettoyage ethnique et d’autres formes de discrimination
prohibées dont sont victimes les Géorgiens en Abkhazie, en Ossétie
du Sud et dans les autres régions occupées par les forces russes se pour-
suivent, et qu’il est probable qu’ils se poursuivront encore et qu’ils se

reproduiront»;
134. Considérant que la Fédération de Russie indique quant à elle que
«les critères énoncés à l’article 41 ne sont pas remplis en l’espèce»; et
qu’elle prétend que «la Géorgie n’a pas établi que des droits opposables
à la Russie en vertu des articles 2 et 5 de la CIEDR, aussi largement puis-

sent-ils être interprétés, sont exposés à un «risque grave» de dommage
irréparable»;
135. Considérant que, s’agissant de la période qualifiée par la Géorgie
de «première et deuxième phases de l’intervention de la Russie en Ossétie
du Sud et en Abkhazie», la Fédération de Russie appelle l’attention sur
les documents versés au dossier de l’affaire, en particulier «plusieurs

déclarations de ministres géorgiens, décisions et accords internationaux
auxquels la Géorgie est partie, dans lesquels le rôle de la Russie et celui
des forces de maintien de la paix sont acceptés et reconnus comme tout à
fait bénéfiques»;
136. Considérant que, s’agissant des événements du mois d’août 2008,

la Fédération de Russie allègue que les «faits sur lesquels il est raisonna-
blement permis de se fonder» démentent qu’un risque grave pèse sur les
droits maintenant invoqués par la Géorgie, arguant que, premièrement,
les actions armées ont entraîné «des pertes dans les rangs des forces
armées de toutes les parties concernées, la mort de civils de toutes ori-

gines ethniques ainsi qu’un déplacement massif de personnes de toutes
origines ethniques» et, deuxièmement, que «les actions armées ont
aujourd’hui cessé, et [que] des civils de toutes origines ethniques ont com-
mencé à retourner dans les anciennes zones de conflit, quoique pas encore
dans toutes»; et que, en ce qui concerne le principe du retour, la Fédéra-

tion de Russie fait observer que, «[l]e 15 août, dans le cadre de discus-
sions avec le Haut Commissaire des Nations Unies pour les réfugiés, le
ministre russe des affaires étrangères a indiqué qu’il souscrivait au prin-
cipe du caractère non discriminatoire du droit au retour de tous les civils
forcés à fuir»;
137. Considérant que la Fédération de Russie affirme que «l’urgence

ne peut être invoquée qu’au regard des faits survenus après le 7 août
2008», puisque, avant cette date, «bien évidemment, le degré d’urgence
requis n’était pas atteint, la Géorgie n’ayant même jamais fait grief à la
Russie d’avoir commis des violations de la CIEDR»; qu’elle fait en outre
valoir que la seule urgence à laquelle les événements survenus après le

7 août pourraient permettre de conclure concernerait les «actions armées
et [l]es répercussions qu’elles ont eues depuis cette date»; qu’elle expose
que «des faits majeurs ... survenus pendant cette période ... contredi[sent]

45 133. Whereas Georgia claims that “the risk of irreparable prejudice to
the rights at issue in this case is not only imminent, [but] is already hap-

pening”, which is evidenced by the fact that “the ethnic cleansing and
other forms of prohibited discrimination carried out against Georgians in
Abkhazia, South Ossetia and other regions occupied by Russian forces
are still occurring, and that they are likely to continue to occur and to
recur”;

134. Whereas, for its part, the Russian Federation states that “the cri-
teria of Article 41 are not met in this case”; whereas it submits that
“Georgia has not established that any rights opposable to Russia under
Articles 2 and 5 of CERD — however broadly drawn — are exposed to

‘serious risk’ of irreparable damage”;

135. Whereas, with reference to the period characterized by Georgia as
“the first and second phases of Russia’s intervention in South Ossetia and
Abkhazia”, the Russian Federation draws attention to the documents in
the case file, in particular “statements of Georgian Ministers, decisions

and international agreements to which Georgia is a party, in which Rus-
sia’s role and the role of the peacekeeping forces are consented to and
recognized as wholly beneficial”;

136. Whereas, with reference to the events of August 2008, the Rus-

sian Federation argues that “the facts that can be relied on with reason-
able certitude” go against the existence of a serious risk to the rights
Georgia now claims, for the reasons that, first, armed actions have led to
“deaths of the armed forces of all parties concerned, deaths of civilians of
all ethnicities, and a mass displacement of persons of all ethnicities”, and,

second, that “the armed actions have now ceased, and civilians of all eth-
nicities are returning to some, although not yet all, of the former conflict
zones”; and whereas, so far as concerns the principle of return, the Rus-
sian Federation refers to the fact that “on 15 August, in discussions with
the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, the Russian For-

eign Minister stated his agreement on the principle of the non-discrimi-
natory nature of the right of return for all civilians forced to flee”;

137. Whereas the Russian Federation asserts that “the case on urgency

can only be built on the events subsequent to 7 August 2008” in light of
the fact that before this date there was “evidently no urgency of the req-
uisite degree — as Georgia had never even raised complaints of violations
of the CERD with Russia”; whereas it further argues that any urgency to
be found in the events occurring after 7 August 2008 relates to “the

armed actions and their repercussions since that date”; whereas the Rus-
sian Federation explains that “major developments within the course of
that period . . . tell against the case for urgency”; whereas it refers to the

45la thèse de l’urgence»; qu’elle renvoie au cessez-le-feu qu’elle a annoncé
le 12 août 2008 et aux six principes pour le règlement pacifique du conflit

adoptés le même jour par les présidents de la Fédération de Russie et de
la République française et signés ensuite, entre les 13 et 16 août 2008, par
le président de la Géorgie et les dirigeants de l’Ossétie du Sud et de
l’Abkhazie, «par l’intermédiaire de la Russie et en présence de l’OSCE et
de l’Union européenne»; et qu’elle avance que, depuis lors, «les actions

armées ont cessé et [que] de nombreuses personnes déplacées ont en fait
déjà regagné Gori et les villages voisins»;
138. Considérant que la Fédération de Russie soutient que les affirma-
tions de la Géorgie, selon lesquelles la Fédération de Russie, d’une part,
continue de pratiquer la discrimination à l’égard des personnes de souche

géorgienne en Abkhazie, en Ossétie du Sud et dans les régions voisines en
mettant en péril le droit à la sûreté et au retour de ces personnes et,
d’autre part, soutient activement des groupes ou des individus qui conti-
nuent de perpétrer des actes de violence contre les personnes de souche
géorgienne, ne sont pas étayées par les documents produits par la Géor-
gie elle-même;

139. Considérant que la Fédération de Russie fait valoir que «[l]a
thèse relative à l’urgence en Abkhazie repose presque exclusivement sur
des déductions, ce qui ne constitue pas une base solide pour l’indication
de mesures conservatoires»;
140. Considérant que la Fédération de Russie avance que ses «démar-

ches actives ... devant l’OSCE ... , auprès de l’Union européenne et du
président Sarkozy visent précisément à régler le problème qui ... a été
soumis [à la Cour] et [lui est] ... présent[é] comme justifiant l’indication de
mesures conservatoires»; qu’elle note que les autres principes annoncés
le 8 septembre 2008 prévoient le déploiement de 200 observateurs de

l’Union européenne «dans les zones tampons sud-ossète et abkhaze» et le
«retrait complet, dix jours plus tard, des forces de maintien de la paix
russes»; qu’elle affirme que, «[a]ux termes du plan, les observateurs de
l’ONU et de l’OSCE continueront en outre d’exercer leur mandat»;
qu’elle indique que d’autres aspects relatifs à la sécurité et à la stabilité,

ainsi que la question du retour des réfugiés, seront examinés lors de dis-
cussions internationales «dont l’ouverture est imminente et qui se tien-
dront évidemment à un niveau très élevé»; qu’elle soutient que les faits
«démentent la thèse de la Géorgie selon laquelle il y aurait une crise
constante qui irait en s’aggravant»; et qu’elle relève que, s’«[i]l y a certes
eu une crise humanitaire, ... elle s’inscrivait dans le cadre du récent conflit

armé et que c’est dans ce contexte, et au plus haut niveau, qu’il est tenté
d’y remédier»;

*

141. Considérant que, aux fins de sa décision sur la demande en indi-
cation de mesures conservatoires, la Cour est appelée non pas à établir
l’existence de violations de la CIEDR mais à déterminer si les circon-

46ceasefire announced by the Russian Federation on 12 August 2008 and to
the six principles for the peaceful settlement of the conflict adopted by

the Presidents of the Russian Federation and France on the same day
and subsequently signed on 13-16 August 2008 by the President of Geor-
gia and leaders of South Ossetia and Abkhazia, “through the intermedi-
ary of Russia and in the presence of the OSCE and the European
Union”; and whereas the Russian Federation claims that since then “the

armed actions are at an end and large numbers of IDPs have in fact
already returned to Gori and villages nearby”;
138. Whereas the Russian Federation contends that Georgia’s asser-
tions that the Russian Federation is continuing to discriminate against
ethnic Georgians in Abkhazia, South Ossetia and neighbouring areas by

threatening the rights of ethnic Georgians to security and the right of
return, and that Russia is actively supporting groups or individuals that
continue to perpetrate acts of violence against ethnic Georgians, are not
supported by the documents submitted by Georgia itself;

139. Whereas the Russian Federation argues that “the case on urgency
in relation to Abkhazia is built almost exclusively on inference, and that
[this] is not a sound basis for a provisional measures award”;

140. Whereas the Russian Federation claims that its “positive

démarches before the OSCE . . . with the European Union and President
Sarkozy, are addressing precisely the problem that is being put before
[the Court] as the basis for urgent provisional measures”; whereas the
Russian Federation notes that, in accordance with the further principles
announced on 8 September 2008, 200 European Union monitors will be

deployed “into the South Ossetian and Abkhaz buffer zones, and Rus-
sian peacekeeping troops [will] make a full withdrawal ten days later”;
whereas the Russian Federation asserts that “the plan provides that the
United Nations and OSCE observers will also continue to carry out their
mandates”; whereas the Russian Federation states that further security

and stability issues and the question of the return of refugees are to be
addressed in international talks, “which are imminent and are obviously
to be at a very high level”; whereas the Russian Federation contends that
the facts “contradict Georgia’s assertion of an ongoing worsening crisis”;
and whereas it points out that, while “there has been a humanitarian cri-
it ere...ttoftctm doflidsiig

addressed in that context at the highest levels”;

*

141. Whereas the Court is not called upon, for the purpose of its deci-
sion on the Request for the indication of provisional measures, to estab-
lish the existence of breaches of CERD, but to determine whether the

46stances exigent l’indication de mesures conservatoires à l’effet de protéger
des droits conférés par la CIEDR; qu’elle n’est pas habilitée, à ce stade,

à conclure de façon définitive sur les faits ni à se prononcer sur leur attri-
bution; et que sa décision sur la demande en indication de mesures
conservatoires laisse intact le droit de chacune des Parties de faire valoir
à cet égard ses moyens au fond;
142. Considérant, néanmoins, que les droits en cause en l’espèce, en

particulier ceux énoncés à l’alinéa b) et au sous-alinéa i) de l’alinéa d) de
l’article 5 de la CIEDR, sont de nature telle que le préjudice qui leur
serait porté pourrait être irréparable; que la Cour considère que des vio-
lations du droit à la sûreté des personnes et du droit à la protection de
l’Etat contre les voies de fait ou les sévices (article 5, alinéa b)) pourraient

notamment se traduire par des pertes en vies humaines ou des atteintes à
l’intégrité physique et donc causer un préjudice irréparable; qu’elle estime
en outre que des violations du droit de circuler librement et de choisir sa
résidence à l’intérieur d’un Etat (ibid., alinéa d) i)) pourraient également
causer un préjudice irréparable lorsque les personnes concernées sont
exposées à des privations, à un sort pénible et angoissant et même à des

dangers pour leur vie et leur santé; et que la Cour conclut que les per-
sonnes contraintes de quitter leur domicile et privées de leur droit de
retour pourraient, en fonction des circonstances, courir un risque grave
de préjudice irréparable;
143. Considérant que la Cour est consciente du caractère exceptionnel

et complexe de la situation sur le terrain en Ossétie du Sud, en Abkhazie
et dans les régions adjacentes, et prend note des incertitudes qui demeu-
rent quant à la question de savoir qui y détient l’autorité; que, sur la foi
des informations versées au dossier de l’affaire, elle estime que la popula-
tion de souche géorgienne qui se trouve dans les régions touchées par le

récent conflit demeure vulnérable;
Considérant en outre que la situation en Ossétie du Sud, en Abkhazie
et dans les régions adjacentes de Géorgie est instable et pourrait changer
rapidement; que, étant donné les tensions actuelles et l’absence d’un
règlement global du conflit dans cette zone, la Cour estime que les popu-

lations de souche ossète et abkhaze demeurent également vulnérables;
Considérant que, s’il a été entrepris d’y remédier, les problèmes des
réfugiés et des personnes déplacées dans cette zone n’ont pas encore été
résolus dans leur totalité;
Considérant que, à la lumière de ce qui précède, il existe, s’agissant
des groupes ethniques susvisés, un risque imminent que les droits en

cause mentionnés au paragraphe précédent ne subissent un préjudice
irréparable;
144. Considérant que les Etats parties à la CIEDR «condamnent la
discrimination raciale et s’engagent à poursuivre par tous les moyens
appropriés et sans retard une politique tendant à éliminer toute forme de

discrimination raciale»; et que, de l’avis de la Cour, compte tenu des
circonstances portées à son attention, lesquelles se caractérisent par un
risque grave que des actes de discrimination raciale ne soient commis,

47circumstances require the indication of provisional measures for the pro-
tection of rights under CERD; whereas it cannot at this stage make

definitive findings of fact, nor finding of attribution; and whereas the
right of each Party to submit arguments in respect of the merits remains
unaffected by the Court’s decision on the Request for the indication of
provisional measures;
142. Whereas, nevertheless, the rights in question in these proceedings,

in particular those stipulated in Article 5, paragraphs (b) and (d) (i) of
CERD, are of such a nature that prejudice to them could be irreparable;
whereas the Court considers that violations of the right to security of per-
sons and of the right to protection by the State against violence or bodily
harm (Article 5, paragraph (b)) could involve potential loss of life or

bodily injury and could therefore cause irreparable prejudice; whereas
the Court further considers that violations of the right to freedom of
movement and residence within a State’s borders (ibid., paragraph (d) (i))
could also cause irreparable prejudice in situations where the persons
concerned are exposed to privation, hardship, anguish and even danger
to life and health; and whereas the Court finds that individuals forced to

leave their own place of residence and deprived of their right of return
could, depending on the circumstances, be subject to a serious risk of
irreparable prejudice;

143. Whereas the Court is aware of the exceptional and complex situa-

tion on the ground in South Ossetia, Abkhazia and adjacent areas and
takes note of the continuing uncertainties as to where lines of authority
lie; whereas, based on the information before it in the case file, the Court
is of the opinion that the ethnic Georgian population in the areas affected
by the recent conflict remains vulnerable;

Whereas the situation in South Ossetia, Abkhazia and adjacent areas
in Georgia is unstable and could rapidly change; whereas, given the
ongoing tension and the absence of an overall settlement to the conflict in
this region, the Court considers that the ethnic Ossetian and Abkhazian

populations also remain vulnerable;
Whereas, while the problems of refugees and internally displaced per-
sons in this region are currently being addressed, they have not yet been
resolved in their entirety;
Whereas, in light of the foregoing, with regard to these above-men-
tioned ethnic groups of the population, there exists an imminent risk that

the rights at issue in this case mentioned in the previous paragraph may
suffer irreparable prejudice;
144. Whereas States parties to CERD “condemn racial discrimination
and undertake to pursue by all appropriate means and without delay a
policy of eliminating racial discrimination in all its forms”; whereas in

the view of the Court, in the circumstances brought to its attention in
which there is a serious risk of acts of racial discrimination being com-
mitted, Georgia and the Russian Federation, whether or not any such

47la Géorgie et la Fédération de Russie ont manifestement l’obligation de
faire tout ce qui est en leur pouvoir pour veiller à ce qu’ils ne se repro-

duisent pas, que de tels actes commis dans le passé puissent ou non leur
être juridiquement attribués;
145. Considérant que la Cour est convaincue que des mesures conser-
vatoires doivent être indiquées afin de protéger les droits conférés par la
CIEDR qui constituent l’objet du différend; et que, lorsqu’une demande

en indication de mesures conservatoires lui a été présentée, la Cour a le
pouvoir, en vertu de son Statut, d’indiquer des mesures totalement ou
partiellement différentes de celles qui sont sollicitées, ou des mesures qui
s’adressent à la partie même dont émane la demande; que le para-

graphe 2 de l’article 75 du Règlement mentionne expressément ce pouvoir
de la Cour; et que celle-ci a déjà exercé ce pouvoir en plusieurs occasions
(Activités armées sur le territoire du Congo (République démocratique du
Congo c. Ouganda), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 1 er juillet
2000, C.I.J. Recueil 2000 , p. 128, par. 43; Frontière terrestre et maritime

entre le Cameroun et le Nigéria (Cameroun c. Nigéria), mesures conser-
vatoires, ordonnance du 15 mars 1996, C.I.J. Recueil 1996 (I) ,p .4,
par. 48; Application de la convention pour la prévention et la répression
du crime de génocide (Bosnie-Herzégovine c. Yougoslavie (Serbie et
Monténégro)), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 8 avril 1993,

C.I.J. Recueil 1993, p. 22, par. 46);
146. Considérant que la Cour, ayant conclu que des mesures conser-
vatoires doivent être indiquées en la présente instance, a examiné la
teneur des mesures demandées par la Géorgie; qu’elle n’estime pas que,
dans les circonstances de l’espèce, les mesures à indiquer doivent être

identiques à celles demandées par la Géorgie; et que la Cour, ayant exa-
miné les éléments qui lui ont été soumis, juge opportun d’indiquer des
mesures à l’intention des deux Parties;

*

147. Considérant que les ordonnances de la Cour «indiquant des

mesures conservatoires au titre de l’article 41 [du Statut] ont un caractère
obligatoire» (LaGrand (Allemagne c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique), arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2001, p. 506, par. 109) et créent donc des obligations juri-
diques internationales que les deux Parties sont tenues de respecter (Acti-
vités armées sur le territoire du Congo (République démocratique du

Congo c. Ouganda), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2005 , p. 258, par. 263);

**

148. Considérant que la décision rendue en la présente procédure ne
préjuge en rien la question de la compétence de la Cour pour connaître

du fond de l’affaire, ni aucune question relative à la recevabilité de la
requête ou au fond lui-même, et qu’elle laisse intact le droit des Gouver-

48acts in the past may be legally attributable to them, are under a clear
obligation to do all in their power to ensure that any such acts are not

committed in the future;

145. Whereas the Court is satisfied that the indication of measures is
required for the protection of rights under CERD which form the sub-
ject-matter of the dispute; and whereas the Court has the power, under

its Statute, when a request for provisional measures has been made, to
indicate measures that are in whole or in part other than those requested,
or measures that are addressed to the party which has itself made the
request; whereas Article 75, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court specifi-
cally refers to this power of the Court; and whereas the Court has

already exercised this power on several occasions in the past (Armed
Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the
Congo v. Uganda), Provisional Measures, Order of 1 July 2000, I.C.J.
Reports 2000, p. 128, para. 43; Land and Maritime Boundary between
Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Provisional Measures,
Order of 15 March 1996, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (I) , p. 24, para. 48; Appli-

cation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime
of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia (Serbia and Mon-
tenegro)), Provisional Measures, Order of 8 April 1993, I.C.J. Reports
1993, p. 22, para. 46);
146. Whereas the Court, having found that the indication of provi-

sional measures is required in the current proceedings, has considered the
terms of the provisional measures requested by Georgia; whereas the
Court does not find that, in the circumstances of the case, the measures
to be indicated are to be identical to those requested by Georgia; whereas
the Court, having considered the material before it, considers it appro-

priate to indicate measures addressed to both Parties;

*

147. Whereas the Court’s “orders on provisional measures under Arti-
cle 41 [of the Statute] have binding effect” (LaGrand (Germany v. United
States of America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 506, para. 109)
and thus create international legal obligations which both Parties are

required to comply with (Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo
(Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
2005, p. 258, para. 263);

**

148. Whereas the decision given in the present proceedings in no way

prejudges the question of the jurisdiction of the Court to deal with the
merits of the case or any questions relating to the admissibility of the
Application, or relating to the merits themselves; and whereas it leaves

48nements de la Géorgie et de la Fédération de Russie de faire valoir leurs

moyens en ces matières;

* * *

149. Par ces motifs,

L A C OUR , rappelant aux Parties leurs obligations découlant de la

convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discri-
mination raciale,

Indique à titre provisoire les mesures conservatoires suivantes:

A. Par huit voix contre sept,
Les deux Parties devront, en Ossétie du Sud, en Abkhazie et dans les

régions géorgiennes adjacentes,
1) s’abstenir de tous actes de discrimination raciale contre des personnes,

des groupes de personnes ou des institutions;
2) s’abstenir d’encourager, de défendre ou d’appuyer toute discrimi-
nation raciale pratiquée par une personne ou une organisation quel-
conque;

3) faire tout ce qui est en leur pouvoir, chaque fois que, et partout où,
cela est possible, afin de garantir, sans distinction d’origine nationale
ou ethnique,

i) la sûreté des personnes;
ii) le droit de chacun de circuler librement et de choisir sa résidence
à l’intérieur d’un Etat;
iii) la protection des biens des personnes déplacées et des réfugiés;

4) faire tout ce qui est en leur pouvoir afin de garantir que les autorités

et les institutions publiques se trouvant sous leur contrôle ou sous leur
influence ne se livrent pas à des actes de discrimination raciale à
l’encontre de personnes, groupes de personnes ou institutions;
me
POUR :M Higgins, président ; MM. Buergenthal, Owada, Simma, Abra-
ham, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, juges; M. Gaja, juge ad hoc;
CONTRE : M. Al-Khasawneh, vice-président ; MM. Ranjeva, Shi, Koroma,
Tomka, Bennouna, Skotnikov, juges;

B. Par huit voix contre sept,

Les deux Parties faciliteront, et s’abstiendront d’entraver d’une quel-
conque façon, l’aide humanitaire apportée au soutien des droits dont
peut se prévaloir la population locale en vertu de la convention interna-

tionale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale;
POUR :M me Higgins, président ; MM. Buergenthal, Owada, Simma, Abra-
ham, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, juges; M. Gaja, juge ad hoc;

CONTRE : M. Al-Khasawneh, vice-président ; MM. Ranjeva, Shi, Koroma,
Tomka, Bennouna, Skotnikov, juges;

49unaffected the right of the Governments of Georgia and the Russian

Federation to submit arguments in respect of those questions;

* * *

149. For these reasons,

T HE C OURT , reminding the Parties of their duty to comply with their
obligations under the International Convention on the Elimination of All

Forms of Racial Discrimination,

Indicates the following provisional measures:
A. By eight votes to seven,

Both Parties, within South Ossetia and Abkhazia and adjacent areas in
Georgia, shall

(1) refrain from any act of racial discrimination against persons, groups
of persons or institutions;

(2) abstain from sponsoring, defending or supporting racial discrimina-
tion by any persons or organizations;

(3) do all in their power, whenever and wherever possible, to ensure,

without distinction as to national or ethnic origin,

(i) security of persons;

(ii) the right of persons to freedom of movement and residence
within the border of the State;
(iii) the protection of the property of displaced persons and of refu-
gees;

(4) do all in their power to ensure that public authorities and public
institutions under their control or influence do not engage in acts of
racial discrimination against persons, groups of persons or institu-

tions;
IN FAVOUR : President Higgins; Judges Buergenthal, Owada, Simma, Abra-
ham, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Judge ad hoc Gaja;

AGAINST: Vice-President Al-Khasawneh; Judges Ranjeva, Shi, Koroma,
Tomka, Bennouna, Skotnikov;

B. By eight votes to seven,
Both Parties shall facilitate, and refrain from placing any impediment

to, humanitarian assistance in support of the rights to which the local
population are entitled under the International Convention on the Elimi-
nation of All Forms of Racial Discrimination;

IN FAVOUR : President Higgins; Judges Buergenthal, Owada, Simma, Abra-
ham, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor; Judge ad hoc Gaja;
AGAINST: Vice-President Al-Khasawneh; Judges Ranjeva, Shi, Koroma,
Tomka, Bennouna, Skotnikov;

49 C. Par huit voix contre sept,

Chaque Partie s’abstiendra de tout acte qui risquerait de porter atteinte

aux droits de l’autre Partie au regard de tout arrêt que la Cour pourrait
rendre en l’affaire, ou qui risquerait d’aggraver ou d’étendre le différend
porté devant elle ou d’en rendre la solution plus difficile;
me
POUR :M Higgins, président ; MM. Buergenthal, Owada, Simma, Abra-
ham, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, juges; M. Gaja, juge ad hoc;
CONTRE : M. Al-Khasawneh, vice-président ; MM. Ranjeva, Shi, Koroma,

Tomka, Bennouna, Skotnikov, juges;

D. Par huit voix contre sept,

Chaque Partie informera la Cour de la manière dont elle assure l’exé-
cution des mesures conservatoires ci-dessus indiquées;
me
POUR :M Higgins, président ; MM. Buergenthal, Owada, Simma, Abra-
ham, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, juges; M. Gaja, juge ad hoc;
CONTRE : M. Al-Khasawneh, vice-président ; MM. Ranjeva, Shi, Koroma,
Tomka, Bennouna, Skotnikov, juges.

Fait en français et en anglais, le texte français faisant foi, au Palais

de la Paix, à La Haye, le quinze octobre deux mille huit, en trois exem-
plaires, dont l’un restera déposé aux archives de la Cour et les autres
seront transmis respectivement au Gouvernement de la Géorgie et au
Gouvernement de la Fédération de Russie.

Le président,

(Signé) Rosalyn H IGGINS.

Le greffier,
(Signé) Philippe C OUVREUR .

M. le juge A L-KHASAWNEH , vice-président, et MM. les juges ANJEVA ,

SHI,K OROMA ,T OMKA ,B ENNOUNA et KOTNIKOV joignent à l’ordonnance
l’exposé de leur opinion dissidente commune; M. le juge ad hoc G AJA
joint une déclaration à l’ordonnance.

(Paraphé) R.H.
(Paraphé) Ph.C.

50 C. By eight votes to seven,

Each Party shall refrain from any action which might prejudice the

rights of the other Party in respect of whatever judgment the Court may
render in the case, or which might aggravate or extend the dispute before
the Court or make it more difficult to resolve;

IN FAVOUR: President Higgins; Judges Buergenthal, Owada, Simma, Abra-
ham, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor; Judge ad hoc Gaja;
AGAINST: Vice-President Al-Khasawneh; Judges Ranjeva, Shi, Koroma,

Tomka, Bennouna, Skotnikov;

D. By eight votes to seven,

Each Party shall inform the Court as to its compliance with the above
provisional measures;

IN FAVOUR: President Higgins; Judges Buergenthal, Owada, Simma, Abra-
ham, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor; Judge ad hoc Gaja;
AGAINST: Vice-President Al-Khasawneh; Judges Ranjeva, Shi, Koroma,
Tomka, Bennouna, Skotnikov.

Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative, at

the Peace Palace, The Hague, this fifteenth day of October, two thousand
and eight, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archives of
the Court and the others transmitted to the Government of Georgia and
the Government of the Russian Federation, respectively.

(Signed) Rosalyn H IGGINS,

President.

(Signed) Philippe C OUVREUR ,
Registrar.

Vice-President A L-K HASAWNEH and Judges R ANJEVA ,S HI,K OROMA ,

T OMKA ,B ENNOUNA and S KOTNIKOV append a joint dissenting opinion to
the Order of the Court; Judge ad hoc G AJA appends a declaration to the
Order of the Court.

(Initialled) R.H.
(Initialled) Ph.C.

50

ICJ document subtitle

Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Order of 15 October 2008

Links